diff --git a/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/expression.rs b/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/expression.rs
index 18fb30e8fd85a..2532919f8db10 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/expression.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/expression.rs
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ impl<'a> ParserImpl<'a> {
             Kind::New => self.parse_new_expression(),
             Kind::Super => Ok(self.parse_super()),
             Kind::Import => {
+                self.set_source_type_to_module_if_unambiguous();
                 let span = self.start_span();
                 let identifier = self.parse_keyword_identifier(Kind::Import);
                 match self.cur_kind() {
diff --git a/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/module.rs b/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/module.rs
index 4e987fa10de2f..9ca92ac662c4d 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/module.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/module.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ impl<'a> ParserImpl<'a> {
         self.ctx = self.ctx.and_in(has_in);
         self.bump(Kind::Comma);
         self.expect(Kind::RParen)?;
+
         Ok(self.ast.expression_import(self.end_span(span), expression, arguments))
     }
 
@@ -209,6 +210,8 @@ impl<'a> ParserImpl<'a> {
 
     /// [Exports](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-exports)
     pub(crate) fn parse_export_declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Statement<'a>> {
+        self.set_source_type_to_module_if_unambiguous();
+
         let span = self.start_span();
         self.bump_any(); // advance `export`
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/statement.rs b/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/statement.rs
index 408c3ae930b32..bb1d534c46c9b 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/statement.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_parser/src/js/statement.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ impl<'a> ParserImpl<'a> {
                 break;
             }
             let stmt = self.parse_statement_list_item(StatementContext::StatementList)?;
+
+            if is_top_level && stmt.is_module_declaration() {
+                self.set_source_type_to_module_if_unambiguous();
+            }
+
             // Section 11.2.1 Directive Prologue
             // The only way to get a correct directive is to parse the statement first and check if it is a string literal.
             // All other method are flawed, see test cases in [babel](https://github.com/babel/babel/blob/main/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/core/categorized/not-directive/input.js)
@@ -94,9 +99,13 @@ impl<'a> ParserImpl<'a> {
             Kind::Debugger => self.parse_debugger_statement(),
             Kind::Class => self.parse_class_statement(stmt_ctx, start_span),
             Kind::Import if !matches!(self.peek_kind(), Kind::Dot | Kind::LParen) => {
+                self.set_source_type_to_module_if_unambiguous();
                 self.parse_import_declaration()
             }
-            Kind::Export => self.parse_export_declaration(),
+            Kind::Export => {
+                self.set_source_type_to_module_if_unambiguous();
+                self.parse_export_declaration()
+            }
             // [+Return] ReturnStatement[?Yield, ?Await]
             Kind::Return => self.parse_return_statement(),
             Kind::Var => self.parse_variable_statement(stmt_ctx),
diff --git a/crates/oxc_parser/src/lib.rs b/crates/oxc_parser/src/lib.rs
index 9641d0caf1a69..89e8155b7c001 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_parser/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_parser/src/lib.rs
@@ -350,6 +350,8 @@ impl<'a> ParserImpl<'a> {
         let (directives, statements) =
             self.parse_directives_and_statements(/* is_top_level */ true)?;
 
+        self.set_source_type_to_script_if_unambiguous();
+
         let span = Span::new(0, self.source_text.len() as u32);
         Ok(self.ast.program(span, self.source_type, hashbang, directives, statements))
     }
@@ -416,6 +418,18 @@ impl<'a> ParserImpl<'a> {
     fn ts_enabled(&self) -> bool {
         self.source_type.is_typescript()
     }
+
+    fn set_source_type_to_module_if_unambiguous(&mut self) {
+        if self.source_type.is_unambiguous() {
+            self.source_type = self.source_type.with_module(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_source_type_to_script_if_unambiguous(&mut self) {
+        if self.source_type.is_unambiguous() {
+            self.source_type = self.source_type.with_script(true);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -511,6 +525,22 @@ mod test {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn unambiguous() {
+        let allocator = Allocator::default();
+        let source_type = SourceType::default().with_unambiguous(true);
+        assert!(source_type.is_unambiguous());
+        let sources =
+            ["import x from 'foo';", "export {x} from 'foo';", "import('foo')", "import.meta"];
+        for source in sources {
+            let ret = Parser::new(&allocator, source, source_type).parse();
+            assert!(ret.program.source_type.is_module());
+        }
+
+        let ret = Parser::new(&allocator, "", source_type).parse();
+        assert!(ret.program.source_type.is_script());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn memory_leak() {
         let allocator = Allocator::default();
diff --git a/crates/oxc_semantic/src/checker/javascript.rs b/crates/oxc_semantic/src/checker/javascript.rs
index 2995d36a57b40..c4130de1dcff3 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_semantic/src/checker/javascript.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_semantic/src/checker/javascript.rs
@@ -404,6 +404,10 @@ pub fn check_module_declaration<'a>(
     let start = decl.span().start;
     let span = Span::new(start, start + 6);
     match ctx.source_type.module_kind() {
+        ModuleKind::Unambiguous => {
+            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+            panic!("Technically unreachable, omit to avoid panic.");
+        }
         ModuleKind::Script => {
             ctx.error(module_code(text, span));
         }
diff --git a/crates/oxc_span/src/source_type/mod.rs b/crates/oxc_span/src/source_type/mod.rs
index e058fa3f51497..160a7fdb6af7a 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_span/src/source_type/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_span/src/source_type/mod.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl SourceType {
     pub const fn js() -> Self {
         Self {
             language: Language::JavaScript,
-            module_kind: ModuleKind::Script,
+            module_kind: ModuleKind::Unambiguous,
             variant: LanguageVariant::Standard,
         }
     }
@@ -159,6 +159,10 @@ impl SourceType {
         self.module_kind == ModuleKind::Module
     }
 
