diff --git a/examples/datasets/hf_sef_data.py b/examples/datasets/hf_sef_data.py
index 36ea2cbc2bb..f9240698231 100644
--- a/examples/datasets/hf_sef_data.py
+++ b/examples/datasets/hf_sef_data.py
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@
 # %%
 
 
-import mne
 import os
+
+import mne
 from mne.datasets import hf_sef
 
 fname_evoked = os.path.join(hf_sef.data_path(), "MEG/subject_b/hf_sef_15min-ave.fif")
diff --git a/examples/datasets/limo_data.py b/examples/datasets/limo_data.py
index 4285411dd6c..62fb0322295 100644
--- a/examples/datasets/limo_data.py
+++ b/examples/datasets/limo_data.py
@@ -38,14 +38,13 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
+from mne import combine_evoked
 from mne.datasets.limo import load_data
 from mne.stats import linear_regression
-from mne.viz import plot_events, plot_compare_evokeds
-from mne import combine_evoked
-
+from mne.viz import plot_compare_evokeds, plot_events
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/datasets/opm_data.py b/examples/datasets/opm_data.py
index 184ea216866..60c4a08f8fe 100644
--- a/examples/datasets/opm_data.py
+++ b/examples/datasets/opm_data.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 4
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 
 data_path = mne.datasets.opm.data_path()
diff --git a/examples/datasets/spm_faces_dataset_sgskip.py b/examples/datasets/spm_faces_dataset_sgskip.py
index 0bda341aa4f..cdc7dc9aab0 100644
--- a/examples/datasets/spm_faces_dataset_sgskip.py
+++ b/examples/datasets/spm_faces_dataset_sgskip.py
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 import mne
+from mne import combine_evoked, io
 from mne.datasets import spm_face
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 from mne.preprocessing import ICA, create_eog_epochs
-from mne import io, combine_evoked
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/decoding/decoding_csp_eeg.py b/examples/decoding/decoding_csp_eeg.py
index 1ee2f0ce87d..896489252f2 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/decoding_csp_eeg.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/decoding_csp_eeg.py
@@ -20,18 +20,17 @@
 # %%
 
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
-from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
+import numpy as np
 from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
 from sklearn.model_selection import ShuffleSplit, cross_val_score
+from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
 
-from mne import Epochs, pick_types, events_from_annotations
+from mne import Epochs, events_from_annotations, pick_types
 from mne.channels import make_standard_montage
-from mne.io import concatenate_raws, read_raw_edf
 from mne.datasets import eegbci
 from mne.decoding import CSP
+from mne.io import concatenate_raws, read_raw_edf
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/decoding/decoding_csp_timefreq.py b/examples/decoding/decoding_csp_timefreq.py
index e6d3daa725d..c1f88588326 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/decoding_csp_timefreq.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/decoding_csp_timefreq.py
@@ -21,20 +21,19 @@
 # %%
 
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
+from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold, cross_val_score
+from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
+from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
 
 from mne import Epochs, create_info, events_from_annotations
-from mne.io import concatenate_raws, read_raw_edf
 from mne.datasets import eegbci
 from mne.decoding import CSP
+from mne.io import concatenate_raws, read_raw_edf
 from mne.time_frequency import AverageTFR
 
-from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
-from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold, cross_val_score
-from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
-from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
-
 # %%
 # Set parameters and read data
 event_id = dict(hands=2, feet=3)  # motor imagery: hands vs feet
diff --git a/examples/decoding/decoding_rsa_sgskip.py b/examples/decoding/decoding_rsa_sgskip.py
index 3cc8467deb3..0b6b8e7a340 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/decoding_rsa_sgskip.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/decoding_rsa_sgskip.py
@@ -29,21 +29,19 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 from pandas import read_csv
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
+from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
+from sklearn.manifold import MDS
+from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
 from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
 from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
 from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
-from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
-from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
-from sklearn.manifold import MDS
 
 import mne
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, concatenate_raws
 from mne.datasets import visual_92_categories
-
+from mne.io import concatenate_raws, read_raw_fif
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/decoding/decoding_spatio_temporal_source.py b/examples/decoding/decoding_spatio_temporal_source.py
index ad96720f640..3efbde4c047 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/decoding_spatio_temporal_source.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/decoding_spatio_temporal_source.py
@@ -21,17 +21,16 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
-from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
-from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
+import numpy as np
 from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest, f_classif
 from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
+from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
+from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
 
 import mne
+from mne.decoding import LinearModel, SlidingEstimator, cross_val_multiscore, get_coef
 from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse_epochs, read_inverse_operator
-from mne.decoding import cross_val_multiscore, LinearModel, SlidingEstimator, get_coef
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/decoding/decoding_spoc_CMC.py b/examples/decoding/decoding_spoc_CMC.py
index 4e689d338d5..ba3c23a08dc 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/decoding_spoc_CMC.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/decoding_spoc_CMC.py
@@ -24,15 +24,14 @@
 
 # %%
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
+from sklearn.model_selection import KFold, cross_val_predict
+from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
 
 import mne
 from mne import Epochs
-from mne.decoding import SPoC
 from mne.datasets.fieldtrip_cmc import data_path
-
-from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
-from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
-from sklearn.model_selection import KFold, cross_val_predict
+from mne.decoding import SPoC
 
 # Define parameters
 fname = data_path() / "SubjectCMC.ds"
diff --git a/examples/decoding/decoding_time_generalization_conditions.py b/examples/decoding/decoding_time_generalization_conditions.py
index a018ebbe75b..beb69831b8b 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/decoding_time_generalization_conditions.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/decoding_time_generalization_conditions.py
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@
 # %%
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
+from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
 from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
 from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
-from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
diff --git a/examples/decoding/decoding_unsupervised_spatial_filter.py b/examples/decoding/decoding_unsupervised_spatial_filter.py
index d215203ac3c..07c18813ab8 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/decoding_unsupervised_spatial_filter.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/decoding_unsupervised_spatial_filter.py
@@ -17,15 +17,14 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from sklearn.decomposition import PCA, FastICA
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.decoding import UnsupervisedSpatialFilter
 
-from sklearn.decomposition import PCA, FastICA
-
 print(__doc__)
 
 # Preprocess data
diff --git a/examples/decoding/decoding_xdawn_eeg.py b/examples/decoding/decoding_xdawn_eeg.py
index e7fac8c52e6..221a16c380c 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/decoding_xdawn_eeg.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/decoding_xdawn_eeg.py
@@ -16,20 +16,18 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
-from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
-from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
+import numpy as np
 from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
 from sklearn.metrics import classification_report, confusion_matrix
+from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
+from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
 from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
 
-from mne import io, pick_types, read_events, Epochs, EvokedArray, create_info
+from mne import Epochs, EvokedArray, create_info, io, pick_types, read_events
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.preprocessing import Xdawn
 from mne.decoding import Vectorizer
-
+from mne.preprocessing import Xdawn
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/decoding/ems_filtering.py b/examples/decoding/ems_filtering.py
index e3512a3591e..ff6296bf1f1 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/ems_filtering.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/ems_filtering.py
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
 
 import mne
-from mne import io, EvokedArray
+from mne import EvokedArray, io
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.decoding import EMS, compute_ems
-from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/decoding/linear_model_patterns.py b/examples/decoding/linear_model_patterns.py
index 05b4c0591a6..4b23e5d1e56 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/linear_model_patterns.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/linear_model_patterns.py
@@ -22,17 +22,16 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import mne
-from mne import io, EvokedArray
-from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.decoding import Vectorizer, get_coef
-
-from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
 from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
 from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
+from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
+
+import mne
+from mne import EvokedArray, io
+from mne.datasets import sample
 
 # import a linear classifier from mne.decoding
-from mne.decoding import LinearModel
+from mne.decoding import LinearModel, Vectorizer, get_coef
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/decoding/receptive_field_mtrf.py b/examples/decoding/receptive_field_mtrf.py
index e927cd3cf25..799920611bf 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/receptive_field_mtrf.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/receptive_field_mtrf.py
@@ -28,16 +28,16 @@
 # %%
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 3
 
-import numpy as np
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-from scipy.io import loadmat
 from os.path import join
 
-import mne
-from mne.decoding import ReceptiveField
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.io import loadmat
 from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
 from sklearn.preprocessing import scale
 
+import mne
+from mne.decoding import ReceptiveField
 
 # %%
 # Load the data from the publication
diff --git a/examples/decoding/ssd_spatial_filters.py b/examples/decoding/ssd_spatial_filters.py
index 035f2b0cf2d..a2bdcabf9a1 100644
--- a/examples/decoding/ssd_spatial_filters.py
+++ b/examples/decoding/ssd_spatial_filters.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
 from mne import Epochs
 from mne.datasets.fieldtrip_cmc import data_path
diff --git a/examples/forward/forward_sensitivity_maps.py b/examples/forward/forward_sensitivity_maps.py
index dca41bb9b12..db501375b86 100644
--- a/examples/forward/forward_sensitivity_maps.py
+++ b/examples/forward/forward_sensitivity_maps.py
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.source_space import compute_distance_to_sensors
 from mne.source_estimate import SourceEstimate
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from mne.source_space import compute_distance_to_sensors
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/compute_mne_inverse_epochs_in_label.py b/examples/inverse/compute_mne_inverse_epochs_in_label.py
index e779444f6cf..b7938868058 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/compute_mne_inverse_epochs_in_label.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/compute_mne_inverse_epochs_in_label.py
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse_epochs, read_inverse_operator
-from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, apply_inverse_epochs, read_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/compute_mne_inverse_volume.py b/examples/inverse/compute_mne_inverse_volume.py
index 7b5193a081b..501bc30199a 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/compute_mne_inverse_volume.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/compute_mne_inverse_volume.py
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 
 # %%
 
