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apop.m4.h
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apop.m4.h
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/** \file */
/* Copyright (c) 2005--2014 by Ben Klemens. Licensed under the GPLv2; see COPYING. */
/* Here are the headers for all of apophenia's functions, typedefs, static variables and
macros. All of these begin with the apop_ (or Apop_ or APOP_) prefix.
There used to be a series of sub-headers, but they never provided any serious
benefit. Please use your text editor's word-search feature to find any elements you
may be looking for. About a third of the file is comments and doxygen documentation,
so syntax highlighting that distinguishes code from comments will also help to make
this more navigable.*/
/** \defgroup all_public Public functions, structs, and types
\addtogroup all_public
@{
*/
#pragma once
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/** \cond doxy_ignore */
#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE //for asprintf
#endif
#include <assert.h>
#include <signal.h> //raise(SIGTRAP)
#include <string.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_rng.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_matrix.h>
//////Optional arguments
/* A means of providing more script-like means of sending arguments to a function.
These macros are intended as internal. If you are interested in using this mechanism
in out-of-Apophenia work, grep docs/documentation.h for optionaldetails to find notes
on how these are used (Doxygen doesn't use that page),
*/
#define apop_varad_head(type, name) type variadic_##name(variadic_type_##name varad_in)
#define apop_varad_declare(type, name, ...) \
typedef struct { \
__VA_ARGS__ ; \
} variadic_type_##name; \
apop_varad_head(type, name);
#define apop_varad_var(name, value) name = varad_in.name ? varad_in.name : (value);
#define apop_varad_link(name,...) variadic_##name((variadic_type_##name) {__VA_ARGS__})
/** \endcond */ //End of Doxygen ignore.
//////The types and functions that act on them
/** This structure holds the names of the components of the \ref apop_data set. You may never have to worry about it directly, because most operations on \ref apop_data sets will take care of the names for you.
*/
typedef struct{
char *title;
char * vector;
char ** col;
char ** row;
char ** text;
int colct, rowct, textct;
unsigned long *colhash, *rowhash, *texthash;
} apop_name;
/** The \ref apop_data structure represents a data set. See \ref dataoverview.*/
typedef struct apop_data{
gsl_vector *vector;
gsl_matrix *matrix;
apop_name *names;
char ***text;
size_t textsize[2];
gsl_vector *weights;
struct apop_data *more;
char error;
} apop_data;
/* Settings groups. For internal use only; see apop_settings.c and
settings.h for related machinery. */
typedef struct {
char name[101];
unsigned long name_hash;
void *setting_group;
void *copy;
void *free;
} apop_settings_type;
/** A statistical model. See \ref modelsec for details. */
typedef struct apop_model apop_model;
/** The elements of the \ref apop_model type, representing a statistical model. See \ref
modelsec and \ref modeldetails for use and details. */
struct apop_model{
char name[101];
int vsize, msize1, msize2, dsize;
apop_data *data;
apop_data *parameters;
apop_data *info;
void (*estimate)(apop_data * data, apop_model *params);
long double (*p)(apop_data *d, apop_model *params);
long double (*log_likelihood)(apop_data *d, apop_model *params);
long double (*cdf)(apop_data *d, apop_model *params);
long double (*constraint)(apop_data *data, apop_model *params);
int (*draw)(double *out, gsl_rng* r, apop_model *params);
void (*prep)(apop_data *data, apop_model *params);
apop_settings_type *settings;
void *more;
size_t more_size;
char error;
};
/** The global options. */
typedef struct{
int verbose; /**< Set this to zero for silent mode, one for errors and warnings. default = 0. */
char stop_on_warning; /**< See \ref debugging . */
char output_delimiter[100]; /**< The separator between elements of output tables. The default is "\t", but
for LaTeX, use "&\t", or use "|" to get pipe-delimited output. */
char input_delimiters[100]; /**< Deprecated. Please use per-function inputs to \ref apop_text_to_db and \ref apop_text_to_data. Default = "|,\t" */
char *db_name_column; /**< If not NULL or <tt>""</tt>, the name of the column in your tables that holds row names.*/
char *nan_string; /**< The string used to indicate NaN. Default: <tt>"NaN</tt>. Comparisons are case-insensitive.*/
char db_engine; /**< If this is 'm', use mySQL, else use SQLite. */
char db_user[101]; /**< Username for database login. Max 100 chars. */
char db_pass[101]; /**< Password for database login. Max 100 chars. */
FILE *log_file; /**< The file handle for the log. Defaults to \c stderr, but change it with, e.g.,
<tt>apop_opts.log_file = fopen("outlog", "w");</tt> */
#define Autoconf_no_atomics @Autoconf_no_atomics@
#if __STDC_VERSION__ > 201100L && !defined(__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__) && Autoconf_no_atomics==0
_Atomic(int) rng_seed;
#else
int rng_seed;
#endif
float version;
} apop_opts_type;
extern apop_opts_type apop_opts;
apop_name * apop_name_alloc(void);
int apop_name_add(apop_name * n, char const *add_me, char type);
void apop_name_free(apop_name * free_me);
void apop_name_print(apop_name * n);
Apop_var_declare( void apop_name_stack(apop_name * n1, apop_name *nadd, char type1, char typeadd) )
apop_name * apop_name_copy(apop_name *in);
int apop_name_find(const apop_name *n, const char *findme, const char type);
void apop_data_add_names_base(apop_data *d, const char type, char const ** names);
/** Add a list of names to a data set.
\li Use this with a list of names that you type in yourself, like
\code
apop_data_add_names(mydata, 'c', "age", "sex", "height");
\endcode
Notice the lack of curly braces around the list.
\li You may have an array of names, probably autogenerated, that you would like to
add. In this case, make certain that the last element of the array is \c NULL, and
call the base function:
\code
char **[] colnames = {"age", "sex", "height", NULL};
apop_data_add_names_base(mydata, 'c', colnames);
\endcode
But if you forget the \c NULL marker, this has good odds of segfaulting. You may prefer to use a \c for loop that inserts each name in turn using \ref apop_name_add.
\see \ref apop_name_add, although \ref apop_data_add_names will be more useful in most cases.
*/
#define apop_data_add_names(dataset, type, ...) apop_data_add_names_base((dataset), (type), (char const*[]) {__VA_ARGS__, NULL})
/** Free an \ref apop_data structure.
