diff --git a/test/common/assertSnapshot.js b/test/common/assertSnapshot.js
index afde9b5d371cd3..4986103fe92245 100644
--- a/test/common/assertSnapshot.js
+++ b/test/common/assertSnapshot.js
@@ -8,14 +8,18 @@ const assert = require('node:assert/strict');
 const stackFramesRegexp = /(\s+)((.+?)\s+\()?(?:\(?(.+?):(\d+)(?::(\d+))?)\)?(\s+\{)?(\n|$)/g;
 const windowNewlineRegexp = /\r/g;
 
-function replaceStackTrace(str) {
-  return str.replace(stackFramesRegexp, '$1*$7\n');
+function replaceStackTrace(str, replacement = '$1*$7\n') {
+  return str.replace(stackFramesRegexp, replacement);
 }
 
 function replaceWindowsLineEndings(str) {
   return str.replace(windowNewlineRegexp, '');
 }
 
+function replaceWindowsPaths(str) {
+  return str.replaceAll(path.win32.sep, path.posix.sep);
+}
+
 function transform(...args) {
   return (str) => args.reduce((acc, fn) => fn(acc), str);
 }
@@ -35,12 +39,24 @@ async function assertSnapshot(actual, filename = process.argv[1]) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Spawn a process and assert its output against a snapshot.
+ * if you want to automatically update the snapshot, run tests with NODE_REGENERATE_SNAPSHOTS=1
+ * transform is a function that takes the output and returns a string that will be compared against the snapshot
+ * this is useful for normalizing output such as stack traces
+ * there are some predefined transforms in this file such as replaceStackTrace and replaceWindowsLineEndings
+ * both of which can be used as an example for writing your own
+ * compose multiple transforms by passing them as arguments to the transform function:
+ * assertSnapshot.transform(assertSnapshot.replaceStackTrace, assertSnapshot.replaceWindowsLineEndings)
+ *
+ * @param {string} filename
+ * @param {function(string): string} [transform]
+ * @returns {Promise<void>}
+ */
 async function spawnAndAssert(filename, transform = (x) => x) {
-  // TODO: Add an option to this function to alternatively or additionally compare stderr.
-  // For now, tests that want to check stderr or both stdout and stderr can use spawnPromisified.
   const flags = common.parseTestFlags(filename);
-  const { stdout } = await common.spawnPromisified(process.execPath, [...flags, filename]);
-  await assertSnapshot(transform(stdout), filename);
+  const { stdout, stderr } = await common.spawnPromisified(process.execPath, [...flags, filename]);
+  await assertSnapshot(transform(`${stdout}${stderr}`), filename);
 }
 
 module.exports = {
@@ -48,6 +64,7 @@ module.exports = {
   getSnapshotPath,
   replaceStackTrace,
   replaceWindowsLineEndings,
+  replaceWindowsPaths,
   spawnAndAssert,
   transform,
 };
diff --git a/test/common/index.js b/test/common/index.js
index 50ec5eb5d0c8c7..f3caa9d1d4bdce 100644
--- a/test/common/index.js
+++ b/test/common/index.js
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ function parseTestFlags(filename = process.argv[1]) {
   fs.closeSync(fd);
   const source = buffer.toString('utf8', 0, bytesRead);
 
-  const flagStart = source.indexOf('// Flags: --') + 10;
+  const flagStart = source.search(/\/\/ Flags:\s+--/) + 10;
 
   if (flagStart === 9) {
     return [];
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ function parseTestFlags(filename = process.argv[1]) {
   return source
     .substring(flagStart, flagEnd)
     .replace(/_/g, '-')
-    .split(' ');
+    .split(/\s+/)
+    .filter(Boolean);
 }
 
 // Check for flags. Skip this for workers (both, the `cluster` module and
diff --git a/test/message/2100bytes.js b/test/fixtures/console/2100bytes.js
similarity index 99%
rename from test/message/2100bytes.js
rename to test/fixtures/console/2100bytes.js
index abd8c4b55246ae..5b2a28451160ec 100644
--- a/test/message/2100bytes.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/console/2100bytes.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 console.log([
   '_______________________________________________50',
diff --git a/test/message/2100bytes.out b/test/fixtures/console/2100bytes.snapshot
similarity index 100%
rename from test/message/2100bytes.out
rename to test/fixtures/console/2100bytes.snapshot
diff --git a/test/message/console.js b/test/fixtures/console/console.js
similarity index 60%
rename from test/message/console.js
rename to test/fixtures/console/console.js
index e93e27b3d4f5d2..65916e019f38bd 100644
--- a/test/message/console.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/console/console.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
 