-from nilearn.plotting import plot_stat_map
 from nilearn.image import index_img
+from nilearn.plotting import plot_stat_map
 
-from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne import read_evokeds
+from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/inverse/custom_inverse_solver.py b/examples/inverse/custom_inverse_solver.py
index 8e2a495c1dd..6798d0c80a3 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/custom_inverse_solver.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/custom_inverse_solver.py
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.viz import plot_sparse_source_estimates
 
-
 data_path = sample.data_path()
 meg_path = data_path / "MEG" / "sample"
 fwd_fname = meg_path / "sample_audvis-meg-eeg-oct-6-fwd.fif"
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ def apply_solver(solver, evoked, forward, noise_cov, loose=0.2, depth=0.8):
     """
     # Import the necessary private functions
     from mne.inverse_sparse.mxne_inverse import (
+        _make_sparse_stc,
         _prepare_gain,
-        is_fixed_orient,
         _reapply_source_weighting,
-        _make_sparse_stc,
+        is_fixed_orient,
     )
 
     all_ch_names = evoked.ch_names
diff --git a/examples/inverse/dics_epochs.py b/examples/inverse/dics_epochs.py
index 5ea93986fda..6370275e3b2 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/dics_epochs.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/dics_epochs.py
@@ -17,10 +17,11 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
+from mne.beamformer import apply_dics_tfr_epochs, make_dics
 from mne.datasets import somato
-from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet, csd_tfr
-from mne.beamformer import make_dics, apply_dics_tfr_epochs
+from mne.time_frequency import csd_tfr, tfr_morlet
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/dics_source_power.py b/examples/inverse/dics_source_power.py
index 68925202b17..a140b32e7e4 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/dics_source_power.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/dics_source_power.py
@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@
 # %%
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
+from mne.beamformer import apply_dics_csd, make_dics
 from mne.datasets import somato
 from mne.time_frequency import csd_morlet
-from mne.beamformer import make_dics, apply_dics_csd
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/evoked_ers_source_power.py b/examples/inverse/evoked_ers_source_power.py
index 272b0518293..0ffcf90816d 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/evoked_ers_source_power.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/evoked_ers_source_power.py
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 # %%
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
+from mne.beamformer import apply_dics_csd, apply_lcmv_cov, make_dics, make_lcmv
 from mne.cov import compute_covariance
 from mne.datasets import somato
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse_cov, make_inverse_operator
 from mne.time_frequency import csd_morlet
-from mne.beamformer import make_dics, apply_dics_csd, make_lcmv, apply_lcmv_cov
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse_cov
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/gamma_map_inverse.py b/examples/inverse/gamma_map_inverse.py
index da38204d3b2..2a11f32fd41 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/gamma_map_inverse.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/gamma_map_inverse.py
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.inverse_sparse import gamma_map, make_stc_from_dipoles
 from mne.viz import (
-    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
-    plot_dipole_locations,
     plot_dipole_amplitudes,
+    plot_dipole_locations,
+    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
 )
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/inverse/label_activation_from_stc.py b/examples/inverse/label_activation_from_stc.py
index 358de19bff2..a154b5b1aec 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/label_activation_from_stc.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/label_activation_from_stc.py
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/label_from_stc.py b/examples/inverse/label_from_stc.py
index 39469e8c68b..31d057b92e6 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/label_from_stc.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/label_from_stc.py
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/label_source_activations.py b/examples/inverse/label_source_activations.py
index 035533b4b9a..060e2506cf9 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/label_source_activations.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/label_source_activations.py
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import matplotlib.patheffects as path_effects
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/mixed_norm_inverse.py b/examples/inverse/mixed_norm_inverse.py
index f64a9f55665..031483ae137 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/mixed_norm_inverse.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/mixed_norm_inverse.py
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.inverse_sparse import mixed_norm, make_stc_from_dipoles
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.inverse_sparse import make_stc_from_dipoles, mixed_norm
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 from mne.viz import (
-    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
-    plot_dipole_locations,
     plot_dipole_amplitudes,
+    plot_dipole_locations,
+    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
 )
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/inverse/mixed_source_space_inverse.py b/examples/inverse/mixed_source_space_inverse.py
index f069b5e89ac..ddf3e35db45 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/mixed_source_space_inverse.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/mixed_source_space_inverse.py
@@ -15,11 +15,10 @@
 # %%
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
 from nilearn import plotting
 
 import mne
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 
 # Set dir
 data_path = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/examples/inverse/mne_cov_power.py b/examples/inverse/mne_cov_power.py
index 592664a72ef..79f3dd08a4e 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/mne_cov_power.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/mne_cov_power.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse_cov
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse_cov, make_inverse_operator
 
 data_path = sample.data_path()
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/examples/inverse/morph_volume_stc.py b/examples/inverse/morph_volume_stc.py
index adf20db7905..c5fc2b5130c 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/morph_volume_stc.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/morph_volume_stc.py
@@ -28,10 +28,11 @@
 import os
 
 import nibabel as nib
+from nilearn.plotting import plot_glass_brain
+
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import sample, fetch_fsaverage
+from mne.datasets import fetch_fsaverage, sample
 from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
-from nilearn.plotting import plot_glass_brain
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/multi_dipole_model.py b/examples/inverse/multi_dipole_model.py
index 6a66f89f624..b05ead57498 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/multi_dipole_model.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/multi_dipole_model.py
@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@
 ###############################################################################
 # Importing everything and setting up the data paths for the MNE-Sample
 # dataset.
-import mne
-from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.channels import read_vectorview_selection
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse, apply_inverse_epochs
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 
+import mne
+from mne.channels import read_vectorview_selection
+from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, apply_inverse_epochs, make_inverse_operator
+
 data_path = sample.data_path()
 meg_path = data_path / "MEG" / "sample"
 raw_fname = meg_path / "sample_audvis_raw.fif"
diff --git a/examples/inverse/multidict_reweighted_tfmxne.py b/examples/inverse/multidict_reweighted_tfmxne.py
index dcaaf5575e9..ce45efc8707 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/multidict_reweighted_tfmxne.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/multidict_reweighted_tfmxne.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import somato
-from mne.inverse_sparse import tf_mixed_norm, make_stc_from_dipoles
+from mne.inverse_sparse import make_stc_from_dipoles, tf_mixed_norm
 from mne.viz import plot_sparse_source_estimates
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_label_leakage.py b/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_label_leakage.py
index d74663d369a..1ca6d5de8a1 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_label_leakage.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_label_leakage.py
@@ -20,20 +20,18 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from mne_connectivity.viz import plot_connectivity_circle
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.minimum_norm import (
-    read_inverse_operator,
-    make_inverse_resolution_matrix,
     get_point_spread,
+    make_inverse_resolution_matrix,
+    read_inverse_operator,
 )
-
 from mne.viz import circular_layout
-from mne_connectivity.viz import plot_connectivity_circle
-
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_vertices.py b/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_vertices.py
index 0ec01a865dc..efbfe6ff470 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_vertices.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_vertices.py
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.minimum_norm import (
-    make_inverse_resolution_matrix,
     get_cross_talk,
     get_point_spread,
+    make_inverse_resolution_matrix,
 )
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_vertices_lcmv.py b/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_vertices_lcmv.py
index 7f3d2a4207e..cd5527c88c9 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_vertices_lcmv.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/psf_ctf_vertices_lcmv.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 # %%
 
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.beamformer import make_lcmv, make_lcmv_resolution_matrix
+from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.minimum_norm import get_cross_talk
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/inverse/psf_volume.py b/examples/inverse/psf_volume.py
index f2e465c1b20..1074527d6af 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/psf_volume.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/psf_volume.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_resolution_matrix, get_point_spread
+from mne.minimum_norm import get_point_spread, make_inverse_resolution_matrix
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/rap_music.py b/examples/inverse/rap_music.py
index f87d733ef37..4c294d06d7b 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/rap_music.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/rap_music.py
@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@
 # %%
 
 import mne
-
-from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.beamformer import rap_music
-from mne.viz import plot_dipole_locations, plot_dipole_amplitudes
+from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.viz import plot_dipole_amplitudes, plot_dipole_locations
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/resolution_metrics.py b/examples/inverse/resolution_metrics.py
index e3e98827bea..594a37a5161 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/resolution_metrics.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/resolution_metrics.py
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_resolution_matrix
-from mne.minimum_norm import resolution_metrics
+from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_resolution_matrix, resolution_metrics
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/snr_estimate.py b/examples/inverse/snr_estimate.py
index 4a88a9d13c4..6422c0a1d05 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/snr_estimate.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/snr_estimate.py
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 
 # %%
 
+from mne import read_evokeds
 from mne.datasets.sample import data_path
 from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator
-from mne import read_evokeds
 from mne.viz import plot_snr_estimate
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/inverse/source_space_snr.py b/examples/inverse/source_space_snr.py
index c7077d091e5..690f16f7eb8 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/source_space_snr.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/source_space_snr.py
@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@
 