\li As with \c free(), it is safe to send in a \c NULL pointer (in which case the function does nothing).
\li If the \c more pointer is not \c NULL, I will free the pointed-to data set first.
If you don't want to free data sets down the chain, set <tt>more=NULL</tt> before calling this.
\li This is actually a macro (that calls \ref apop_data_free_base). It
sets \c freeme to \c NULL when it's done, because there's nothing safe you can do with the
freed location, and you can later safely test conditions like <tt>if (data) ...</tt>.
*/
#define apop_data_free(freeme) (apop_data_free_base(freeme) ? 0 : ((freeme)= NULL))
char apop_data_free_base(apop_data *freeme);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_alloc(const size_t size1, const size_t size2, const int size3) )
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_calloc(const size_t size1, const size_t size2, const int size3) )
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_stack(apop_data *m1, apop_data * m2, char posn, char inplace) )
apop_data ** apop_data_split(apop_data *in, int splitpoint, char r_or_c);
apop_data * apop_data_copy(const apop_data *in);
void apop_data_rm_columns(apop_data *d, int *drop);
void apop_data_memcpy(apop_data *out, const apop_data *in);
Apop_var_declare( double * apop_data_ptr(apop_data *data, int row, int col, const char *rowname, const char *colname, const char *page) )
Apop_var_declare( double apop_data_get(const apop_data *data, size_t row, int col, const char *rowname, const char *colname, const char *page) )
Apop_var_declare( int apop_data_set(apop_data *data, size_t row, int col, const double val, const char *rowname, const char * colname, const char *page) )
void apop_data_add_named_elmt(apop_data *d, char *name, double val);
int apop_text_set(apop_data *in, const size_t row, const size_t col, const char *fmt, ...);
apop_data * apop_text_alloc(apop_data *in, const size_t row, const size_t col);
void apop_text_free(char ***freeme, int rows, int cols);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_transpose(apop_data *in, char transpose_text, char inplace) )
gsl_matrix * apop_matrix_realloc(gsl_matrix *m, size_t newheight, size_t newwidth);
gsl_vector * apop_vector_realloc(gsl_vector *v, size_t newheight);
#define apop_data_prune_columns(in, ...) apop_data_prune_columns_base((in), (char *[]) {__VA_ARGS__, NULL})
apop_data* apop_data_prune_columns_base(apop_data *d, char **colnames);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_get_page(const apop_data * data, const char * title, const char match) )
apop_data * apop_data_add_page(apop_data * dataset, apop_data *newpage,const char *title);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data* apop_data_rm_page(apop_data * data, const char *title, const char free_p) )
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_rm_rows(apop_data *in, int *drop, int (*do_drop)(apop_data* ! void*), void* drop_parameter) )
//in apop_asst.c:
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_model_draws(apop_model *model, int count, apop_data *draws) )
/* Convenience functions to convert among vectors (gsl_vector), matrices (gsl_matrix),
arrays (double **), and database tables */
//From vector
gsl_vector *apop_vector_copy(const gsl_vector *in);
Apop_var_declare( gsl_matrix * apop_vector_to_matrix(const gsl_vector *in, char row_col) )
//From matrix
gsl_matrix *apop_matrix_copy(const gsl_matrix *in);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data *apop_db_to_crosstab(char const*tabname, char const*row, char const*col, char const*data, char is_aggregate) )
//From array
Apop_var_declare( gsl_vector * apop_array_to_vector(double *in, int size) )
/** \cond doxy_ignore */ //Deprecated
#define apop_text_add apop_text_set
#define apop_line_to_vector apop_array_to_vector
/** \endcond */
//From text
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_text_to_data(char const *text_file, int has_row_names, int has_col_names, int const *field_ends, char const *delimiters) )
Apop_var_declare( int apop_text_to_db(char const *text_file, char *tabname, int has_row_names, int has_col_names, char **field_names, int const *field_ends, apop_data *field_params, char *table_params, char const *delimiters, char if_table_exists) )
//rank data
apop_data *apop_data_rank_expand (apop_data *in);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data *apop_data_rank_compress (apop_data *in, int min_bins) )
//From crosstabs
void apop_crosstab_to_db(apop_data *in, char *tabname, char *row_col_name,
char *col_col_name, char *data_col_name);
//packing data into a vector
Apop_var_declare( gsl_vector * apop_data_pack(const apop_data *in, gsl_vector *out, char more_pages, char use_info_pages) )
Apop_var_declare( void apop_data_unpack(const gsl_vector *in, apop_data *d, char use_info_pages) )
#define apop_vector_fill(avfin, ...) apop_vector_fill_base((avfin), (double []) {__VA_ARGS__})
#define apop_data_fill(adfin, ...) apop_data_fill_base((adfin), (double []) {__VA_ARGS__})
#define apop_text_fill(dataset, ...) apop_text_fill_base((dataset), (char* []) {__VA_ARGS__, NULL})
#define apop_data_falloc(sizes, ...) apop_data_fill(apop_data_alloc sizes, __VA_ARGS__)
apop_data *apop_data_fill_base(apop_data *in, double []);
gsl_vector *apop_vector_fill_base(gsl_vector *in, double []);
apop_data *apop_text_fill_base(apop_data *data, char* text[]);
//// Models and model support functions
extern apop_model *apop_beta;
extern apop_model *apop_bernoulli;
extern apop_model *apop_binomial;
extern apop_model *apop_chi_squared;