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 console.trace('foo');
diff --git a/test/message/console.out b/test/fixtures/console/console.snapshot
similarity index 59%
rename from test/message/console.out
rename to test/fixtures/console/console.snapshot
index 57d56028663120..9aabbe5c5f275a 100644
--- a/test/message/console.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/console/console.snapshot
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Trace: foo
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*console.js:*:*)
+    at *
     at *
     at *
     at *
diff --git a/test/message/console_low_stack_space.js b/test/fixtures/console/console_low_stack_space.js
similarity index 97%
rename from test/message/console_low_stack_space.js
rename to test/fixtures/console/console_low_stack_space.js
index 8954b777d464f6..5093b0c307be0a 100644
--- a/test/message/console_low_stack_space.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/console/console_low_stack_space.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Object.defineProperty(global, 'console', {
   value: {},
 });
 
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 // This test checks that, if Node cannot put together the `console` object
 // because it is low on stack space while doing so, it can succeed later
diff --git a/test/message/console_low_stack_space.out b/test/fixtures/console/console_low_stack_space.snapshot
similarity index 100%
rename from test/message/console_low_stack_space.out
rename to test/fixtures/console/console_low_stack_space.snapshot
diff --git a/test/message/hello_world.js b/test/fixtures/console/hello_world.js
similarity index 97%
rename from test/message/hello_world.js
rename to test/fixtures/console/hello_world.js
index f3b1f8377f37f2..c32cb09f6009b2 100644
--- a/test/message/hello_world.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/console/hello_world.js
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 console.log('hello world');
diff --git a/test/message/hello_world.out b/test/fixtures/console/hello_world.snapshot
similarity index 100%
rename from test/message/hello_world.out
rename to test/fixtures/console/hello_world.snapshot
diff --git a/test/message/stack_overflow.js b/test/fixtures/console/stack_overflow.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/stack_overflow.js
rename to test/fixtures/console/stack_overflow.js
index 9541ee78409b5d..565692b6d6e4ba 100644
--- a/test/message/stack_overflow.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/console/stack_overflow.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 0;
 
diff --git a/test/message/stack_overflow.out b/test/fixtures/console/stack_overflow.snapshot
similarity index 69%
rename from test/message/stack_overflow.out
rename to test/fixtures/console/stack_overflow.snapshot
index fb378994672288..e723d53adc866e 100644
--- a/test/message/stack_overflow.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/console/stack_overflow.snapshot
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 before
-*test*message*stack_overflow.js:*
+*test*fixtures*console*stack_overflow.js:*
 JSON.stringify(array);
      ^
 
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_eval_cjs.js b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_cjs.js
similarity index 88%
rename from test/message/async_error_eval_cjs.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_cjs.js
index d76cabeab116d7..22fbe876582c17 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_eval_cjs.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_cjs.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 'use strict';
 
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
 
-const four = require('../common/fixtures')
+const four = require('../../common/fixtures')
   .readSync('async-error.js')
   .toString()
   .split('\n')
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_eval_cjs.out b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_cjs.snapshot
similarity index 79%
rename from test/message/async_error_eval_cjs.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_cjs.snapshot
index a8d89eebcb6ada..ae9979251f6e0c 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_eval_cjs.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_cjs.snapshot
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@ Error: test
     at two ([eval]:15:9)
     at async three ([eval]:18:3)
     at async four ([eval]:22:3)
-    at async main ([eval]:28:5)
\ No newline at end of file
+    at async main ([eval]:28:5)
+
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_eval_esm.js b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_esm.js
similarity index 88%
rename from test/message/async_error_eval_esm.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_esm.js
index efacef779b1712..d568902638b94d 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_eval_esm.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_esm.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 'use strict';
 
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
 
-const four = require('../common/fixtures')
+const four = require('../../common/fixtures')
   .readSync('async-error.js')
   .toString()
   .split('\n')
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_eval_esm.out b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_esm.snapshot
similarity index 99%
rename from test/message/async_error_eval_esm.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_esm.snapshot
index 769fac7a0d408e..0c22264f94de61 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_eval_esm.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_eval_esm.snapshot
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ Error: test
     at async three (file:*/[eval1]:18:3)
     at async four (file:*/[eval1]:22:3)
     at async main (file:*/[eval1]:28:5)
+
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_microtask_main.js b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_microtask_main.js
similarity index 65%
rename from test/message/async_error_microtask_main.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_microtask_main.js
index 5520c650addeac..25822ba2f700c0 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_microtask_main.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_microtask_main.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
-const four = require('../fixtures/async-error');
+require('../../common');
+const four = require('../async-error');
 