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 2
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
-import numpy as np
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/time_frequency_mixed_norm_inverse.py b/examples/inverse/time_frequency_mixed_norm_inverse.py
index dd2b2db2b3a..5d1e680776a 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/time_frequency_mixed_norm_inverse.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/time_frequency_mixed_norm_inverse.py
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
-from mne.inverse_sparse import tf_mixed_norm, make_stc_from_dipoles
+from mne.inverse_sparse import make_stc_from_dipoles, tf_mixed_norm
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 from mne.viz import (
-    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
-    plot_dipole_locations,
     plot_dipole_amplitudes,
+    plot_dipole_locations,
+    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
 )
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/inverse/trap_music.py b/examples/inverse/trap_music.py
index 6a85d557188..5262b4b9515 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/trap_music.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/trap_music.py
@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@
 # %%
 
 import mne
-
-from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.beamformer import trap_music
-from mne.viz import plot_dipole_locations, plot_dipole_amplitudes
+from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.viz import plot_dipole_amplitudes, plot_dipole_locations
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/inverse/vector_mne_solution.py b/examples/inverse/vector_mne_solution.py
index 2733f40acd1..0511a2c7821 100644
--- a/examples/inverse/vector_mne_solution.py
+++ b/examples/inverse/vector_mne_solution.py
@@ -26,9 +26,10 @@
 # %%
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/io/elekta_epochs.py b/examples/io/elekta_epochs.py
index f632b0fbae3..0b8a3a0f162 100644
--- a/examples/io/elekta_epochs.py
+++ b/examples/io/elekta_epochs.py
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@
 # %%
 
 
-import mne
 import os
+
+import mne
 from mne.datasets import multimodal
 
 fname_raw = os.path.join(multimodal.data_path(), "multimodal_raw.fif")
diff --git a/examples/io/read_neo_format.py b/examples/io/read_neo_format.py
index 7847e23dcfa..2146764d522 100644
--- a/examples/io/read_neo_format.py
+++ b/examples/io/read_neo_format.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import neo
+
 import mne
 
 # %%
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/css.py b/examples/preprocessing/css.py
index 73e86c1b389..ab7309d98d3 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/css.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/css.py
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
 """
 # Author: John G Samuelsson <johnsam@mit.edu>
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.simulation import simulate_sparse_stc, simulate_evoked
+from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked, simulate_sparse_stc
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Load sample subject data
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/define_target_events.py b/examples/preprocessing/define_target_events.py
index 51e0fdbb960..86ed28c7505 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/define_target_events.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/define_target_events.py
@@ -21,11 +21,12 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
 from mne import io
-from mne.event import define_target_events
 from mne.datasets import sample
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from mne.event import define_target_events
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/eeg_bridging.py b/examples/preprocessing/eeg_bridging.py
index 30cdde8502b..7eadb7239d2 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/eeg_bridging.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/eeg_bridging.py
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@
 
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 2
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 from matplotlib.colors import LinearSegmentedColormap
 
 import mne
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/eeg_csd.py b/examples/preprocessing/eeg_csd.py
index 892f856e75e..98d968d4c94 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/eeg_csd.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/eeg_csd.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 6
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/eog_artifact_histogram.py b/examples/preprocessing/eog_artifact_histogram.py
index 2d51370b571..0f9de66fda7 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/eog_artifact_histogram.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/eog_artifact_histogram.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 # %%
 
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne import io
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/eog_regression.py b/examples/preprocessing/eog_regression.py
index 2123974dde4..621195d5818 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/eog_regression.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/eog_regression.py
@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
 # We begin as always by importing the necessary Python modules and loading some
 # data, in this case the :ref:`MNE sample dataset <sample-dataset>`.
 
+from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.preprocessing import EOGRegression
-from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/find_ref_artifacts.py b/examples/preprocessing/find_ref_artifacts.py
index f64e85372a4..ca6a2833298 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/find_ref_artifacts.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/find_ref_artifacts.py
@@ -32,11 +32,12 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 from mne import io
 from mne.datasets import refmeg_noise
 from mne.preprocessing import ICA
-import numpy as np
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/fnirs_artifact_removal.py b/examples/preprocessing/fnirs_artifact_removal.py
index d669d6ce09c..3d842ce92a3 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/fnirs_artifact_removal.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/fnirs_artifact_removal.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
-import mne
 
+import mne
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import (
     optical_density,
     temporal_derivative_distribution_repair,
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/ica_comparison.py b/examples/preprocessing/ica_comparison.py
index 6aa601dd5fa..51d1bc7974e 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/ica_comparison.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/ica_comparison.py
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@
 from time import time
 
 import mne
-from mne.preprocessing import ICA
 from mne.datasets import sample
-
+from mne.preprocessing import ICA
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/muscle_detection.py b/examples/preprocessing/muscle_detection.py
index 37bd021d853..011e6c23e30 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/muscle_detection.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/muscle_detection.py
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
+
 from mne.datasets.brainstorm import bst_auditory
 from mne.io import read_raw_ctf
 from mne.preprocessing import annotate_muscle_zscore
 
-
 # Load data
 data_path = bst_auditory.data_path()
 raw_fname = data_path / "MEG" / "bst_auditory" / "S01_AEF_20131218_01.ds"
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/otp.py b/examples/preprocessing/otp.py
index a05eaf5c6ce..7e5e28561fb 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/otp.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/otp.py
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import mne
 import numpy as np
 
+import mne
 from mne import find_events, fit_dipole
 from mne.datasets.brainstorm import bst_phantom_elekta
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/shift_evoked.py b/examples/preprocessing/shift_evoked.py
index c16becc679c..27c4bc45f02 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/shift_evoked.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/shift_evoked.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
 
diff --git a/examples/preprocessing/xdawn_denoising.py b/examples/preprocessing/xdawn_denoising.py
index b6eed43d142..67082d60947 100644
--- a/examples/preprocessing/xdawn_denoising.py
+++ b/examples/preprocessing/xdawn_denoising.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 # %%
 
 
-from mne import io, compute_raw_covariance, read_events, pick_types, Epochs
+from mne import Epochs, compute_raw_covariance, io, pick_types, read_events
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.preprocessing import Xdawn
 from mne.viz import plot_epochs_image
diff --git a/examples/simulation/plot_stc_metrics.py b/examples/simulation/plot_stc_metrics.py
index 105c66d7e12..f7dfa657569 100644
--- a/examples/simulation/plot_stc_metrics.py
+++ b/examples/simulation/plot_stc_metrics.py
@@ -13,20 +13,21 @@
 #
 # License: BSD (3-clause)
 
-import numpy as np
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 from functools import partial
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 from mne.simulation.metrics import (
-    region_localization_error,
+    cosine_score,
     f1_score,
+    peak_position_error,
     precision_score,
     recall_score,
-    cosine_score,
-    peak_position_error,
+    region_localization_error,
     spatial_deviation_error,
 )
 
diff --git a/examples/simulation/simulate_evoked_data.py b/examples/simulation/simulate_evoked_data.py
index 0a8d69a66ed..8f09c12e40c 100644
--- a/examples/simulation/simulate_evoked_data.py
+++ b/examples/simulation/simulate_evoked_data.py
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked, simulate_sparse_stc
 from mne.time_frequency import fit_iir_model_raw
 from mne.viz import plot_sparse_source_estimates
-from mne.simulation import simulate_sparse_stc, simulate_evoked
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/simulation/simulate_raw_data.py b/examples/simulation/simulate_raw_data.py
index 902429717c2..4cf88a9930b 100644
--- a/examples/simulation/simulate_raw_data.py
+++ b/examples/simulation/simulate_raw_data.py
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne import find_events, Epochs, compute_covariance, make_ad_hoc_cov
+from mne import Epochs, compute_covariance, find_events, make_ad_hoc_cov
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.simulation import (
-    simulate_sparse_stc,
-    simulate_raw,
-    add_noise,
     add_ecg,
     add_eog,
+    add_noise,
+    simulate_raw,
+    simulate_sparse_stc,
 )
 
 print(__doc__)
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 
 
 def data_fun(times):
-    """Generate time-staggered sinusoids at harmonics of 10Hz"""
+    """Generate time-staggered sinusoids at harmonics of 10Hz."""
     global n
     n_samp = len(times)
     window = np.zeros(n_samp)
diff --git a/examples/stats/cluster_stats_evoked.py b/examples/stats/cluster_stats_evoked.py
index 1e21cdb7617..112ee80d9ab 100644
--- a/examples/stats/cluster_stats_evoked.py
+++ b/examples/stats/cluster_stats_evoked.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne import io
-from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_test
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_test
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/stats/fdr_stats_evoked.py b/examples/stats/fdr_stats_evoked.py
index 94239f887df..0b0b1b5f935 100644
--- a/examples/stats/fdr_stats_evoked.py
+++ b/examples/stats/fdr_stats_evoked.py
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import stats
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 import mne
 from mne import io
diff --git a/examples/stats/sensor_permutation_test.py b/examples/stats/sensor_permutation_test.py
index 5edca4f605a..ee548b364f3 100644
--- a/examples/stats/sensor_permutation_test.py
+++ b/examples/stats/sensor_permutation_test.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne import io
-from mne.stats import permutation_t_test
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.stats import permutation_t_test
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/stats/sensor_regression.py b/examples/stats/sensor_regression.py
index 2b17927b28b..4d5b02782f3 100644
--- a/examples/stats/sensor_regression.py
+++ b/examples/stats/sensor_regression.py
@@ -32,10 +32,11 @@
 # %%
 
 import pandas as pd
+
 import mne
-from mne.stats import linear_regression, fdr_correction
-from mne.viz import plot_compare_evokeds
 from mne.datasets import kiloword
+from mne.stats import fdr_correction, linear_regression
+from mne.viz import plot_compare_evokeds
 