extern apop_model *apop_dirichlet;
extern apop_model *apop_exponential;
extern apop_model *apop_f_distribution;
extern apop_model *apop_gamma;
extern apop_model *apop_improper_uniform;
extern apop_model *apop_iv;
extern apop_model *apop_kernel_density;
extern apop_model *apop_loess;
extern apop_model *apop_logit;
extern apop_model *apop_lognormal;
extern apop_model *apop_multinomial;
extern apop_model *apop_multivariate_normal;
extern apop_model *apop_normal;
extern apop_model *apop_ols;
extern apop_model *apop_pmf;
extern apop_model *apop_poisson;
extern apop_model *apop_probit;
extern apop_model *apop_t_distribution;
extern apop_model *apop_uniform;
//extern apop_model *apop_wishart;
extern apop_model *apop_wls;
extern apop_model *apop_yule;
extern apop_model *apop_zipf;
//model transformations
extern apop_model *apop_coordinate_transform;
extern apop_model *apop_composition;
extern apop_model *apop_dconstrain;
extern apop_model *apop_mixture;
extern apop_model *apop_cross;
/** Alias for the \ref apop_normal distribution, qv. */
#define apop_gaussian apop_normal
#define apop_OLS apop_ols
#define apop_PMF apop_pmf
#define apop_F_distribution apop_f_distribution
#define apop_IV apop_iv
void apop_model_free (apop_model * free_me);
Apop_var_declare( void apop_model_print (apop_model * model, FILE *output_pipe) )
void apop_model_show (apop_model * print_me); //deprecated
apop_model * apop_model_copy(apop_model *in); //in apop_model.c
apop_model * apop_model_clear(apop_data * data, apop_model *model);
apop_model * apop_estimate(apop_data *d, apop_model *m);
void apop_score(apop_data *d, gsl_vector *out, apop_model *m);
double apop_log_likelihood(apop_data *d, apop_model *m);
double apop_p(apop_data *d, apop_model *m);
double apop_cdf(apop_data *d, apop_model *m);
int apop_draw(double *out, gsl_rng *r, apop_model *m);
void apop_prep(apop_data *d, apop_model *m);
apop_model *apop_parameter_model(apop_data *d, apop_model *m);
apop_data * apop_predict(apop_data *d, apop_model *m);
apop_model *apop_beta_from_mean_var(double m, double v); //in apop_beta.c
#define apop_model_set_parameters(in, ...) apop_model_set_parameters_base((in), (double []) {__VA_ARGS__})
apop_model *apop_model_set_parameters_base(apop_model *in, double ap[]);
//apop_mixture.c
/** Produce a model as a linear combination of other models. See the documentation for the \ref apop_mixture model.
\param ... A list of models, either all parameterized or all unparameterized. See
examples in the \ref apop_mixture documentation.
*/
#define apop_model_mixture(...) apop_model_mixture_base((apop_model *[]){__VA_ARGS__, NULL})
apop_model *apop_model_mixture_base(apop_model **inlist);
//transform/apop_cross.c.
/** Generate a model consisting of the cross product of several independent models. The output \ref apop_model
is a copy of \ref apop_cross; see that model's documentation for details.
\li If you input only one model, return a copy of that model; print a warning iff <tt>apop_opts.verbose >= 2</tt>.
\exception error=='n' First model input is \c NULL.
Examples:
\include cross_models.c
*/
#define apop_model_cross(...) apop_model_cross_base((apop_model *[]){__VA_ARGS__, NULL})
apop_model *apop_model_cross_base(apop_model *mlist[]);
////More functions
//The variadic versions, with lots of options to input extra parameters to the
//function being mapped/applied
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_map(apop_data *in, double (*fn_d)(double), double (*fn_v)(gsl_vector*),
double (*fn_r)(apop_data *), double (*fn_dp)(double! void *), double (*fn_vp)(gsl_vector*! void *),
double (*fn_rp)(apop_data *! void *), double (*fn_dpi)(double! void *! int),
double (*fn_vpi)(gsl_vector*! void *! int), double (*fn_rpi)(apop_data*! void *! int),
double (*fn_di)(double! int), double (*fn_vi)(gsl_vector*! int), double (*fn_ri)(apop_data*! int),
void *param, int inplace, char part, int all_pages) )
Apop_var_declare( double apop_map_sum(apop_data *in, double (*fn_d)(double), double (*fn_v)(gsl_vector*),
double (*fn_r)(apop_data *), double (*fn_dp)(double! void *), double (*fn_vp)(gsl_vector*! void *),
double (*fn_rp)(apop_data *! void *), double (*fn_dpi)(double! void *! int),
double (*fn_vpi)(gsl_vector*! void *! int), double (*fn_rpi)(apop_data*! void *! int),
double (*fn_di)(double! int), double (*fn_vi)(gsl_vector*! int), double (*fn_ri)(apop_data*! int),
void *param, char part, int all_pages) )
//the specific-to-a-type versions, quicker and easier when appropriate.
gsl_vector *apop_matrix_map(const gsl_matrix *m, double (*fn)(gsl_vector*));
gsl_vector *apop_vector_map(const gsl_vector *v, double (*fn)(double));
void apop_matrix_apply(gsl_matrix *m, void (*fn)(gsl_vector*));
void apop_vector_apply(gsl_vector *v, void (*fn)(double*));
gsl_matrix * apop_matrix_map_all(const gsl_matrix *in, double (*fn)(double));
void apop_matrix_apply_all(gsl_matrix *in, void (*fn)(double *));
double apop_vector_map_sum(const gsl_vector *in, double(*fn)(double));
double apop_matrix_map_sum(const gsl_matrix *in, double (*fn)(gsl_vector*));
double apop_matrix_map_all_sum(const gsl_matrix *in, double (*fn)(double));
// Some output routines
Apop_var_declare( void apop_matrix_print(const gsl_matrix *data, char const *output_name, FILE *output_pipe, char output_type, char output_append) )
Apop_var_declare( void apop_vector_print(gsl_vector *data, char const *output_name, FILE *output_pipe, char output_type, char output_append) )
Apop_var_declare( void apop_data_print(const apop_data *data, char const *output_name, FILE *output_pipe, char output_type, char output_append) )