 async function main() {
   try {
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_sync_esm.out b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_microtask_main.snapshot
similarity index 77%
rename from test/message/async_error_sync_esm.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_microtask_main.snapshot
index 6054fc7cc22de0..9d84b96c35de68 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_sync_esm.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_microtask_main.snapshot
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ Error: test
     at two (*fixtures*async-error.js:17:9)
     at async three (*fixtures*async-error.js:20:3)
     at async four (*fixtures*async-error.js:24:3)
-    at async main (*message*async_error_sync_esm.mjs:6:5)
+    at async main (*async_error_microtask_main.js:7:5)
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_nexttick_main.js b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_nexttick_main.js
similarity index 65%
rename from test/message/async_error_nexttick_main.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_nexttick_main.js
index ecd0531852da8f..8ffa6ae0b9ba56 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_nexttick_main.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_nexttick_main.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
-const four = require('../fixtures/async-error');
+require('../../common');
+const four = require('../async-error');
 
 async function main() {
   try {
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_nexttick_main.out b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_nexttick_main.snapshot
similarity index 58%
rename from test/message/async_error_nexttick_main.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_nexttick_main.snapshot
index 9669e9b5102ff9..eff2c0569cce82 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_nexttick_main.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_nexttick_main.snapshot
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Error: test
     at one (*fixtures*async-error.js:4:9)
     at two (*fixtures*async-error.js:17:9)
-    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:*:*)
+    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal*process*task_queues:95:5)
     at async three (*fixtures*async-error.js:20:3)
     at async four (*fixtures*async-error.js:24:3)
-    at async main (*message*async_error_nexttick_main.js:7:5)
+    at async main (*async_error_nexttick_main.js:7:5)
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_sync_esm.mjs b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_esm.mjs
similarity index 57%
rename from test/message/async_error_sync_esm.mjs
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_esm.mjs
index fdb6a260d1284b..d368ad53f9e172 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_sync_esm.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_esm.mjs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import '../common/index.mjs';
-import four from '../fixtures/async-error.js';
+import '../../common/index.mjs';
+import four from '../async-error.js';
 
 async function main() {
   try {
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_sync_main.out b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_esm.snapshot
similarity index 77%
rename from test/message/async_error_sync_main.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_esm.snapshot
index 565affbaf750d9..3d232a3243e0da 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_sync_main.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_esm.snapshot
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ Error: test
     at two (*fixtures*async-error.js:17:9)
     at async three (*fixtures*async-error.js:20:3)
     at async four (*fixtures*async-error.js:24:3)
-    at async main (*message*async_error_sync_main.js:7:5)
+    at async main (file:*/async_error_sync_esm.mjs:6:5)
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_sync_main.js b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_main.js
similarity index 62%
rename from test/message/async_error_sync_main.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_main.js
index fa33c86d2cf911..4a7b402e2a815f 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_sync_main.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_main.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
-const four = require('../fixtures/async-error');
+require('../../common');
+const four = require('../async-error');
 
 async function main() {
   try {
diff --git a/test/message/async_error_microtask_main.out b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_main.snapshot
similarity index 75%
rename from test/message/async_error_microtask_main.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_main.snapshot
index 9512270730a976..34aaec5fed2d5f 100644
--- a/test/message/async_error_microtask_main.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/async_error_sync_main.snapshot
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ Error: test
     at two (*fixtures*async-error.js:17:9)
     at async three (*fixtures*async-error.js:20:3)
     at async four (*fixtures*async-error.js:24:3)
-    at async main (*message*async_error_microtask_main.js:7:5)
+    at async main (*async_error_sync_main.js:7:5)
diff --git a/test/message/error_aggregateTwoErrors.js b/test/fixtures/errors/error_aggregateTwoErrors.js
similarity index 92%
rename from test/message/error_aggregateTwoErrors.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/error_aggregateTwoErrors.js
index 6cb6cce095b295..7a5b3b7b35538c 100644
--- a/test/message/error_aggregateTwoErrors.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/error_aggregateTwoErrors.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Flags: --expose-internals
 'use strict';
 
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 1;
 