 # Load the data
 path = kiloword.data_path() / "kword_metadata-epo.fif"
diff --git a/examples/time_frequency/compute_csd.py b/examples/time_frequency/compute_csd.py
index 0de5482be1e..b87f284ec63 100644
--- a/examples/time_frequency/compute_csd.py
+++ b/examples/time_frequency/compute_csd.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 # %%
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.time_frequency import csd_fourier, csd_multitaper, csd_morlet
+from mne.time_frequency import csd_fourier, csd_morlet, csd_multitaper
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/time_frequency/compute_source_psd_epochs.py b/examples/time_frequency/compute_source_psd_epochs.py
index 745fc69717e..e28e28bf5e9 100644
--- a/examples/time_frequency/compute_source_psd_epochs.py
+++ b/examples/time_frequency/compute_source_psd_epochs.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator, compute_source_psd_epochs
+from mne.minimum_norm import compute_source_psd_epochs, read_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/time_frequency/source_label_time_frequency.py b/examples/time_frequency/source_label_time_frequency.py
index 2e7cc4d3592..f88d1ce2c50 100644
--- a/examples/time_frequency/source_label_time_frequency.py
+++ b/examples/time_frequency/source_label_time_frequency.py
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne import io
diff --git a/examples/time_frequency/source_power_spectrum.py b/examples/time_frequency/source_power_spectrum.py
index a2aab813930..5eaec30cb78 100644
--- a/examples/time_frequency/source_power_spectrum.py
+++ b/examples/time_frequency/source_power_spectrum.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 import mne
 from mne import io
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator, compute_source_psd
+from mne.minimum_norm import compute_source_psd, read_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/time_frequency/temporal_whitening.py b/examples/time_frequency/temporal_whitening.py
index de70216461b..38863baf227 100644
--- a/examples/time_frequency/temporal_whitening.py
+++ b/examples/time_frequency/temporal_whitening.py
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import signal
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 import mne
-from mne.time_frequency import fit_iir_model_raw
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.time_frequency import fit_iir_model_raw
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/time_frequency/time_frequency_erds.py b/examples/time_frequency/time_frequency_erds.py
index 5b4040b608e..8f7f9a9d5fd 100644
--- a/examples/time_frequency/time_frequency_erds.py
+++ b/examples/time_frequency/time_frequency_erds.py
@@ -34,16 +34,17 @@
 # %%
 # As usual, we import everything we need.
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-from matplotlib.colors import TwoSlopeNorm
+import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 import seaborn as sns
+from matplotlib.colors import TwoSlopeNorm
+
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import eegbci
 from mne.io import concatenate_raws, read_raw_edf
-from mne.time_frequency import tfr_multitaper
 from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_1samp_test as pcluster_test
+from mne.time_frequency import tfr_multitaper
 
 # %%
 # First, we load and preprocess the data. We use runs 6, 10, and 14 from
diff --git a/examples/time_frequency/time_frequency_simulated.py b/examples/time_frequency/time_frequency_simulated.py
index c6f00a9da32..7b3a08faee5 100644
--- a/examples/time_frequency/time_frequency_simulated.py
+++ b/examples/time_frequency/time_frequency_simulated.py
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@
 import numpy as np
 from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
 
-from mne import create_info, Epochs
+from mne import Epochs, create_info
 from mne.baseline import rescale
 from mne.io import RawArray
 from mne.time_frequency import (
+    AverageTFR,
+    tfr_array_morlet,
+    tfr_morlet,
     tfr_multitaper,
     tfr_stockwell,
-    tfr_morlet,
-    tfr_array_morlet,
-    AverageTFR,
 )
 from mne.viz import centers_to_edges
 
diff --git a/examples/visualization/3d_to_2d.py b/examples/visualization/3d_to_2d.py
index 966e97f76ac..586f8bac734 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/3d_to_2d.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/3d_to_2d.py
@@ -30,8 +30,12 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.io.fiff.raw import read_raw_fif
-from mne.viz import ClickableImage  # noqa: F401
-from mne.viz import plot_alignment, set_3d_view, snapshot_brain_montage
+from mne.viz import (
+    ClickableImage,  # noqa: F401
+    plot_alignment,
+    set_3d_view,
+    snapshot_brain_montage,
+)
 
 misc_path = mne.datasets.misc.data_path()
 subjects_dir = misc_path / "ecog"
diff --git a/examples/visualization/channel_epochs_image.py b/examples/visualization/channel_epochs_image.py
index 618330ec44d..86c8f626db2 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/channel_epochs_image.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/channel_epochs_image.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne import io
diff --git a/examples/visualization/evoked_arrowmap.py b/examples/visualization/evoked_arrowmap.py
index 312b1166370..01bb7bfb405 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/evoked_arrowmap.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/evoked_arrowmap.py
@@ -24,10 +24,11 @@
 # %%
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
+from mne import read_evokeds
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.datasets.brainstorm import bst_raw
-from mne import read_evokeds
 from mne.viz import plot_arrowmap
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/visualization/evoked_topomap.py b/examples/visualization/evoked_topomap.py
index dfd6be7f0f3..0f64f60cfe6 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/evoked_topomap.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/evoked_topomap.py
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
 # %%
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 5
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
-from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne import read_evokeds
+from mne.datasets import sample
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/visualization/evoked_whitening.py b/examples/visualization/evoked_whitening.py
index 1d1575a83b6..ce460778b07 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/evoked_whitening.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/evoked_whitening.py
@@ -24,10 +24,9 @@
 # %%
 
 import mne
-
 from mne import io
-from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.cov import compute_covariance
+from mne.datasets import sample
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/visualization/montage_sgskip.py b/examples/visualization/montage_sgskip.py
index 521e4e87a16..95e9912c47d 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/montage_sgskip.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/montage_sgskip.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import os.path as op
+
 import numpy as np
 
 import mne
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@
 from mne.datasets import fetch_fsaverage
 from mne.viz import set_3d_title, set_3d_view
 
-
 # %%
 # Check all montages against a sphere
 
diff --git a/examples/visualization/roi_erpimage_by_rt.py b/examples/visualization/roi_erpimage_by_rt.py
index 02264d8263e..770fa2e13e3 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/roi_erpimage_by_rt.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/roi_erpimage_by_rt.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 # %%
 
 import mne
-from mne.event import define_target_events
 from mne.channels import make_1020_channel_selections
+from mne.event import define_target_events
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/visualization/ssp_projs_sensitivity_map.py b/examples/visualization/ssp_projs_sensitivity_map.py
index d51c498e423..02e8efa45ec 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/ssp_projs_sensitivity_map.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/ssp_projs_sensitivity_map.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 from mne import read_forward_solution, read_proj, sensitivity_map
-
 from mne.datasets import sample
 
 print(__doc__)
diff --git a/examples/visualization/topo_compare_conditions.py b/examples/visualization/topo_compare_conditions.py
index 742565fc1fd..208f5f16125 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/topo_compare_conditions.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/topo_compare_conditions.py
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@
 
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import mne
 
-from mne.viz import plot_evoked_topo
+import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.viz import plot_evoked_topo
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/examples/visualization/topo_customized.py b/examples/visualization/topo_customized.py
index 02c0435b25f..62052d65aa9 100644
--- a/examples/visualization/topo_customized.py
+++ b/examples/visualization/topo_customized.py
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@
 # %%
 
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne.viz import iter_topography
 from mne import io
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.viz import iter_topography
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/mne/__init__.pyi b/mne/__init__.pyi
index 5492a3dfdb5..d4895473c16 100644
--- a/mne/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/__init__.pyi
@@ -221,13 +221,32 @@ from . import (
     minimum_norm,
     preprocessing,
     report,
-    source_space,
     simulation,
+    source_space,
     stats,
     surface,
     time_frequency,
     viz,
 )
+from ._fiff.meas_info import Info, create_info
+from ._fiff.pick import (
+    channel_indices_by_type,
+    channel_type,
+    pick_channels,
+    pick_channels_cov,
+    pick_channels_forward,
+    pick_channels_regexp,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
+    pick_types_forward,
+)
+from ._fiff.proj import Projection
+from ._fiff.reference import (
+    add_reference_channels,
+    set_bipolar_reference,
+    set_eeg_reference,
+)
+from ._fiff.what import what
 from ._freesurfer import (
     get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
     head_to_mni,
@@ -256,9 +275,9 @@ from .bem import (
 )
 from .channels import (
     equalize_channels,
-    rename_channels,
     find_layout,
     read_vectorview_selection,
+    rename_channels,
 )
 from .coreg import (
     create_default_subject,
@@ -300,8 +319,8 @@ from .event import (
 from .evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray, combine_evoked, read_evokeds, write_evokeds
 from .forward import (
     Forward,
-    apply_forward_raw,
     apply_forward,
+    apply_forward_raw,
     average_forward_solutions,
     convert_forward_solution,
     make_field_map,
@@ -320,30 +339,11 @@ from .io import (
 from .io.base import concatenate_raws, match_channel_orders
 from .io.eeglab import read_epochs_eeglab
 from .io.kit import read_epochs_kit
-from ._fiff.meas_info import Info, create_info
-from ._fiff.pick import (
-    channel_indices_by_type,
-    channel_type,
-    pick_channels_cov,
-    pick_channels_forward,
-    pick_channels_regexp,
-    pick_channels,
-    pick_info,
-    pick_types_forward,
-    pick_types,
-)
-from ._fiff.proj import Projection
-from ._fiff.reference import (
-    add_reference_channels,
-    set_bipolar_reference,
-    set_eeg_reference,
-)
-from ._fiff.what import what
 from .label import (
     BiHemiLabel,
+    Label,
     grow_labels,
     label_sign_flip,
-    Label,
     labels_to_stc,
     morph_labels,
     random_parcellation,
@@ -355,13 +355,13 @@ from .label import (
     write_labels_to_annot,
 )
 from .misc import parse_config, read_reject_parameters
-from .morph_map import read_morph_map
 from .morph import (
     SourceMorph,
     compute_source_morph,
     grade_to_vertices,
     read_source_morph,
 )
+from .morph_map import read_morph_map
 from .proj import (
     compute_proj_epochs,
     compute_proj_evoked,
@@ -413,8 +413,8 @@ from .surface import (
 )
 from .transforms import Transform, read_trans, transform_surface_to, write_trans
 from .utils import (
-    get_config_path,
     get_config,
+    get_config_path,
     grand_average,
     open_docs,
     set_cache_dir,
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/_digitization.py b/mne/_fiff/_digitization.py
index e70a9410af5..932429d9a11 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/_digitization.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/_digitization.py
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..utils import logger, warn, Bunch, _validate_type, _check_fname, verbose
-
+from ..utils import Bunch, _check_fname, _validate_type, logger, verbose, warn
 from .constants import FIFF, _coord_frame_named
-from .tree import dir_tree_find
 from .tag import read_tag
+from .tree import dir_tree_find
 from .write import start_and_end_file, write_dig_points
 