void apop_matrix_show(const gsl_matrix *data);
void apop_vector_show(const gsl_vector *data);
void apop_data_show(const apop_data *data);
//statistics
Apop_var_declare( double apop_vector_mean(gsl_vector const *v, gsl_vector const *weights))
Apop_var_declare( double apop_vector_var(gsl_vector const *v, gsl_vector const *weights))
Apop_var_declare( double apop_vector_skew_pop(gsl_vector const *v, gsl_vector const *weights))
Apop_var_declare( double apop_vector_kurtosis_pop(gsl_vector const *v, gsl_vector const *weights))
Apop_var_declare( double apop_vector_cov(gsl_vector const *v1, gsl_vector const *v2,
gsl_vector const *weights))
Apop_var_declare( double apop_vector_distance(const gsl_vector *ina, const gsl_vector *inb, const char metric, const double norm) )
Apop_var_declare( void apop_vector_normalize(gsl_vector *in, gsl_vector **out, const char normalization_type) )
apop_data * apop_data_covariance(const apop_data *in);
apop_data * apop_data_correlation(const apop_data *in);
long double apop_vector_entropy(gsl_vector *in);
long double apop_matrix_sum(const gsl_matrix *m);
double apop_matrix_mean(const gsl_matrix *data);
void apop_matrix_mean_and_var(const gsl_matrix *data, double *mean, double *var);
apop_data * apop_data_summarize(apop_data *data);
Apop_var_declare( double * apop_vector_percentiles(gsl_vector *data, char rounding) )
apop_data *apop_test_fisher_exact(apop_data *intab); //in apop_fisher.c
//from apop_t_f_chi.c:
Apop_var_declare( int apop_matrix_is_positive_semidefinite(gsl_matrix *m, char semi) )
double apop_matrix_to_positive_semidefinite(gsl_matrix *m);
long double apop_multivariate_gamma(double a, int p);
long double apop_multivariate_lngamma(double a, int p);
//apop_tests.c
apop_data * apop_t_test(gsl_vector *a, gsl_vector *b);
apop_data * apop_paired_t_test(gsl_vector *a, gsl_vector *b);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data* apop_anova(char *table, char *data, char *grouping1, char *grouping2) )
#define apop_ANOVA apop_anova
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_f_test (apop_model *est, apop_data *contrast) )
#define apop_F_test apop_f_test
//from the regression code:
#define apop_estimate_r_squared(in) apop_estimate_coefficient_of_determination(in)
apop_data * apop_text_unique_elements(const apop_data *d, size_t col);
gsl_vector * apop_vector_unique_elements(const gsl_vector *v);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_to_factors(apop_data *data, char intype, int incol, int outcol) )
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_get_factor_names(apop_data *data, int col, char type) )
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_to_dummies(apop_data *d, int col, char type, int keep_first, char append, char remove) )
Apop_var_declare( long double apop_model_entropy(apop_model *in, int draws) )
Apop_var_declare( long double apop_kl_divergence(apop_model *from, apop_model *to, int draw_ct, gsl_rng *rng) )
apop_data *apop_estimate_coefficient_of_determination (apop_model *);
void apop_estimate_parameter_tests (apop_model *est);
//Bootstrapping & RNG
apop_data * apop_jackknife_cov(apop_data *data, apop_model *model);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_bootstrap_cov(apop_data *data, apop_model *model, gsl_rng* rng, int iterations, char keep_boots, char ignore_nans, apop_data **boot_store) )
gsl_rng *apop_rng_alloc(int seed);
double apop_rng_GHgB3(gsl_rng * r, double* a); //in apop_asst.c
#define apop_rng_get_thread(thread_in) apop_rng_get_thread_base(#thread_in[0]=='\0' ? -1: (thread_in+0))
gsl_rng *apop_rng_get_thread_base(int thread);
int apop_arms_draw (double *out, gsl_rng *r, apop_model *m);
// maximum likelihod estimation related functions
Apop_var_declare( gsl_vector * apop_numerical_gradient(apop_data * data, apop_model* model, double delta) )
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_model_hessian(apop_data * data, apop_model *model, double delta) )
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_model_numerical_covariance(apop_data * data, apop_model *model, double delta) )
void apop_maximum_likelihood(apop_data * data, apop_model *dist);
Apop_var_declare( apop_model * apop_estimate_restart (apop_model *e, apop_model *copy, char * starting_pt, double boundary) )
//in apop_linear_constraint.c
Apop_var_declare( long double apop_linear_constraint(gsl_vector *beta, apop_data * constraint, double margin) )
//in apop_model_fix_params.c
apop_model * apop_model_fix_params(apop_model *model_in);
apop_model * apop_model_fix_params_get_base(apop_model *model_in);
//////vtables
/** \cond doxy_ignore */
/* This declares the vtable macros for each procedure that uses the mechanism.
--We want to have type-checking on the functions put into the vtables. Type checking
happens only with functions, not macros, so we need a type_check function for every
vtable.
--Only once in your codebase, you'll need to #define Declare_type_checking_fns to
actually define the type checking function. Everywhere else, the function is merely
declared.
--All other uses point to having a macro, such as using __VA_ARGS__ to allow any sort
of inputs to the hash.
--We want to have such a macro for every vtable. That means that we need a macro
to write macros. We can't do that with C macros, so this file uses m4 macros to
generate C macros.
--After the m4 definition of make_vtab_fns, each new vtable requires a typedef, a hash
definition, and a call to make_vtab_fns to do the rest.