+    pub fn is_unambiguous(self) -> bool {
+        self.module_kind == ModuleKind::Unambiguous
+    }
+
     pub fn module_kind(self) -> ModuleKind {
         self.module_kind
     }
@@ -204,6 +208,14 @@ impl SourceType {
         self
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn with_unambiguous(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        if yes {
+            self.module_kind = ModuleKind::Unambiguous;
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn with_typescript(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
         if yes {
@@ -290,7 +302,8 @@ impl SourceType {
             })?;
 
         let (language, module_kind) = match extension {
-            "js" | "mjs" | "jsx" => (Language::JavaScript, ModuleKind::Module),
+            "js" => (Language::JavaScript, ModuleKind::Unambiguous),
+            "mjs" | "jsx" => (Language::JavaScript, ModuleKind::Module),
             "cjs" => (Language::JavaScript, ModuleKind::Script),
             "ts" if file_name.ends_with(".d.ts") => {
                 (Language::TypeScriptDefinition, ModuleKind::Module)
@@ -417,15 +430,15 @@ mod tests {
             assert!(!ty.is_typescript(), "{ty:?}");
         }
 
-        assert_eq!(SourceType::js().with_jsx(true).with_module(true), js);
+        assert_eq!(SourceType::js().with_jsx(true).with_unambiguous(true), js);
         assert_eq!(SourceType::jsx().with_module(true), jsx);
 
-        assert!(js.is_module());
+        assert!(js.is_unambiguous());
         assert!(mjs.is_module());
         assert!(cjs.is_script());
         assert!(jsx.is_module());
 
-        assert!(js.is_strict());
+        assert!(!js.is_strict());
         assert!(mjs.is_strict());
         assert!(!cjs.is_strict());
         assert!(jsx.is_strict());
diff --git a/crates/oxc_span/src/source_type/types.rs b/crates/oxc_span/src/source_type/types.rs
index 1560c888d0044..104737150fd32 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_span/src/source_type/types.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_span/src/source_type/types.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ pub enum ModuleKind {
     Script = 0,
     /// ES6 Module
     Module = 1,
+    /// Consider the file a "module" if import/export statements are present, or else consider it a "script".
+    /// See <https://babel.dev/docs/options#misc-options>
+    Unambiguous = 2,
 }
 
 /// JSX for JavaScript and TypeScript
diff --git a/tasks/coverage/misc/fail/oxc.js b/tasks/coverage/misc/fail/oxc.js
index 510f490a096dd..ce5993196ebb6 100644
--- a/tasks/coverage/misc/fail/oxc.js
+++ b/tasks/coverage/misc/fail/oxc.js
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
+'use strict';
+
 let.a = 1;
 let()[a] = 1;
diff --git a/tasks/coverage/parser_misc.snap b/tasks/coverage/parser_misc.snap
index 5365b6458234c..90918b8f01e4e 100644
--- a/tasks/coverage/parser_misc.snap
+++ b/tasks/coverage/parser_misc.snap
@@ -245,15 +245,16 @@ Negative Passed: 17/17 (100.00%)
    ╰────
 
   × The keyword 'let' is reserved
-   ╭─[misc/fail/oxc.js:1:1]
- 1 │ let.a = 1;
+   ╭─[misc/fail/oxc.js:3:1]
+ 2 │ 
+ 3 │ let.a = 1;
    · ───
- 2 │ let()[a] = 1;
+ 4 │ let()[a] = 1;
    ╰────
 
   × The keyword 'let' is reserved
-   ╭─[misc/fail/oxc.js:2:1]
- 1 │ let.a = 1;
- 2 │ let()[a] = 1;
+   ╭─[misc/fail/oxc.js:4:1]
+ 3 │ let.a = 1;
+ 4 │ let()[a] = 1;
    · ───
    ╰────