 _dig_kind_dict = {
@@ -524,8 +523,8 @@ def _make_dig_points(
 
 def _call_make_dig_points(nasion, lpa, rpa, hpi, extra, convert=True):
     from ..transforms import (
-        apply_trans,
         Transform,
+        apply_trans,
         get_ras_to_neuromag_trans,
     )
 
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/compensator.py b/mne/_fiff/compensator.py
index 2a5334e7138..6b28c94d9ab 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/compensator.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/compensator.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from .constants import FIFF
 from ..utils import fill_doc
+from .constants import FIFF
 
 
 def get_current_comp(info):
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/ctf_comp.py b/mne/_fiff/ctf_comp.py
index a16d1c79607..6fc2aa90c0b 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/ctf_comp.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/ctf_comp.py
@@ -8,13 +8,12 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ..utils import _pl, logger, verbose
 from .constants import FIFF
+from .matrix import _read_named_matrix, write_named_matrix
 from .tag import read_tag
 from .tree import dir_tree_find
-from .write import start_block, end_block, write_int
-from .matrix import write_named_matrix, _read_named_matrix
-
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _pl
+from .write import end_block, start_block, write_int
 
 
 def _add_kind(one):
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/matrix.py b/mne/_fiff/matrix.py
index 3699278d2de..189f0dbf227 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/matrix.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/matrix.py
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+from ..utils import logger
 from .constants import FIFF
 from .tag import find_tag, has_tag
 from .write import (
-    write_int,
-    start_block,
     end_block,
+    start_block,
     write_float_matrix,
+    write_int,
     write_name_list,
 )
-from ..utils import logger
 
 
 def _transpose_named_matrix(mat):
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/meas_info.py b/mne/_fiff/meas_info.py
index f1e67fa8306..7b74e8c0ead 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/meas_info.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/meas_info.py
@@ -5,97 +5,97 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from collections import Counter, OrderedDict
-from collections.abc import Mapping
 import contextlib
-from copy import deepcopy
 import datetime
-from io import BytesIO
 import operator
-from textwrap import shorten
 import string
 import uuid
+from collections import Counter, OrderedDict
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from copy import deepcopy
+from io import BytesIO
+from textwrap import shorten
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ..defaults import _handle_default
+from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
+from ..utils import (
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_on_missing,
+    _check_option,
+    _dt_to_stamp,
+    _is_numeric,
+    _on_missing,
+    _pl,
+    _stamp_to_dt,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    object_diff,
+    repr_html,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
+)
+from ._digitization import (
+    DigPoint,
+    _dig_kind_ints,
+    _dig_kind_proper,
+    _dig_kind_rev,
+    _format_dig_points,
+    _get_data_as_dict_from_dig,
+    _read_dig_fif,
+    write_dig,
+)
+from .compensator import get_current_comp
+from .constants import FIFF, _ch_unit_mul_named, _coord_frame_named
+from .ctf_comp import _read_ctf_comp, write_ctf_comp
+from .open import fiff_open
 from .pick import (
+    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    _contains_ch_type,
+    _picks_to_idx,
     channel_type,
     get_channel_type_constants,
     pick_types,
-    _picks_to_idx,
-    _contains_ch_type,
-    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
-)
-from .constants import FIFF, _coord_frame_named, _ch_unit_mul_named
-from .open import fiff_open
-from .tree import dir_tree_find
-from .tag import (
-    read_tag,
-    find_tag,
-    _ch_coord_dict,
-    _update_ch_info_named,
-    _rename_list,
-    _int_item,
-    _float_item,
 )
+from .proc_history import _read_proc_history, _write_proc_history
 from .proj import (
-    _read_proj,
-    _write_proj,
-    _uniquify_projs,
+    Projection,
     _normalize_proj,
     _proj_equal,
-    Projection,
+    _read_proj,
+    _uniquify_projs,
+    _write_proj,
 )
-from .ctf_comp import _read_ctf_comp, write_ctf_comp
+from .tag import (
+    _ch_coord_dict,
+    _float_item,
+    _int_item,
+    _rename_list,
+    _update_ch_info_named,
+    find_tag,
+    read_tag,
+)
+from .tree import dir_tree_find
 from .write import (
+    DATE_NONE,
+    _safe_name_list,
+    end_block,
     start_and_end_file,
     start_block,
-    end_block,
-    write_string,
+    write_ch_info,
+    write_coord_trans,
     write_dig_points,
     write_float,
-    write_int,
-    write_coord_trans,
-    write_ch_info,
-    write_julian,
     write_float_matrix,
     write_id,
-    DATE_NONE,
-    _safe_name_list,
+    write_int,
+    write_julian,
     write_name_list_sanitized,
+    write_string,
 )
-from .proc_history import _read_proc_history, _write_proc_history
-from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
-from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
-    object_diff,
-    _validate_type,
-    _stamp_to_dt,
-    _dt_to_stamp,
-    _pl,
-    _is_numeric,
-    _check_option,
-    _on_missing,
-    _check_on_missing,
-    fill_doc,
-    _check_fname,
-    check_fname,
-    repr_html,
-)
-from ._digitization import (
-    _format_dig_points,
-    _dig_kind_proper,
-    DigPoint,
-    _dig_kind_rev,
-    _dig_kind_ints,
-    _read_dig_fif,
-)
-from ._digitization import write_dig, _get_data_as_dict_from_dig
-from .compensator import get_current_comp
-from ..defaults import _handle_default
-
 
 b = bytes  # alias
 
@@ -636,8 +636,8 @@ def rename_channels(self, mapping, allow_duplicates=False, *, verbose=None):
         -----
         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
         """
-        from ..io import BaseRaw
         from ..channels.channels import rename_channels
+        from ..io import BaseRaw
 
         info = self if isinstance(self, Info) else self.info
 
@@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ def normalize_proj(self):
     def __repr__(self):
         """Summarize info instead of printing all."""
         from ..io.kit.constants import KIT_SYSNAMES
-        from ..transforms import _coord_frame_name, Transform
+        from ..transforms import Transform, _coord_frame_name
 
         MAX_WIDTH = 68
         strs = ["<Info | %s non-empty values"]
@@ -2120,7 +2120,7 @@ def read_meas_info(fid, tree, clean_bads=False, verbose=None):
     meas : dict
         Node in tree that contains the info.
     """
-    from ..transforms import invert_transform, Transform
+    from ..transforms import Transform, invert_transform
 
     #   Find the desired blocks
     meas = dir_tree_find(tree, FIFF.FIFFB_MEAS)
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/open.py b/mne/_fiff/open.py
index e896a765357..66e9f40184a 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/open.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/open.py
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import os.path as op
-from io import BytesIO, SEEK_SET
 from gzip import GzipFile
+from io import SEEK_SET, BytesIO
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.sparse import issparse
 