*/
m4_define(make_vtab_fns, <|m4_dnl
#ifdef Declare_type_checking_fns
void $1_type_check($1_type in){ };
#else
void $1_type_check($1_type in);
#endif
#define $1_vtable_add(fn, ...) $1_type_check(fn), apop_vtable_add("$1", fn, $1_hash(__VA_ARGS__))
#define $1_vtable_get(...) apop_vtable_get("$1", $1_hash(__VA_ARGS__))
#define $1_vtable_drop(...) apop_vtable_drop("$1", $1_hash(__VA_ARGS__))m4_dnl
|>)
int apop_vtable_add(char const *tabname, void *fn_in, unsigned long hash);
void *apop_vtable_get(char const *tabname, unsigned long hash);
int apop_vtable_drop(char const *tabname, unsigned long hash);
typedef apop_model *(*apop_update_type)(apop_data *, apop_model* , apop_model*);
#define apop_update_hash(m1, m2) ( \
((m1)->log_likelihood ? (size_t)(m1)->log_likelihood : \
(m1)->p ? (size_t)(m1)->p*33 : \
(m1)->draw ? (size_t)(m1)->draw*33*27 \
: 33*27*19) \
+((m2)->log_likelihood ? (size_t)(m2)->log_likelihood : \
(m2)->p ? (size_t)(m2)->p*33 : \
(m2)->draw ? (size_t)(m2)->draw*33*27 \
: 33*27*19 \
) * 37)
make_vtab_fns(apop_update)
typedef long double (*apop_entropy_type)(apop_model *model);
#define apop_entropy_hash(m1) ((size_t)(m1)->log_likelihood + 33 * (size_t)((m1)->p) + 27*(size_t)((m1)->draw))
make_vtab_fns(apop_entropy)
typedef void (*apop_score_type)(apop_data *d, gsl_vector *gradient, apop_model *params);
#define apop_score_hash(m1) ((size_t)((m1)->log_likelihood ? (m1)->log_likelihood : (m1)->p))
make_vtab_fns(apop_score)
typedef apop_model* (*apop_parameter_model_type)(apop_data *, apop_model *);
#define apop_parameter_model_hash(m1) ((size_t)((m1)->log_likelihood ? (m1)->log_likelihood : (m1)->p)*33 + (m1)->estimate ? (size_t)(m1)->estimate: 27)
make_vtab_fns(apop_parameter_model)
typedef apop_data * (*apop_predict_type)(apop_data *d, apop_model *params);
#define apop_predict_hash(m1) ((size_t)((m1)->log_likelihood ? (m1)->log_likelihood : (m1)->p)*33 + (m1)->estimate ? (size_t)(m1)->estimate: 27)
make_vtab_fns(apop_predict)
typedef void (*apop_model_print_type)(apop_model *params, FILE *out);
#define apop_model_print_hash(m1) ((m1)->log_likelihood ? (size_t)(m1)->log_likelihood : \
(m1)->p ? (size_t)(m1)->p*33 : \
(m1)->estimate ? (size_t)(m1)->estimate*33*33 : \
(m1)->draw ? (size_t)(m1)->draw*33*27 : \
(m1)->cdf ? (size_t)(m1)->cdf*27*27 \
: 27)
make_vtab_fns(apop_model_print)
/** \endcond */ //End of Doxygen ignore.
//////Asst
long double apop_generalized_harmonic(int N, double s) __attribute__ ((__pure__));
apop_data * apop_test_anova_independence(apop_data *d);
#define apop_test_ANOVA_independence(d) apop_test_anova_independence(d)
Apop_var_declare( int apop_regex(const char *string, const char* regex, apop_data **substrings, const char use_case) )
int apop_system(const char *fmt, ...) __attribute__ ((format (printf,1,2)));
//Histograms and PMFs
gsl_vector * apop_vector_moving_average(gsl_vector *, size_t);
apop_data * apop_histograms_test_goodness_of_fit(apop_model *h0, apop_model *h1);
apop_data * apop_test_kolmogorov(apop_model *m1, apop_model *m2);
apop_data *apop_data_pmf_compress(apop_data *in);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_to_bins(apop_data const *indata, apop_data const *binspec, int bin_count, char close_top_bin) )
Apop_var_declare( apop_model * apop_model_to_pmf(apop_model *model, apop_data *binspec, long int draws, int bin_count) )
//text conveniences
Apop_var_declare( char* apop_text_paste(apop_data const*strings, char *between, char *before, char *after, char *between_cols, int (*prune)(apop_data* ! int ! int ! void*), void* prune_parameter) )
/** Notify the user of errors, warning, or debug info.
writes to \ref apop_opts.log_file, which is a \c FILE handle. The default is \c stderr,
but use \c fopen to attach to a file.
\param verbosity At what verbosity level should the user be warned? E.g., if level==2, then print iff apop_opts.verbosity >= 2.
\param ... The message to write to the log (presuming the verbosity level is high
enough). This can be a printf-style format with following arguments,
e.g., <tt>apop_notify(0, "Beta is currently %g", beta)</tt>.
*/
#define Apop_notify(verbosity, ...) {\
if (apop_opts.verbose != -1 && apop_opts.verbose >= verbosity) { \
if (!apop_opts.log_file) apop_opts.log_file = stderr; \
fprintf(apop_opts.log_file, "%s: ", __func__); fprintf(apop_opts.log_file, __VA_ARGS__); fprintf(apop_opts.log_file, "\n"); \
fflush(apop_opts.log_file); \
} }
/** \cond doxy_ignore */
#define Apop_maybe_abort(level) \
{if ((apop_opts.verbose >= level && apop_opts.stop_on_warning == 'v') \
|| (apop_opts.stop_on_warning=='w') ) \
raise(SIGTRAP);}
/** \endcond */
/** Execute an action and print a message to the current \c FILE handle held by <tt>apop_opts.log_file</tt> (default: \c stderr).
\param test The expression that, if true, triggers the action.
\param onfail If the assertion fails, do this. E.g., <tt>out->error='x'; return GSL_NAN</tt>. Notice that it is OK to include several lines of semicolon-separated code here, but if you have a lot to do, the most readable option may be <tt>goto outro</tt>, plus an appropriately-labeled section at the end of your function.
\param level Print the warning message only if \ref apop_opts_type "apop_opts.verbose" is greater than or equal to this. Zero usually works, but for minor infractions use one, or for more verbose debugging output use 2.
\param ... The error message in printf form, plus any arguments to be inserted into the printf string. I'll provide the function name and a carriage return.
Some examples:
\code
//the typical case, stopping function execution:
Apop_stopif(isnan(x), return NAN, 0, "x is NAN; failing");
//Mark a flag, go to a cleanup step
Apop_stopif(x < 0, needs_cleanup=1; goto cleanup, 0, "x is %g; cleaning up and exiting.", x);
//Print a diagnostic iff <tt>apop_opts.verbose>=1</tt> and continue
Apop_stopif(x < 0, , 1, "warning: x is %g.", x);
\endcode
\li If \c apop_opts.stop_on_warning is nonzero and not <tt>'v'</tt>, then a failed test halts via \c abort(), even if the <tt>apop_opts.verbose</tt> level is set so that the warning message doesn't print to screen. Use this when running via debugger.
\li If \c apop_opts.stop_on_warning is <tt>'v'</tt>, then a failed test halts via \c abort() iff the verbosity level is high enough to print the error.
*/
#define Apop_stopif(test, onfail, level, ...) do {\
if (test) { \
Apop_notify(level, __VA_ARGS__); \
Apop_maybe_abort(level) \
onfail; \
} } while(0)
#define apop_errorlevel -5
/** \cond doxy_ignore */
//For use in stopif, to return a blank apop_data set with an error attached.
#define apop_return_data_error(E) {apop_data *out=apop_data_alloc(); out->error='E'; return out;}
/* The Apop_stopif macro is currently favored, but there's a long history of prior
error-handling setups. Consider all of the Assert... macros below to be deprecated.