 const { aggregateTwoErrors } = require('internal/errors');
diff --git a/test/message/error_aggregateTwoErrors.out b/test/fixtures/errors/error_aggregateTwoErrors.snapshot
similarity index 60%
rename from test/message/error_aggregateTwoErrors.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/error_aggregateTwoErrors.snapshot
index a84ae7325000b9..a8d13c461b2cb0 100644
--- a/test/message/error_aggregateTwoErrors.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/error_aggregateTwoErrors.snapshot
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 *error_aggregateTwoErrors.js:*
 throw aggregateTwoErrors(err, originalError);
 ^
+
 [AggregateError: original] {
   code: 'ERR0',
   [errors]: [
     Error: original
-        at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*error_aggregateTwoErrors.js:*:*) {
+        at Object.<anonymous> (*error_aggregateTwoErrors.js:*:*) {
       code: 'ERR0'
     },
     Error: second error
-        at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*error_aggregateTwoErrors.js:*:*) {
+        at Object.<anonymous> (*error_aggregateTwoErrors.js:*:*) {
       code: 'ERR1'
     }
   ]
diff --git a/test/message/error_exit.js b/test/fixtures/errors/error_exit.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/error_exit.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/error_exit.js
index 51d303015fd8ac..dbe66b8ee0d568 100644
--- a/test/message/error_exit.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/error_exit.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 1;
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/message/error_exit.out b/test/fixtures/errors/error_exit.snapshot
similarity index 81%
rename from test/message/error_exit.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/error_exit.snapshot
index 4ee2f083b63569..778165dc25c4fc 100644
--- a/test/message/error_exit.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/error_exit.snapshot
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Expected values to be strictly equal:
 
 1 !== 2
 
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*error_exit.js:*:*) {
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*error_exit.js:*:*) {
   generatedMessage: true,
   code: 'ERR_ASSERTION',
   actual: 1,
diff --git a/test/message/error_with_nul.js b/test/fixtures/errors/error_with_nul.js
similarity index 88%
rename from test/message/error_with_nul.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/error_with_nul.js
index de49c383fd41a0..086672b9bbcb1e 100644
--- a/test/message/error_with_nul.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/error_with_nul.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 2;
 
 function test() {
diff --git a/test/message/error_with_nul.out b/test/fixtures/errors/error_with_nul.snapshot
similarity index 100%
rename from test/message/error_with_nul.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/error_with_nul.snapshot
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js
similarity index 91%
rename from test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js
index 6ec4bed948d404..1e35a3a9832254 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 2;
 
 const EventEmitter = require('events');
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.out b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.snapshot
similarity index 88%
rename from test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.snapshot
index a3747cfdd32c31..a482c105b75e48 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.snapshot
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 node:events:*
-      throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
+      throw er; * Unhandled 'error' event
       ^
 
 Error: foo:bar
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js
similarity index 87%
rename from test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js
index bf508c9788757d..7072781586ddaf 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 1;
 
 const EventEmitter = require('events');
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.out b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.snapshot
similarity index 80%
rename from test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.snapshot
index 7b616c22e37302..450d4910a385b5 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.snapshot
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 node:events:*
-      throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
+      throw er; * Unhandled 'error' event
       ^
 
 Error
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.js b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_sameline.js
similarity index 83%
rename from test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_sameline.js
index 6dad22dd58e393..d9a01050feab12 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_sameline.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 1;
 
 const EventEmitter = require('events');
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.out b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_sameline.snapshot
similarity index 82%
rename from test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_sameline.snapshot
index dd12176259badf..520601e617083c 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_sameline.snapshot
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 node:events:*
-      throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
+      throw er; * Unhandled 'error' event
       ^
 
 Error
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_subclass.js b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_subclass.js
similarity index 86%
rename from test/message/events_unhandled_error_subclass.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_subclass.js
index 5fc3bc26fb4e93..2131771944faf5 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_subclass.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_subclass.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 1;
 
 const EventEmitter = require('events');
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_subclass.out b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_subclass.snapshot
similarity index 83%
rename from test/message/events_unhandled_error_subclass.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_subclass.snapshot
index 3d5d0307e6d792..6a9cfd4a1a0b21 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_subclass.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/events_unhandled_error_subclass.snapshot
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 node:events:*
-      throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
+      throw er; * Unhandled 'error' event
       ^
 
 Error
diff --git a/test/message/promise_always_throw_unhandled.js b/test/fixtures/errors/promise_always_throw_unhandled.js
similarity index 94%
rename from test/message/promise_always_throw_unhandled.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/promise_always_throw_unhandled.js
index d9128f34a5c9f1..25d1642a65de41 100644
--- a/test/message/promise_always_throw_unhandled.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/promise_always_throw_unhandled.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Flags: --unhandled-rejections=strict
 'use strict';
 