-from .tag import read_tag_info, read_tag, Tag, _call_dict_names, _matrix_info
-from .tree import make_dir_tree, dir_tree_find
+from ..utils import _file_like, logger, verbose, warn
 from .constants import FIFF
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _file_like, warn
+from .tag import Tag, _call_dict_names, _matrix_info, read_tag, read_tag_info
+from .tree import dir_tree_find, make_dir_tree
 
 
 class _NoCloseRead:
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/pick.py b/mne/_fiff/pick.py
index 979ec4f5f8f..3060e306bc3 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/pick.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/pick.py
@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from copy import deepcopy
 import re
+from copy import deepcopy
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .constants import FIFF
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
+    _check_option,
+    _ensure_int,
     _validate_type,
     fill_doc,
-    _ensure_int,
-    _check_option,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
     warn,
 )
+from .constants import FIFF
 
 
 def get_channel_type_constants(include_defaults=False):
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/proc_history.py b/mne/_fiff/proc_history.py
index d62963a44c0..d0057778974 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/proc_history.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/proc_history.py
@@ -4,25 +4,25 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .open import read_tag, fiff_open
+from ..fixes import _csc_matrix_cast
+from ..utils import _check_fname, warn
+from .constants import FIFF
+from .open import fiff_open, read_tag
+from .tag import _float_item, _int_item, find_tag
 from .tree import dir_tree_find
 from .write import (
-    start_block,
+    _safe_name_list,
     end_block,
-    write_int,
+    start_block,
     write_float,
-    write_string,
     write_float_matrix,
-    write_int_matrix,
     write_float_sparse,
     write_id,
+    write_int,
+    write_int_matrix,
     write_name_list_sanitized,
-    _safe_name_list,
+    write_string,
 )
-from .tag import find_tag, _int_item, _float_item
-from .constants import FIFF
-from ..fixes import _csc_matrix_cast
-from ..utils import warn, _check_fname
 
 _proc_keys = [
     "parent_file_id",
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/proj.py b/mne/_fiff/proj.py
index 3c4cb0b648d..46b8430a3d4 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/proj.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/proj.py
@@ -5,36 +5,36 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+import re
 from copy import deepcopy
 from itertools import count
-import re
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ..defaults import _BORDER_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT
+from ..fixes import _safe_svd
+from ..utils import (
+    _check_option,
+    _validate_type,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    object_diff,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
+)
 from .constants import FIFF
-from .pick import pick_types, pick_info, _electrode_types, _ELECTRODE_CH_TYPES
-from .tag import find_tag, _rename_list
+from .pick import _ELECTRODE_CH_TYPES, _electrode_types, pick_info, pick_types
+from .tag import _rename_list, find_tag
 from .tree import dir_tree_find
 from .write import (
-    write_int,
-    write_float,
-    write_string,
-    write_float_matrix,
+    _safe_name_list,
     end_block,
     start_block,
+    write_float,
+    write_float_matrix,
+    write_int,
     write_name_list_sanitized,
-    _safe_name_list,
-)
-from ..defaults import _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT, _BORDER_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT
-from ..fixes import _safe_svd
-from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
-    fill_doc,
-    _validate_type,
-    object_diff,
-    _check_option,
+    write_string,
 )
 
 
@@ -309,9 +309,9 @@ def apply_proj(self, verbose=None):
             evoked.copy().del_proj(0).apply_proj().plot()
             evoked.apply_proj()  # finally keep both
         """
-        from ..io import BaseRaw
         from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
         from ..evoked import Evoked
+        from ..io import BaseRaw
 
         if self.info["projs"] is None or len(self.info["projs"]) == 0:
             logger.info(
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/reference.py b/mne/_fiff/reference.py
index 0afb1f58472..01d6e6e1230 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/reference.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/reference.py
@@ -6,23 +6,22 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .constants import FIFF
-from .meas_info import _check_ch_keys
-from .proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj, make_eeg_average_ref_proj
-from .proj import setup_proj
-from .pick import pick_types, pick_channels, pick_channels_forward, _ELECTRODE_CH_TYPES
+from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
 from ..fixes import pinv
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    warn,
-    verbose,
-    _validate_type,
-    _check_preload,
     _check_option,
-    fill_doc,
+    _check_preload,
     _on_missing,
+    _validate_type,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
+from .constants import FIFF
+from .meas_info import _check_ch_keys
+from .pick import _ELECTRODE_CH_TYPES, pick_channels, pick_channels_forward, pick_types
+from .proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj, make_eeg_average_ref_proj, setup_proj
 
 
 def _copy_channel(inst, ch_name, new_ch_name):
@@ -177,9 +176,9 @@ def add_reference_channels(inst, ref_channels, copy=True):
     inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
         Data with added EEG reference channels.
     """
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
-    from ..evoked import Evoked
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+    from ..evoked import Evoked
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
 
     # Check to see that data is preloaded
     _check_preload(inst, "add_reference_channels")
@@ -280,9 +279,9 @@ def add_reference_channels(inst, ref_channels, copy=True):
 
 
 def _check_can_reref(inst):
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
-    from ..evoked import Evoked
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+    from ..evoked import Evoked
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
 
     _validate_type(inst, (BaseRaw, BaseEpochs, Evoked), "Instance")
     current_custom = inst.info["custom_ref_applied"]
@@ -530,10 +529,10 @@ def set_bipolar_reference(
 
     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
     """
-    from .meas_info import create_info
-    from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, EpochsArray
     from ..evoked import EvokedArray
+    from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
+    from .meas_info import create_info
 
     _check_can_reref(inst)
     if not isinstance(anode, list):
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tag.py b/mne/_fiff/tag.py
index f64d16e1ca6..11a983debbe 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tag.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tag.py
@@ -3,25 +3,25 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from functools import partial
 import html
-import struct
 import re
+import struct
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.sparse import csc_matrix, csr_matrix
 
+from ..utils import _check_option, warn
+from ..utils.numerics import _julian_to_cal
 from .constants import (
     FIFF,
-    _dig_kind_named,
-    _dig_cardinal_named,
-    _ch_kind_named,
     _ch_coil_type_named,
-    _ch_unit_named,
+    _ch_kind_named,
     _ch_unit_mul_named,
+    _ch_unit_named,
+    _dig_cardinal_named,
+    _dig_kind_named,
 )
-from ..utils.numerics import _julian_to_cal
-from ..utils import warn, _check_option
 
 ##############################################################################
 # HELPERS
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_compensator.py b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_compensator.py
index b33365fb12b..88a7046feda 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_compensator.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_compensator.py
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
-from mne import Epochs, read_evokeds, pick_types
-from mne._fiff.compensator import make_compensator, get_current_comp
+from mne import Epochs, pick_types, read_evokeds
+from mne._fiff.compensator import get_current_comp, make_compensator
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.utils import requires_mne, run_subprocess
 
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_constants.py b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_constants.py
index ae0abab409e..8c05fffd249 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_constants.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_constants.py
@@ -14,18 +14,17 @@
 from mne._fiff.constants import (
     FIFF,
     FWD,
-    _coord_frame_named,
+    _ch_coil_type_named,
     _ch_kind_named,
-    _ch_unit_named,
     _ch_unit_mul_named,
-    _ch_coil_type_named,
-    _dig_kind_named,
+    _ch_unit_named,
+    _coord_frame_named,
     _dig_cardinal_named,
+    _dig_kind_named,
 )
 from mne.forward._make_forward import _read_coil_defs
 from mne.utils import requires_good_network
 
-
 # https://github.com/mne-tools/fiff-constants/commits/master
 REPO = "mne-tools"
 COMMIT = "e27f68cbf74dbfc5193ad429cc77900a59475181"
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_meas_info.py b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_meas_info.py
index 2535fb5c8e5..5ecb9e62775 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_meas_info.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_meas_info.py
@@ -4,73 +4,73 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import pickle
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone, date
+import string
+from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 from scipy import sparse
-import string
 
 from mne import (
+    Annotations,
     Epochs,
-    read_events,
+    compute_covariance,
+    make_forward_solution,
+    make_sphere_model,
     pick_info,
     pick_types,
-    Annotations,
+    read_cov,
+    read_epochs,
+    read_events,
     read_evokeds,
-    make_forward_solution,
-    make_sphere_model,
-    setup_volume_source_space,
-    write_forward_solution,
     read_forward_solution,
+    setup_volume_source_space,
     write_cov,
-    read_cov,
-    read_epochs,
-    compute_covariance,
-)
-from mne.channels import (
-    read_polhemus_fastscan,
-    make_standard_montage,
-    equalize_channels,
+    write_forward_solution,
 )
-from mne.event import make_fixed_length_events
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, BaseRaw, read_raw_ctf, RawArray
-from mne._fiff.tag import _coil_trans_to_loc, _loc_to_coil_trans
-from mne._fiff.proj import Projection
+from mne._fiff import meas_info
+from mne._fiff._digitization import DigPoint, _make_dig_points
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne._fiff.write import _generate_meas_id, DATE_NONE
 from mne._fiff.meas_info import (
+    RAW_INFO_FIELDS,
     Info,
+    MNEBadsList,
+    _add_timedelta_to_stamp,
+    _bad_chans_comp,
+    _dt_to_stamp,
+    _force_update_info,
+    _get_valid_units,
+    _merge_info,
+    _read_extended_ch_info,
+    _stamp_to_dt,
+    anonymize_info,
     create_info,
     read_fiducials,
-    write_fiducials,
     read_info,
+    write_fiducials,
     write_info,
-    _merge_info,
-    _force_update_info,
-    RAW_INFO_FIELDS,
-    _bad_chans_comp,
-    _get_valid_units,
-    anonymize_info,
-    _stamp_to_dt,
-    _dt_to_stamp,
-    _add_timedelta_to_stamp,
-    _read_extended_ch_info,
-    MNEBadsList,
 )
+from mne._fiff.proj import Projection
+from mne._fiff.tag import _coil_trans_to_loc, _loc_to_coil_trans
+from mne._fiff.write import DATE_NONE, _generate_meas_id
+from mne.channels import (
+    equalize_channels,
+    make_standard_montage,
+    read_polhemus_fastscan,
+)
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.event import make_fixed_length_events
+from mne.io import BaseRaw, RawArray, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_fif
 from mne.minimum_norm import (
+    apply_inverse,
     make_inverse_operator,
-    write_inverse_operator,
     read_inverse_operator,
-    apply_inverse,
+    write_inverse_operator,
 )
-from mne._fiff import meas_info
-from mne._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points, DigPoint
 from mne.transforms import Transform
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, assert_object_equal, _empty_hash, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _empty_hash, _record_warnings, assert_object_equal, catch_logging
 