*/
#define Apop_assert_c(test, returnval, level, ...) \
Apop_stopif(!(test), return returnval, level, __VA_ARGS__)
#define Apop_assert(test, ...) Apop_assert_c((test), 0, apop_errorlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
//For things that return void. Transitional and deprecated at birth.
#define Apop_assert_n(test, ...) Apop_assert_c((test), , apop_errorlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
#define Apop_assert_negone(test, ...) Apop_assert_c((test), -1, apop_errorlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
/** \endcond */ //End of Doxygen ignore.
//Missing data
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_data_listwise_delete(apop_data *d, char inplace) )
apop_model * apop_ml_impute(apop_data *d, apop_model* meanvar);
Apop_var_declare(apop_model *apop_model_metropolis(apop_data *d, gsl_rng* rng, apop_model *m))
Apop_var_declare( apop_model * apop_update(apop_data *data, apop_model *prior, apop_model *likelihood, gsl_rng *rng) )
Apop_var_declare( double apop_test(double statistic, char *distribution, double p1, double p2, char tail) )
//apop_sort.c
Apop_var_declare( apop_data *apop_data_sort(apop_data *data, apop_data *sort_order, char asc, char inplace, double *col_order))
//raking
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_rake(char const *margin_table, char * const*var_list,
int var_ct, char * const *contrasts, int contrast_ct,
char const *structural_zeros, int max_iterations, double tolerance,
char const *count_col, char const *init_table,
char const *init_count_col, double nudge) )
#include <gsl/gsl_cdf.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_blas.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_sf_log.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_sf_exp.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_linalg.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_sf_gamma.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_sf_psi.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_randist.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_histogram.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_statistics_double.h>
//Some linear algebra utilities
double apop_det_and_inv(const gsl_matrix *in, gsl_matrix **out, int calc_det, int calc_inv);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_dot(const apop_data *d1, const apop_data *d2, char form1, char form2) )
Apop_var_declare( int apop_vector_bounded(const gsl_vector *in, long double max) )
gsl_matrix * apop_matrix_inverse(const gsl_matrix *in) ;
double apop_matrix_determinant(const gsl_matrix *in) ;
//apop_data* apop_sv_decomposition(gsl_matrix *data, int dimensions_we_want);
Apop_var_declare( apop_data * apop_matrix_pca(gsl_matrix *data, int const dimensions_we_want) )
Apop_var_declare( gsl_vector * apop_vector_stack(gsl_vector *v1, gsl_vector const * v2, char inplace) )
Apop_var_declare( gsl_matrix * apop_matrix_stack(gsl_matrix *m1, gsl_matrix const * m2, char posn, char inplace) )
void apop_vector_log(gsl_vector *v);
void apop_vector_log10(gsl_vector *v);
void apop_vector_exp(gsl_vector *v);
////Subsetting macros
/** \cond doxy_ignore */
/** These are all deprecated.*/
#define APOP_SUBMATRIX(m, srow, scol, nrows, ncols, o) gsl_matrix apop_mm_##o = gsl_matrix_submatrix((m), (srow), (scol), (nrows),(ncols)).matrix;\
gsl_matrix * o = &( apop_mm_##o ); // Use \ref Apop_subm.
#define Apop_submatrix APOP_SUBMATRIX
#define Apop_col_v(m, col, v) gsl_vector apop_vv_##v = ((col) == -1) ? (gsl_vector){} : gsl_matrix_column((m)->matrix, (col)).vector;\
gsl_vector * v = ((col)==-1) ? (m)->vector : &( apop_vv_##v ); // Use \ref Apop_cv.
#define Apop_row_v(m, row, v) Apop_matrix_row((m)->matrix, row, v) // Use \ref Apop_rv.
#define Apop_rows(d, rownum, len, outd) apop_data *outd = Apop_rs(d, rownum, len) // Use \ref Apop_rs.
#define Apop_row(d, row, outd) Apop_rows(d, row, 1, outd) // Use \ref Apop_r.
#define Apop_cols(d, colnum, len, outd) apop_data *outd = Apop_cs(d, colnum, len); // Use \ref Apop_cs.
/** \endcond */ //End of Doxygen ignore.
/** \def Apop_row_tv(m, row_name, v)
After this call, \c v will hold a \c gsl_vector view of an \ref apop_data set \c m. The view will consist only of the row with name \c row_name.
Unlike \ref Apop_rv, the second argument is a row name, that I'll look up using \ref apop_name_find, and the third is the name of the view to be generated.
\see Apop_rs, Apop_r, Apop_rv, Apop_row_t, Apop_mrv
*/
#define Apop_row_tv(m, row, v) gsl_vector apop_vv_##v = gsl_matrix_row((m)->matrix, apop_name_find((m)->names, row, 'r')).vector;\
gsl_vector * v = &( apop_vv_##v );
/** \def Apop_col_tv(m, col_name, v)
After this call, \c v will hold a \c gsl_vector view of the \ref apop_data set \c m.
The view will consist only of the column with name \c col_name.
Unlike \ref Apop_cv, the second argument is a column name, that I'll look up using \ref apop_name_find, and the third is the name of the view to be generated.
\see Apop_cs, Apop_c, Apop_cv, Apop_col_t, Apop_mcv
*/
#define Apop_col_tv(m, col, v) gsl_vector apop_vv_##v = gsl_matrix_column((m)->matrix, apop_name_find((m)->names, col, 'c')).vector;\
gsl_vector * v = &( apop_vv_##v );
/** \def Apop_row_t(m, row_name, v)
After this call, \c v will hold an \ref apop_data view of an \ref apop_data set \c m. The view will consist only of the row with name \c row_name.
Unlike \ref Apop_r, the second argument is a row name, that I'll look up using \ref apop_name_find, and the third is the name of the view to be generated.
\see Apop_rs, Apop_r, Apop_rv, Apop_row_tv, Apop_mrv
*/
#define Apop_row_t(d, rowname, outd) int apop_row_##outd = apop_name_find((d)->names, rowname, 'r'); Apop_rows(d, apop_row_##outd, 1, outd)
/** \def Apop_col_t(m, col_name, v)
After this call, \c v will hold a view of the \ref apop_data set \c m. The view will consist only of a \c gsl_vector view of the column of the \ref apop_data set \c m with name \c col_name.
