diff --git a/lib/document.js b/lib/document.js
index 54267d26b9e..264a94a6684 100644
--- a/lib/document.js
+++ b/lib/document.js
@@ -3831,16 +3831,14 @@ Document.prototype.$toObject = function(options, json) {
   // need the original options the user passed in, plus `_isNested` and
   // `_parentOptions` for checking whether we need to depopulate.
   const cloneOptions = {
+    ...options,
     _isNested: true,
     json: json,
     minimize: _minimize,
     flattenMaps: flattenMaps,
     flattenObjectIds: flattenObjectIds,
     _seen: (options && options._seen) || new Map(),
-    _calledWithOptions: options._calledWithOptions,
-    virtuals: options.virtuals,
-    getters: options.getters,
-    depopulate: options.depopulate
+    _calledWithOptions: options._calledWithOptions
   };
 
   const depopulate = options.depopulate ||
diff --git a/test/document.test.js b/test/document.test.js
index b8030900f9b..3ce45f384d4 100644
--- a/test/document.test.js
+++ b/test/document.test.js
@@ -520,6 +520,34 @@ describe('document', function() {
     docs.toObject({ transform: true });
   });
 
+  it('propagates toObject transform function to all subdocuments (gh-14589)', async function() {
+    const schema = new mongoose.Schema({
+      name: String,
+      docArr: [{ name: String }],
+      subdoc: new mongoose.Schema({ name: String })
+    });
+    const TestModel = db.model('Test', schema);
+
+    const doc = new TestModel({
+      name: 'test',
+      docArr: [{ name: 'test' }],
+      subdoc: { name: 'test' }
+    });
+
+    // pass the transform as an inline option. Deletes `_id` property
+    // from both the top-level document and the subdocument.
+    const obj = doc.toObject({ transform: deleteId });
+
+    assert.equal(obj._id, undefined);
+    assert.equal(obj.subdoc._id, undefined);
+    assert.equal(obj.docArr[0]._id, undefined);
+
+    function deleteId(doc, ret) {
+      delete ret._id;
+      return ret;
+    }
+  });
+
   it('disabling aliases in toObject options (gh-7548)', function() {
     const schema = new mongoose.Schema({
       name: {