 root_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent
 fiducials_fname = root_dir / "data" / "fsaverage" / "fsaverage-fiducials.fif"
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_pick.py b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_pick.py
index 786a14a728b..c5bfc9f94ce 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_pick.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_pick.py
@@ -1,44 +1,44 @@
 from copy import deepcopy
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    pick_channels_regexp,
-    pick_types,
     Epochs,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    rename_channels,
-    pick_info,
-    pick_channels,
-    create_info,
-    make_ad_hoc_cov,
     channel_indices_by_type,
     channel_type,
-    pick_types_forward,
+    create_info,
+    make_ad_hoc_cov,
+    pick_channels,
     pick_channels_cov,
+    pick_channels_regexp,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
+    pick_types_forward,
+    read_forward_solution,
+    rename_channels,
 )
-from mne.io import (
-    read_raw_fif,
-    RawArray,
-    read_raw_bti,
-    read_raw_kit,
-    read_info,
-)
-from mne.channels import make_standard_montage
-from mne.preprocessing import compute_current_source_density
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne._fiff.pick import (
+    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    _contains_ch_type,
     _picks_by_type,
     _picks_to_idx,
-    _contains_ch_type,
-    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
     get_channel_type_constants,
 )
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.channels import make_standard_montage
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, assert_object_equal
+from mne.io import (
+    RawArray,
+    read_info,
+    read_raw_bti,
+    read_raw_fif,
+    read_raw_kit,
+)
+from mne.preprocessing import compute_current_source_density
+from mne.utils import assert_object_equal, catch_logging
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_meeg = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc-meg-eeg-oct-4-fwd.fif"
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_proc_history.py b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_proc_history.py
index 185537d33c0..580afdd204b 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_proc_history.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_proc_history.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
-from mne.io import read_info
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.io import read_info
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = base_dir / "test_chpi_raw_sss.fif"
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_reference.py b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_reference.py
index c00d8ede68b..4b94b4a8665 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_reference.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_reference.py
@@ -9,33 +9,33 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose, assert_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    pick_channels,
-    pick_types,
     Epochs,
-    read_events,
-    set_eeg_reference,
-    set_bipolar_reference,
+    Projection,
     add_reference_channels,
     create_info,
-    make_sphere_model,
+    find_events,
     make_forward_solution,
-    setup_volume_source_space,
+    make_sphere_model,
+    pick_channels,
     pick_channels_forward,
+    pick_types,
+    read_events,
     read_evokeds,
-    find_events,
-    Projection,
+    set_bipolar_reference,
+    set_eeg_reference,
+    setup_volume_source_space,
 )
-from mne.epochs import BaseEpochs, make_fixed_length_epochs
-from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
 from mne._fiff.reference import _apply_reference
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
+from mne.epochs import BaseEpochs, make_fixed_length_epochs
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = base_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_what.py b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_what.py
index 8b3ed8a0f7a..4bba93b8807 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tests/test_what.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tests/test_what.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from mne import what, create_info
+from mne import create_info, what
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import RawArray
 from mne.preprocessing import ICA
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/tree.py b/mne/_fiff/tree.py
index af9a1dd5d48..3197bee1d88 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/tree.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/tree.py
@@ -5,11 +5,10 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .constants import FIFF
-from .tag import Tag
-from .tag import read_tag
-from .write import write_id, start_block, end_block, _write
 from ..utils import logger, verbose
+from .constants import FIFF
+from .tag import Tag, read_tag
+from .write import _write, end_block, start_block, write_id
 
 
 def dir_tree_find(tree, kind):
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/utils.py b/mne/_fiff/utils.py
index f4aac10df9f..5ecca1ddd53 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/utils.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/utils.py
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import numpy as np
 import os
 import os.path as op
 
+import numpy as np
+
 from .constants import FIFF
 from .meas_info import _get_valid_units
 
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/what.py b/mne/_fiff/what.py
index 1f0275fb4fd..e007da77aae 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/what.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/what.py
@@ -25,18 +25,18 @@ def what(fname):
     -----
     .. versionadded:: 0.19
     """
-    from ..io import read_raw_fif
+    from ..bem import read_bem_solution, read_bem_surfaces
+    from ..cov import read_cov
     from ..epochs import read_epochs
+    from ..event import read_events
     from ..evoked import read_evokeds
-    from ..preprocessing import read_ica
     from ..forward import read_forward_solution
+    from ..io import read_raw_fif
     from ..minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator
+    from ..preprocessing import read_ica
+    from ..proj import read_proj
     from ..source_space import read_source_spaces
-    from ..bem import read_bem_solution, read_bem_surfaces
-    from ..cov import read_cov
     from ..transforms import read_trans
-    from ..event import read_events
-    from ..proj import read_proj
     from .meas_info import read_fiducials
 
     _check_fname(fname, overwrite="read", must_exist=True)
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/write.py b/mne/_fiff/write.py
index 01c991767dd..d8cc34e312b 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/write.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/write.py
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from gzip import GzipFile
 import os.path as op
 import re
 import time
 import uuid
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from gzip import GzipFile
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.sparse import csc_matrix, csr_matrix
 
-from .constants import FIFF
-from ..utils import logger, _file_like, _validate_type
+from ..utils import _file_like, _validate_type, logger
 from ..utils.numerics import _cal_to_julian
+from .constants import FIFF
 
 # We choose a "magic" date to store (because meas_date is obligatory)
 # to treat as meas_date=None. This one should be impossible for systems
diff --git a/mne/_freesurfer.py b/mne/_freesurfer.py
index 5619b0356c5..fa5d65c0b95 100644
--- a/mne/_freesurfer.py
+++ b/mne/_freesurfer.py
@@ -5,29 +5,30 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import os.path as op
-import numpy as np
 from gzip import GzipFile
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
+
 from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ._fiff.meas_info import read_fiducials
+from .surface import _read_mri_surface, read_surface
 from .transforms import (
+    Transform,
+    _ensure_trans,
     apply_trans,
-    invert_transform,
     combine_transforms,
-    _ensure_trans,
+    invert_transform,
     read_ras_mni_t,
-    Transform,
 )
-from .surface import read_surface, _read_mri_surface
 from .utils import (
-    verbose,
-    _validate_type,
     _check_fname,
     _check_option,
-    get_subjects_dir,
     _import_nibabel,
+    _validate_type,
+    get_subjects_dir,
     logger,
+    verbose,
 )
 
 
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@ def estimate_head_mri_t(subject, subjects_dir=None, verbose=None):
     -------
     %(trans_not_none)s
     """
-    from .channels.montage import make_dig_montage, compute_native_head_t
+    from .channels.montage import compute_native_head_t, make_dig_montage
 
     subjects_dir = get_subjects_dir(subjects_dir, raise_error=True)
     lpa, nasion, rpa = get_mni_fiducials(subject, subjects_dir)
@@ -850,7 +851,7 @@ def _get_skull_surface(surf, subject, subjects_dir, bem=None, verbose=None):
 
 
 def _estimate_talxfm_rigid(subject, subjects_dir):
-    from .coreg import fit_matched_points, _trans_from_params
+    from .coreg import _trans_from_params, fit_matched_points
 
     xfm = read_talxfm(subject, subjects_dir)
     # XYZ+origin + halfway
diff --git a/mne/_ola.py b/mne/_ola.py
index c17a47ffce6..ba6c2a7b66c 100644
--- a/mne/_ola.py
+++ b/mne/_ola.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.signal import get_window
 
-from .utils import _ensure_int, verbose, logger
+from .utils import _ensure_int, logger, verbose
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Class for interpolation between adjacent points
diff --git a/mne/annotations.py b/mne/annotations.py
index bcc061c19a5..83c209eec80 100644
--- a/mne/annotations.py
+++ b/mne/annotations.py
@@ -3,56 +3,55 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from collections import OrderedDict
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+import json
 import os.path as op
 import re
+import warnings
+from collections import Counter, OrderedDict
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from copy import deepcopy
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from itertools import takewhile
-import json
-from collections import Counter
-from collections.abc import Iterable
-import warnings
 from textwrap import shorten
+
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.io import loadmat
 
-from .utils import (
-    _pl,
-    check_fname,
-    _validate_type,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
-    logger,
-    _check_pandas_installed,
-    _mask_to_onsets_offsets,
-    _DefaultEventParser,
-    _check_dt,
-    _stamp_to_dt,
-    _dt_to_stamp,
-    _check_fname,
-    int_like,
-    _check_option,
-    fill_doc,
-    _on_missing,
-    _is_numeric,
-    _check_dict_keys,
-)
-
+from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
+from ._fiff.tag import read_tag
+from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from ._fiff.write import (
-    start_block,
+    _safe_name_list,
     end_block,
+    start_and_end_file,
+    start_block,
+    write_double,
     write_float,
     write_name_list_sanitized,
-    _safe_name_list,
-    write_double,
-    start_and_end_file,
     write_string,
 )
-from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
-from ._fiff.tag import read_tag
+from .utils import (
+    _check_dict_keys,
+    _check_dt,
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
+    _check_pandas_installed,
+    _DefaultEventParser,
+    _dt_to_stamp,
+    _is_numeric,
+    _mask_to_onsets_offsets,
+    _on_missing,
+    _pl,
+    _stamp_to_dt,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    fill_doc,
+    int_like,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
+)
 