Unlike \ref Apop_c, the second argument is a column name, that I'll look up using \ref apop_name_find, and the third is the name of the view to be generated.
\see Apop_cs, Apop_c, Apop_cv, Apop_col_tv, Apop_mcv
*/
#define Apop_col_t(d, colname, outd) int apop_col_##outd = apop_name_find((d)->names, colname, 'c'); Apop_cols(d, apop_col_##outd, 1, outd)
// The above versions relied on gsl_views, which stick to C as of 1989 CE.
// Better to just create the views via designated initializers.
/** \def Apop_subm(data_to_view, srow, scol, nrows, ncols)
Generate a view of a submatrix within a \c gsl_matrix. Like \ref Apop_r, et al., the view is an automatically-allocated variable that is lost once the program flow leaves the scope in which it is declared.
\param data_to_view The root matrix
\param srow the first row (in the root matrix) of the top of the submatrix
\param scol the first column (in the root matrix) of the left edge of the submatrix
\param nrows number of rows in the submatrix
\param ncols number of columns in the submatrix
\return An automatically-allocated view of type \c gsl_matrix.
*/
#define Apop_subm(matrix_to_view, srow, scol, nrows, ncols)( \
(!(matrix_to_view) \
|| (matrix_to_view)->size1 < (srow)+(nrows) || (srow) < 0 \
|| (matrix_to_view)->size2 < (scol)+(ncols) || (scol) < 0) ? NULL \
: &(gsl_matrix){.size1=(nrows), .size2=(ncols), \
.tda=(matrix_to_view)->tda, \
.data=gsl_matrix_ptr((matrix_to_view), (srow), (scol))} \
)
/** Get a vector view of a single row of a \ref gsl_matrix.
\param matrix_to_vew A \ref gsl_matrix.
\param row An integer giving the row to be viewed.
\return A \c gsl_vector view of the given row. The view is automatically allocated,
and disappears as soon as the program leaves the scope in which it is declared.
See \ref apop_vector_correlation for an example of use.
\see Apop_r, Apop_rv
*/
#define Apop_mrv(matrix_to_view, row) Apop_rv(&(apop_data){.matrix=matrix_to_view}, row)
/** Get a vector view of a single column of a \ref gsl_matrix.
\param matrix_to_vew A \ref gsl_matrix.
\param row An integer giving the column to be viewed.
\return A \c gsl_vector view of the given column. The view is automatically allocated,
and disappears as soon as the program leaves the scope in which it is declared.
\code
gsl_matrix *m = apop_query_to_data("select col1, col2, col3 from data")->matrix;
printf("The correlation coefficient between columns two "
"and three is %g.\n", apop_vector_correlation(Apop_mcv(m, 2), Apop_mcv(m, 3)));
\endcode
\see Apop_r, Apop_cv
*/
#define Apop_mcv(matrix_to_view, col) Apop_cv(&(apop_data){.matrix=matrix_to_view}, col)
/** \def Apop_rv(d, row)
A macro to generate a temporary one-row view of the matrix in an \ref apop_data set \c d, pulling out only
row \c row. The view is a \c gsl_vector set.
\code
gsl_vector *v = Apop_rv(your_data, i);
for (int i=0; i< your_data->matrix->size1; i++)
printf("Σ_%i = %g\n", i, apop_vector_sum(Apop_r(your_data, i)));
\endcode
The view is automatically allocated, and disappears as soon as the program leaves the scope in which it is declared.
\see Apop_r, Apop_rv, Apop_row_tv, Apop_row_t, Apop_mrv
*/
#define Apop_rv(data_to_view, row) ( \
((data_to_view) == NULL || (data_to_view)->matrix == NULL \
|| (data_to_view)->matrix->size1 <= (row) || (row) < 0) ? NULL \
: &(gsl_vector){.size=(data_to_view)->matrix->size2, \
.stride=1, .data=gsl_matrix_ptr((data_to_view)->matrix, (row), 0)} \
)
/** \def Apop_cv(d, col)
A macro to generate a temporary one-column view of the matrix in an \ref apop_data
set \c d, pulling out only column \c col. The view is a \c gsl_vector set.
As usual, column -1 is the vector element of the \ref apop_data set.
\code
gsl_vector *v = Apop_cv(your_data, i);
for (int i=0; i< your_data->matrix->size2; i++)
printf("Σ_%i = %g\n", i, apop_vector_sum(Apop_c(your_data, i)));
\endcode
The view is automatically allocated, and disappears as soon as the program leaves the
scope in which it is declared.
\see Apop_cs, Apop_c, Apop_col_tv, Apop_col_t, Apop_mcv
*/
#define Apop_cv(data_to_view, col) ( \
!(data_to_view) ? NULL \
: (col)==-1 ? (data_to_view)->vector \
: (!(data_to_view)->matrix \
|| (data_to_view)->matrix->size2 <= (col) || ((int)(col)) < -1) ? NULL \
: &(gsl_vector){.size=(data_to_view)->matrix->size1, \
.stride=(data_to_view)->matrix->tda, .data=gsl_matrix_ptr((data_to_view)->matrix, 0, (col))} \
)
/** \cond doxy_ignore */
/* Not (yet) for public use. */
#define Apop_subvector(v, start, len) ( \
((v) == NULL || (v)->size < ((start)+(len)) || (start) < 0) ? NULL \
: &(gsl_vector){.size=(len), .stride=(v)->stride, .data=(v)->data+(start*(v)->stride)})
/** \endcond */
/** \def Apop_rs(d, row, len)
A macro to generate a temporary view of \ref apop_data set \c d pulling only certain rows, beginning at row \c row
and having height \c len.
The view is automatically allocated, and disappears as soon as the program leaves the scope in which it is declared.