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 // Check that the process will exit on the first unhandled rejection in case the
 // unhandled rejections mode is set to `'strict'`.
diff --git a/test/message/promise_always_throw_unhandled.out b/test/fixtures/errors/promise_always_throw_unhandled.snapshot
similarity index 61%
rename from test/message/promise_always_throw_unhandled.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/promise_always_throw_unhandled.snapshot
index bc2949391c16d7..c97540f5499f87 100644
--- a/test/message/promise_always_throw_unhandled.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/promise_always_throw_unhandled.snapshot
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 *promise_always_throw_unhandled.js:*
   throw new Error('One');
         ^
+
 Error: One
-    at *promise_always_throw_unhandled.js:*:*
+    at *
     at new Promise (<anonymous>)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*promise_always_throw_unhandled.js:*:*)
+    at *
     at *
     at *
     at *
diff --git a/test/message/throw_custom_error.js b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_custom_error.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/throw_custom_error.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/throw_custom_error.js
index 3e0e6a271c7415..1cf6108af716a1 100644
--- a/test/message/throw_custom_error.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_custom_error.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 // Custom error throwing
 // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
diff --git a/test/message/throw_custom_error.out b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_custom_error.snapshot
similarity index 79%
rename from test/message/throw_custom_error.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/throw_custom_error.snapshot
index 920cbf62310f39..ba80020c897a32 100644
--- a/test/message/throw_custom_error.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_custom_error.snapshot
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-*test*message*throw_custom_error.js:*
+
+*throw_custom_error.js:*
 throw ({ name: 'MyCustomError', message: 'This is a custom message' });
 ^
 { name: 'MyCustomError', message: 'This is a custom message' }
diff --git a/test/message/throw_in_line_with_tabs.js b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_in_line_with_tabs.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/throw_in_line_with_tabs.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/throw_in_line_with_tabs.js
index ab059916b2c8da..b62d422597904a 100644
--- a/test/message/throw_in_line_with_tabs.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_in_line_with_tabs.js
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 /* eslint-disable indent, no-tabs */
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 console.error('before');
 
diff --git a/test/message/throw_in_line_with_tabs.out b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_in_line_with_tabs.snapshot
similarity index 58%
rename from test/message/throw_in_line_with_tabs.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/throw_in_line_with_tabs.snapshot
index 0d71e91b75c2e7..29c7e1ec3587d9 100644
--- a/test/message/throw_in_line_with_tabs.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_in_line_with_tabs.snapshot
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 before
-*test*message*throw_in_line_with_tabs.js:*
+
+*throw_in_line_with_tabs.js:*
 	throw ({ foo: 'bar' });
 	^
 { foo: 'bar' }
diff --git a/test/message/throw_non_error.js b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_non_error.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/throw_non_error.js
rename to test/fixtures/errors/throw_non_error.js
index fc1a568015aaf2..e1b239aa261d28 100644
--- a/test/message/throw_non_error.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_non_error.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 
 // Custom error throwing
 // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
diff --git a/test/message/throw_non_error.out b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_non_error.snapshot
similarity index 59%
rename from test/message/throw_non_error.out
rename to test/fixtures/errors/throw_non_error.snapshot
index 665c9b4fd1d0c3..4ad80df4f6a9cb 100644
--- a/test/message/throw_non_error.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/errors/throw_non_error.snapshot
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-*test*message*throw_non_error.js:*
+
+*throw_non_error.js:*
 throw ({ foo: 'bar' });
 ^
 { foo: 'bar' }
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_disabled_by_api.js b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_disabled_by_api.js
similarity index 55%
rename from test/message/source_map_disabled_by_api.js
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_disabled_by_api.js
index 93c87f10c14931..b1a28d0eae1c2e 100644
--- a/test/message/source_map_disabled_by_api.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_disabled_by_api.js
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 // Flags: --enable-source-maps
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 5;
 
 process.setSourceMapsEnabled(false);
 
 try {
-  require('../fixtures/source-map/enclosing-call-site-min.js');
+  require('../enclosing-call-site-min.js');
 } catch (e) {
   console.log(e);
 }
 
 delete require.cache[require
-  .resolve('../fixtures/source-map/enclosing-call-site-min.js')];
+  .resolve('../enclosing-call-site-min.js')];
 
 // Re-enable.
 process.setSourceMapsEnabled(true);
 
 try {
-  require('../fixtures/source-map/enclosing-call-site-min.js');
+  require('../enclosing-call-site-min.js');
 } catch (e) {
   console.log(e);
 }
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_disabled_by_api.out b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_disabled_by_api.snapshot
similarity index 100%
rename from test/message/source_map_disabled_by_api.out
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_disabled_by_api.snapshot
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_enabled_by_api.js b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_enabled_by_api.js
similarity index 51%
rename from test/message/source_map_enabled_by_api.js
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_enabled_by_api.js
index f0308b19598988..4c70fa1cb2a240 100644
--- a/test/message/source_map_enabled_by_api.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_enabled_by_api.js
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 5;
 
 process.setSourceMapsEnabled(true);
 
 try {
-  require('../fixtures/source-map/enclosing-call-site-min.js');
+  require('../enclosing-call-site-min.js');
 } catch (e) {
   console.log(e);
 }
 
