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pathophysiology.html
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pathophysiology.html
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<!-- We don't need full layout here, because this page will be parsed with Ajax-->
<!-- Top Navbar-->
<!-- Dynamic navbar for iOS theme -->
<div class="navbar">
<div class="navbar-inner">
<div class="left sliding">
<a href="#" class="back">
<i class="icon icon-back"></i><span>Back</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="center sliding">Pathophysiology</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pages">
<!-- Page, data-page contains page name-->
<div data-page="pathophysiology" class="page">
<!-- Scrollable page content-->
<div class="page-content">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="content-block-title">Primary vs. Secondary Injury</div>
<div class="content-block-inner">
<h4>Primary injury</h4>
<ul>
<li>Contusions → bruising of cortical tissue</li>
<li>Diffuse axonal injury → shearing from accel/deceleration and rotational forces; white matter petechial hemorrhages</li>
</ul>
<h4>Secondary injury</h4>
<ul>
<li>Excitotoxicity → neuronal damage 2/2 massive surge in neurotransmitters</li>
<li>Brain swelling → early increase in cerebral blood volume</li>
<li>Brain edema → later increase in cerebral water volume (vaso/cytogenic)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="content-block-title">Focal versus Diffuse Injury</div>
<div class="content-block-inner">
<h4>Focal injury</h4>
<ul>
<li>EDH → skull fracture, temporal bone, middle meningeal artery, lucid interval</li>
<li>SDH → shearing of bridging veins between pia-arachnoid and dura</li>
<li>SAH → ruptured cerebral aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations</li>
</ul>
<h4>Diffuse injury</h4>
<ul>
<li>Grade 1: widespread white matter/axonal damage, no focal findings on imaging</li>
<li>Grade 2: widespread damage, focal findings (usually in corpus callosum)</li>
<li>Grade 3: damage involving the brainstem</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="content-block-title">Recovery</div>
<div class="content-block-inner">
<h4>Plasticity</h4>
<ul>
<li>Neuronal regeneration/collateral sprouting</li>
<li>Functional/neural reorganization/unmasking</li>
</ul>
<h4>Diaschisis</h4>
<ul>
<li>Spontaneous return of function</li>
<li>Injury to site A inhibits function at site B (which is not injured) via fiber tract connections, recovery of functions controlled by B parallels recovery of site A</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="list-block accordion-list">
<ul>
<li class="accordion-item">
<a href="#" class="item-content item-link">
<div class="item-inner">
<div class="item-title">References</div>
</div>
</a>
<div class="accordion-item-content">
<div class="content-block">
<p>Elovic E, Baerga E, Galang GF, Cuccurullo SJ, Reyna M, Malone RJ. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Demos Medical; 2015. Chapter 2, Traumatic Brain Injury. P.96-146.</p>
<p>Feeney DM. Pharmacologic modulation of recovery after brain injury: a reconsideration of diaschisis. J Neurol Rehabil. 1991;5:113–128.</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>