\see Apop_r, Apop_rv, Apop_row_tv, Apop_row_t, Apop_mrv
*/
#define Apop_rs(d, rownum, len)( \
(!(d) || (rownum) < 0) ? NULL \
: &(apop_data){ \
.names= ( !((d)->names) ? NULL : \
&(apop_name){ \
.title = (d)->names->title, \
.vector = (d)->names->vector, \
.col = (d)->names->col, \
.row = ((d)->names->row && (d)->names->rowct > (rownum)) ? &((d)->names->row[rownum]) : NULL, \
.texthash = (d)->names->texthash, \
.rowhash = ((d)->names->rowhash && (d)->names->rowct > (rownum)) ? &((d)->names->rowhash[rownum]) : NULL, \
.colhash = (d)->names->colhash, \
.text = (d)->names->text, \
.colct = (d)->names->colct, \
.rowct = (d)->names->row ? (GSL_MIN(1, GSL_MAX((d)->names->rowct - (int)(rownum), 0))) \
: 0, \
.textct = (d)->names->textct }), \
.vector= Apop_subvector((d->vector), (rownum), (len)), \
.matrix = Apop_subm(((d)->matrix), (rownum), 0, (len), (d)->matrix?(d)->matrix->size2:0), \
.weights = Apop_subvector(((d)->weights), (rownum), (len)), \
.textsize[0]=(d)->textsize[0]> (rownum)+(len)-1 ? (len) : 0, \
.textsize[1]=(d)->textsize[1], \
.text = (d)->text ? &((d)->text[rownum]) : NULL, \
})
/** \def Apop_cs(d, col, len)
A macro to generate a temporary view of \ref apop_data set \c d including only certain columns, beginning at column \c col and having length \c len.
The view is automatically allocated, and disappears as soon as the program leaves the scope in which it is declared.
\see Apop_c, Apop_cv, Apop_col_tv, Apop_col_t, Apop_mcv
*/
#define Apop_cs(d, colnum, len) ( \
(!(d)||!(d)->matrix || (d)->matrix->size2 <= (colnum)+(len)-1) \
? NULL \
: &(apop_data){ \
.vector= NULL, \
.weights= (d)->weights, \
.matrix = Apop_subm((d)->matrix, 0, colnum, (d)->matrix->size1, (len)),\
.textsize[0] = 0, \
.textsize[1] = 0, \
.text = NULL, \
.names= (d)->names ? &(apop_name){ \
.title = (d)->names->title, \
.vector = NULL, \
.row = (d)->names->row, \
.col = ((d)->names->col && (d)->names->colct > colnum) ? &((d)->names->col[colnum]) : NULL, \
.text = NULL, \
.texthash = NULL, \
.rowhash = (d)->names->rowhash, \
.colhash = ((d)->names->colhash && (d)->names->colct > (colnum)) ? &((d)->names->colhash[colnum]) : NULL, \
.rowct = (d)->names->rowct, \
.colct = (d)->names->col ? (GSL_MIN(len, GSL_MAX((d)->names->colct - colnum, 0))) \
: 0, \
.textct = (d)->names->textct } : NULL \
})
/** \def Apop_r(d, row)
A macro to generate a temporary one-row view of \ref apop_data set \c d, pulling out only
row \c row. The view is also an \ref apop_data set, with names and other decorations.
\code
//pull a single row
apop_data *v = Apop_r(your_data, 7);
//or loop through a sequence of one-row data sets.
apop_model *std = apop_model_set_parameters(apop_normal, 0, 1);
for (int i=0; i< your_data->matrix->size1; i++)
printf("Std Normal CDF up to observation %i is %g\n",
i, apop_cdf(Apop_r(your_data, i), std));
\endcode
The view is automatically allocated, and disappears as soon as the program leaves the
scope in which it is declared.
\see Apop_rs, Apop_row_v, Apop_row_tv, Apop_row_t, Apop_mrv
*/
#define Apop_r(d, rownum) Apop_rs(d, rownum, 1)
/** \def Apop_c(d, col)
A macro to generate a temporary one-column view of \ref apop_data set \c d, pulling out only
column \c col.
After this call, \c outd will be a pointer to this temporary
view, that you can use as you would any \ref apop_data set.
\see Apop_cs, Apop_cv, Apop_col_tv, Apop_col_t, Apop_mcv
*/
#define Apop_c(d, col) Apop_cs(d, col, 1)
/** \cond doxy_ignore */
#define APOP_COL Apop_col
#define apop_col Apop_col
#define APOP_COL_T Apop_col_t
#define apop_col_t Apop_col_t
#define APOP_COL_TV Apop_col_tv
#define apop_col_tv Apop_col_tv
#define APOP_ROW Apop_row
#define apop_row Apop_row
#define APOP_COLS Apop_cols
#define apop_cols Apop_cols
#define APOP_COL_V Apop_col_v
#define apop_col_v Apop_col_v
#define APOP_ROW_V Apop_row_v
#define apop_row_v Apop_row_v
#define APOP_ROWS Apop_rows
#define apop_rows Apop_rows
#define Apop_data_row Apop_row #deprecated
#define APOP_ROW_T Apop_row_t
#define apop_row_t Apop_row_t
#define APOP_ROW_TV Apop_row_tv
#define apop_row_tv Apop_row_tv
/** Deprecated. Use Apop_mrv */
#define Apop_matrix_row(m, row, v) gsl_vector apop_vv_##v = gsl_matrix_row((m), (row)).vector;\
gsl_vector * v = &( apop_vv_##v );
/* Deprecated. Use Apop_mcv */
#define Apop_matrix_col(m, col, v) gsl_vector apop_vv_##v = gsl_matrix_column((m), (col)).vector;\
gsl_vector * v = &( apop_vv_##v );
#define APOP_MATRIX_ROW Apop_matrix_row
#define apop_matrix_row Apop_matrix_row
#define APOP_MATRIX_COL Apop_matrix_col
#define apop_matrix_col Apop_matrix_col
/** \endcond */
long double apop_vector_sum(const gsl_vector *in);
double apop_vector_var_m(const gsl_vector *in, const double mean);
Apop_var_declare( double apop_vector_correlation(const gsl_vector *ina, const gsl_vector *inb, const gsl_vector *weights) )
double apop_vector_kurtosis(const gsl_vector *in);
double apop_vector_skew(const gsl_vector *in);
#define apop_sum apop_vector_sum
#define apop_var apop_vector_var
#define apop_mean apop_vector_mean
//////database utilities
Apop_var_declare( int apop_table_exists(char const *name, char remove) )
int apop_db_open(char const *filename);
Apop_var_declare( int apop_db_close(char vacuum) )