 delete require.cache[require
-  .resolve('../fixtures/source-map/enclosing-call-site-min.js')];
+  .resolve('../enclosing-call-site-min.js')];
 
 process.setSourceMapsEnabled(false);
 
 try {
-  require('../fixtures/source-map/enclosing-call-site-min.js');
+  require('../enclosing-call-site-min.js');
 } catch (e) {
   console.log(e);
 }
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_enabled_by_api.out b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_enabled_by_api.snapshot
similarity index 100%
rename from test/message/source_map_enabled_by_api.out
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_enabled_by_api.snapshot
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_eval.js b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_eval.js
similarity index 50%
rename from test/message/source_map_eval.js
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_eval.js
index 404793f05412e4..5492c179248180 100644
--- a/test/message/source_map_eval.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_eval.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 // Flags:  --enable-source-maps
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 3;
 
 const fs = require('fs');
 
-const content = fs.readFileSync(require.resolve('../fixtures/source-map/tabs.js'), 'utf8');
+const content = fs.readFileSync(require.resolve('../tabs.js'), 'utf8');
 eval(content);
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_eval.out b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_eval.snapshot
similarity index 72%
rename from test/message/source_map_eval.out
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_eval.snapshot
index 5d97e137f7f824..a4fcdb25282dfa 100644
--- a/test/message/source_map_eval.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_eval.snapshot
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 	alert "I knew it!"
 	^
 
+
 ReferenceError: alert is not defined
     at Object.eval (*tabs.coffee:26:2)
     at eval (*tabs.coffee:1:14)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*source_map_eval.js:*:*)
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*output*source_map_eval.js:10:1)
 
 Node.js *
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_no_source_file.js b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_no_source_file.js
similarity index 51%
rename from test/message/source_map_no_source_file.js
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_no_source_file.js
index 53c53416248b77..eb7a107fa2f8ce 100644
--- a/test/message/source_map_no_source_file.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_no_source_file.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Flags:  --enable-source-maps
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 2;
 
-require('../fixtures/source-map/no-source.js');
+require('../no-source.js');
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_no_source_file.out b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_no_source_file.snapshot
similarity index 100%
rename from test/message/source_map_no_source_file.out
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_no_source_file.snapshot
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_throw_first_tick.js b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_throw_first_tick.js
similarity index 50%
rename from test/message/source_map_throw_first_tick.js
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_throw_first_tick.js
index 9bf1a353cf18be..62c2b41c693e9d 100644
--- a/test/message/source_map_throw_first_tick.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_throw_first_tick.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Flags:  --enable-source-maps
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 2;
 
-require('../fixtures/source-map/typescript-throw');
+require('../typescript-throw');
diff --git a/test/message/source_map_throw_first_tick.out b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_throw_first_tick.snapshot
similarity index 51%
rename from test/message/source_map_throw_first_tick.out
rename to test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_throw_first_tick.snapshot
index 792be67aae089f..fba8c95cc1103f 100644
--- a/test/message/source_map_throw_first_tick.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/source-map/output/source_map_throw_first_tick.snapshot
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ reachable
 *typescript-throw.ts:18
     throw Error('an exception');
     ^
+
+
 Error: an exception
-    at *typescript-throw.ts:18:11*
-    at *typescript-throw.ts:24:1*
+    at branch (*typescript-throw.ts:18:11)
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*typescript-throw.ts:24:1)
 
 Node.js *
diff --git a/test/message/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.js b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.js
similarity index 94%
rename from test/message/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.js
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.js
index 237e8e3a105436..81349fc9bf0ec5 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 const vm = require('vm');
 
 console.error('beginning');
diff --git a/test/message/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.out b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.snapshot
similarity index 100%
rename from test/message/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.out
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.snapshot
diff --git a/test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.js b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_runtime_error.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.js
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_runtime_error.js
index 80505cb02f3f3b..390727d1f00988 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_runtime_error.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 4;
 
 const vm = require('vm');
diff --git a/test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.out b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_runtime_error.snapshot
similarity index 69%
rename from test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.out
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_runtime_error.snapshot
index 6dc8a703b4b7cd..47c7d54bae4481 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_runtime_error.snapshot
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Error: boo!
     at test.vm:1:7
     at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_display_runtime_error.js:*)
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*fixtures*vm*vm_display_runtime_error.js:31:6)
 test.vm:1
 throw new Error("spooky!")
 ^
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ Error: spooky!
     at test.vm:1:7
     at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_display_runtime_error.js:*)
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*fixtures*vm*vm_display_runtime_error.js:36:4)
 
 Node.js *
diff --git a/test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.js b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_syntax_error.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.js
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_syntax_error.js
index f47d8d477ececc..9d802eac624f76 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_syntax_error.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 4;
 
 const vm = require('vm');
diff --git a/test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.out b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_syntax_error.snapshot
similarity index 69%
rename from test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.out
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_syntax_error.snapshot
index 371ebfccdc3e1d..84f52ce4dba0bc 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_display_syntax_error.snapshot
@@ -2,18 +2,20 @@ beginning
 foo.vm:1
 var 4;
     ^
+
 SyntaxError: Unexpected number
     at new Script (node:vm:*)
     at createScript (node:vm:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_display_syntax_error.js:*)
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*fixtures*vm*vm_display_syntax_error.js:31:6)
 test.vm:1
 var 5;
     ^
+
 SyntaxError: Unexpected number
     at new Script (node:vm:*)
     at createScript (node:vm:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_display_syntax_error.js:*)
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*fixtures*vm*vm_display_syntax_error.js:36:4)
 
 Node.js *
diff --git a/test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js
index 2dff567fb9e4c6..128a312cc8979f 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 4;
 
 const vm = require('vm');
diff --git a/test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.out b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.snapshot
similarity index 69%
rename from test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.out
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.snapshot
index 78b6a67c5aff2f..045183d4a37bde 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.snapshot
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ Error: boo!
     at test.vm:1:7
     at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js:*)
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*fixtures*vm*vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js:41:4)
 
 Node.js *
diff --git a/test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js
similarity index 98%
rename from test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js
index 821933a6113bb9..6ce013b42364a8 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 'use strict';
-require('../common');
+require('../../common');
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 4;
 
 const vm = require('vm');
diff --git a/test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.out b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.snapshot
similarity index 70%
rename from test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.out
rename to test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.snapshot
index d7849361d5d230..27c4faf563617c 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.out
+++ b/test/fixtures/vm/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.snapshot
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ SyntaxError: Unexpected number
     at new Script (node:vm:*)
     at createScript (node:vm:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:*)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js:*)
+    at Object.<anonymous> (*fixtures*vm*vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js:41:4)
 
 Node.js *
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-node-output-console.mjs b/test/parallel/test-node-output-console.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6656028bae4795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-node-output-console.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import '../common/index.mjs';
+import * as fixtures from '../common/fixtures.mjs';
+import * as snapshot from '../common/assertSnapshot.js';
+import { describe, it } from 'node:test';
+
+function replaceNodeVersion(str) {
+  return str.replaceAll(process.version, '*');
+}
+
+function replaceStackTrace(str) {
+  return snapshot.replaceStackTrace(str, '$1at *$7\n');
+}
+
+describe('console output', { concurrency: true }, () => {
+  function stackTrace(str) {
+    return str.replaceAll(snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths(process.cwd()), '').replaceAll('/', '*').replaceAll(/\d+/g, '*');
+  }
+  const tests = [
+    { name: 'console/2100bytes.js' },
+    { name: 'console/console_low_stack_space.js' },
+    { name: 'console/console.js' },
+    { name: 'console/hello_world.js' },
+    {
+      name: 'console/stack_overflow.js',
+      transform: snapshot
+        .transform(snapshot.replaceWindowsLineEndings, snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths, replaceNodeVersion, stackTrace)
+    },
+  ];
+  const defaultTransform = snapshot
+    .transform(snapshot.replaceWindowsLineEndings, snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths, replaceStackTrace);
+  for (const { name, transform } of tests) {
+    it(name, async () => {
+      await snapshot.spawnAndAssert(fixtures.path(name), transform ?? defaultTransform);
+    });
+  }
+});
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-node-output-errors.mjs b/test/parallel/test-node-output-errors.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5668fca4dc89b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-node-output-errors.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import '../common/index.mjs';
+import * as fixtures from '../common/fixtures.mjs';
+import * as snapshot from '../common/assertSnapshot.js';
+import { describe, it } from 'node:test';
+
+function replaceNodeVersion(str) {
+  return str.replaceAll(process.version, '*');
+}
+
+function replaceStackTrace(str) {
+  return snapshot.replaceStackTrace(str, '$1at *$7\n');
+}
+
+describe('errors output', { concurrency: true }, () => {
+  function normalize(str) {
+    return str.replaceAll(snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths(process.cwd()), '').replaceAll('//', '*').replaceAll(/\/(\w)/g, '*$1').replaceAll('*test*', '*').replaceAll('*fixtures*errors*', '*').replaceAll('file:**', 'file:*/');
+  }
+
+  function normalizeNoNumbers(str) {
+    return normalize(str).replaceAll(/\d+:\d+/g, '*:*').replaceAll(/:\d+/g, ':*').replaceAll('*fixtures*message*', '*');
+  }
+  const common = snapshot
+    .transform(snapshot.replaceWindowsLineEndings, snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths, replaceNodeVersion);
+  const defaultTransform = snapshot.transform(common, normalize);
+  const errTransform = snapshot.transform(common, normalizeNoNumbers);
+  const promiseTransform = snapshot.transform(common, replaceStackTrace, normalizeNoNumbers);
+
+  const tests = [
+    { name: 'errors/async_error_eval_cjs.js' },
+    { name: 'errors/async_error_eval_esm.js' },
+    { name: 'errors/async_error_microtask_main.js' },
+    { name: 'errors/async_error_nexttick_main.js' },
+    { name: 'errors/async_error_sync_main.js' },
+    { name: 'errors/async_error_sync_esm.mjs' },
+    { name: 'errors/error_aggregateTwoErrors.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/error_exit.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/error_with_nul.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/events_unhandled_error_sameline.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/events_unhandled_error_subclass.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/throw_custom_error.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/throw_in_line_with_tabs.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/throw_non_error.js', transform: errTransform },
+    { name: 'errors/promise_always_throw_unhandled.js', transform: promiseTransform },
+  ];
+  for (const { name, transform } of tests) {
+    it(name, async () => {
+      await snapshot.spawnAndAssert(fixtures.path(name), transform ?? defaultTransform);
+    });
+  }
+});
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-node-output-sourcemaps.mjs b/test/parallel/test-node-output-sourcemaps.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a226cd9800d14e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-node-output-sourcemaps.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import * as common from '../common/index.mjs';
+import * as fixtures from '../common/fixtures.mjs';
+import * as snapshot from '../common/assertSnapshot.js';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import { describe, it } from 'node:test';
+
+function replaceNodeVersion(str) {
+  return str.replaceAll(process.version, '*');
+}
+
+describe('sourcemaps output', { concurrency: true }, () => {
+  function normalize(str) {
+    const result = str
+    .replaceAll(snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths(process.cwd()), '')
+    .replaceAll('//', '*')
+    .replaceAll('/Users/bencoe/oss/coffee-script-test', '')
+    .replaceAll(/\/(\w)/g, '*$1')
+    .replaceAll('*test*', '*')
+    .replaceAll('*fixtures*source-map*', '*');
+    if (common.isWindows) {
+      const currentDeviceLetter = path.parse(process.cwd()).root.substring(0, 1).toLowerCase();
+      const regex = new RegExp(`${currentDeviceLetter}:/?`, 'gi');
+      return result.replaceAll(regex, '');
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+  const defaultTransform = snapshot
+    .transform(snapshot.replaceWindowsLineEndings, snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths, replaceNodeVersion, normalize);
+
+  const tests = [
+    { name: 'source-map/output/source_map_disabled_by_api.js' },
+    { name: 'source-map/output/source_map_enabled_by_api.js' },
+    { name: 'source-map/output/source_map_eval.js' },
+    { name: 'source-map/output/source_map_no_source_file.js' },
+    { name: 'source-map/output/source_map_throw_first_tick.js' },
+  ];
+  for (const { name, transform } of tests) {
+    it(name, async () => {
+      await snapshot.spawnAndAssert(fixtures.path(name), transform ?? defaultTransform);
+    });
+  }
+});
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-node-output-vm.mjs b/test/parallel/test-node-output-vm.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..52dc9a0d57607c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-node-output-vm.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import '../common/index.mjs';
+import * as fixtures from '../common/fixtures.mjs';
+import * as snapshot from '../common/assertSnapshot.js';
+import { describe, it } from 'node:test';
+
+function replaceNodeVersion(str) {
+  return str.replaceAll(process.version, '*');
+}
+
+describe('vm output', { concurrency: true }, () => {
+  function normalize(str) {
+    return str.replaceAll(snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths(process.cwd()), '').replaceAll('//', '*').replaceAll(/\/(\w)/g, '*$1').replaceAll('*test*', '*').replaceAll(/node:vm:\d+:\d+/g, 'node:vm:*');
+  }
+
+  const defaultTransform = snapshot
+    .transform(snapshot.replaceWindowsLineEndings, snapshot.replaceWindowsPaths, replaceNodeVersion, normalize);
+
+  const tests = [
+    { name: 'vm/vm_caught_custom_runtime_error.js' },
+    { name: 'vm/vm_display_runtime_error.js' },
+    { name: 'vm/vm_display_syntax_error.js' },
+    { name: 'vm/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js' },
+    { name: 'vm/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js' },
+  ];
+  for (const { name, transform } of tests) {
+    it(name, async () => {
+      await snapshot.spawnAndAssert(fixtures.path(name), transform ?? defaultTransform);
+    });
+  }
+});