 # For testing windows_like_datetime, we monkeypatch "datetime" in this module.
 # Keep the true datetime object around for _validate_type use.
@@ -1184,11 +1183,11 @@ def read_annotations(fname, sfreq="auto", uint16_codec=None, encoding="utf8"):
     ``.txt`` extension.
     """
     from .io.brainvision.brainvision import _read_annotations_brainvision
-    from .io.eeglab.eeglab import _read_annotations_eeglab
-    from .io.edf.edf import _read_annotations_edf
     from .io.cnt.cnt import _read_annotations_cnt
-    from .io.curry.curry import _read_annotations_curry
     from .io.ctf.markers import _read_annotations_ctf
+    from .io.curry.curry import _read_annotations_curry
+    from .io.edf.edf import _read_annotations_edf
+    from .io.eeglab.eeglab import _read_annotations_eeglab
 
     fname = str(
         _check_fname(
@@ -1461,10 +1460,12 @@ def _select_events_based_on_id(events, event_desc):
 
 
 def _check_event_id(event_id, raw):
-    from .io.brainvision.brainvision import _BVEventParser
-    from .io.brainvision.brainvision import _check_bv_annot
-    from .io.brainvision.brainvision import RawBrainVision
     from .io import Raw, RawArray
+    from .io.brainvision.brainvision import (
+        RawBrainVision,
+        _BVEventParser,
+        _check_bv_annot,
+    )
 
     if event_id is None:
         return _DefaultEventParser()
diff --git a/mne/baseline.py b/mne/baseline.py
index e4c43317ee0..1cb38e6c557 100644
--- a/mne/baseline.py
+++ b/mne/baseline.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .utils import logger, verbose, _check_option, _validate_type
+from .utils import _check_option, _validate_type, logger, verbose
 
 
 def _log_rescale(baseline, mode="mean"):
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/__init__.pyi b/mne/beamformer/__init__.pyi
index 68129e9f081..f7d6eb9d203 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/beamformer/__init__.pyi
@@ -15,20 +15,20 @@ __all__ = [
     "read_beamformer",
     "trap_music",
 ]
-from ._lcmv import (
-    make_lcmv,
-    apply_lcmv,
-    apply_lcmv_epochs,
-    apply_lcmv_raw,
-    apply_lcmv_cov,
-)
+from ._compute_beamformer import Beamformer, read_beamformer
 from ._dics import (
-    make_dics,
     apply_dics,
+    apply_dics_csd,
     apply_dics_epochs,
     apply_dics_tfr_epochs,
-    apply_dics_csd,
+    make_dics,
+)
+from ._lcmv import (
+    apply_lcmv,
+    apply_lcmv_cov,
+    apply_lcmv_epochs,
+    apply_lcmv_raw,
+    make_lcmv,
 )
 from ._rap_music import rap_music, trap_music
-from ._compute_beamformer import Beamformer, read_beamformer
 from .resolution_matrix import make_lcmv_resolution_matrix
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/_compute_beamformer.py b/mne/beamformer/_compute_beamformer.py
index 5fdb1138ea6..a2c2e774d94 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/_compute_beamformer.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/_compute_beamformer.py
@@ -10,24 +10,24 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from .._fiff.proj import Projection, make_projector
 from ..cov import Covariance, make_ad_hoc_cov
-from ..forward.forward import is_fixed_orient, _restrict_forward_to_src_sel
-from .._fiff.proj import make_projector, Projection
+from ..forward.forward import _restrict_forward_to_src_sel, is_fixed_orient
 from ..minimum_norm.inverse import _get_vertno, _prepare_forward
 from ..source_space._source_space import label_src_vertno_sel
+from ..time_frequency.csd import CrossSpectralDensity
 from ..utils import (
-    verbose,
-    check_fname,
-    _reg_pinv,
     _check_option,
-    logger,
-    _pl,
     _check_src_normal,
+    _import_h5io_funcs,
+    _pl,
+    _reg_pinv,
     _sym_mat_pow,
+    check_fname,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
     warn,
-    _import_h5io_funcs,
 )
-from ..time_frequency.csd import CrossSpectralDensity
 
 
 def _check_proj_match(proj, filters):
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/_dics.py b/mne/beamformer/_dics.py
index e9bf8465477..5fe73244485 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/_dics.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/_dics.py
@@ -8,30 +8,30 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 import numpy as np
 
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_info
 from ..channels import equalize_channels
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_info, pick_channels
+from ..forward import _subject_from_forward
+from ..minimum_norm.inverse import _check_depth, _check_reference, combine_xyz
+from ..rank import compute_rank
+from ..source_estimate import _get_src_type, _make_stc
+from ..time_frequency import EpochsTFR
+from ..time_frequency.tfr import _check_tfr_complex
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    _check_one_ch_type,
     _check_channels_spatial_filter,
-    _check_rank,
+    _check_one_ch_type,
     _check_option,
+    _check_rank,
     _validate_type,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
     warn,
 )
-from ..forward import _subject_from_forward
-from ..minimum_norm.inverse import combine_xyz, _check_reference, _check_depth
-from ..rank import compute_rank
-from ..source_estimate import _make_stc, _get_src_type
-from ..time_frequency import EpochsTFR
-from ..time_frequency.tfr import _check_tfr_complex
 from ._compute_beamformer import (
-    _prepare_beamformer_input,
-    _compute_beamformer,
-    _check_src_type,
     Beamformer,
+    _check_src_type,
+    _compute_beamformer,
     _compute_power,
+    _prepare_beamformer_input,
     _proj_whiten_data,
 )
 
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/_lcmv.py b/mne/beamformer/_lcmv.py
index 0abf671c716..c096582cc1a 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/_lcmv.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/_lcmv.py
@@ -7,25 +7,25 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..rank import compute_rank
 from .._fiff.meas_info import _simplify_info
 from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels_cov, pick_info
 from ..forward import _subject_from_forward
-from ..minimum_norm.inverse import combine_xyz, _check_reference, _check_depth
-from ..source_estimate import _make_stc, _get_src_type
+from ..minimum_norm.inverse import _check_depth, _check_reference, combine_xyz
+from ..rank import compute_rank
+from ..source_estimate import _get_src_type, _make_stc
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
     _check_channels_spatial_filter,
-    _check_one_ch_type,
     _check_info_inv,
+    _check_one_ch_type,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
 )
 from ._compute_beamformer import (
-    _prepare_beamformer_input,
-    _compute_power,
-    _compute_beamformer,
-    _check_src_type,
     Beamformer,
+    _check_src_type,
+    _compute_beamformer,
+    _compute_power,
+    _prepare_beamformer_input,
     _proj_whiten_data,
 )
 
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/_rap_music.py b/mne/beamformer/_rap_music.py
index a2637ff7e1b..6ab538e6cce 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/_rap_music.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/_rap_music.py
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg
 
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels_forward, pick_info
 from ..fixes import _safe_svd
-from ..forward import is_fixed_orient, convert_forward_solution
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_info, pick_channels_forward
+from ..forward import convert_forward_solution, is_fixed_orient
 from ..inverse_sparse.mxne_inverse import _make_dipoles_sparse
 from ..minimum_norm.inverse import _log_exp_var
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _check_info_inv, fill_doc
+from ..utils import _check_info_inv, fill_doc, logger, verbose
 from ._compute_beamformer import _prepare_beamformer_input
 
 
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/resolution_matrix.py b/mne/beamformer/resolution_matrix.py
index b145d54e4e5..fe09b71769a 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/resolution_matrix.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/resolution_matrix.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 import numpy as np
 
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_info, pick_channels_forward
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_channels_forward, pick_info
 from ..evoked import EvokedArray
-from ..utils import logger, fill_doc
+from ..utils import fill_doc, logger
 from ._lcmv import apply_lcmv
 
 
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py
index 4e1876e56a2..60b5980adee 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py
@@ -5,34 +5,34 @@
 
 import copy as cp
 
-import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose, assert_array_less
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
 
 import mne
 from mne import pick_types
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.pick import pick_info
 from mne.beamformer import (
-    make_dics,
+    Beamformer,
     apply_dics,
+    apply_dics_csd,
     apply_dics_epochs,
     apply_dics_tfr_epochs,
-    apply_dics_csd,
+    make_dics,
     read_beamformer,
-    Beamformer,
 )
 from mne.beamformer._compute_beamformer import _prepare_beamformer_input
 from mne.beamformer._dics import _prepare_noise_csd
 from mne.beamformer.tests.test_lcmv import _assert_weight_norm
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.io import read_info
-from mne._fiff.pick import pick_info
 from mne.proj import compute_proj_evoked, make_projector
 from mne.surface import _compute_nearest
-from mne.time_frequency import CrossSpectralDensity, csd_morlet, EpochsTFR, csd_tfr
+from mne.time_frequency import CrossSpectralDensity, EpochsTFR, csd_morlet, csd_tfr
 from mne.time_frequency.csd import _sym_mat_to_vector
-from mne.transforms import invert_transform, apply_trans
-from mne.utils import object_diff, catch_logging
+from mne.transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform
+from mne.utils import catch_logging, object_diff
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_raw = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_external.py b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_external.py
index bf33e5051a7..7180385bb74 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_external.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_external.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 from scipy.io import savemat
 
 import mne
-from mne.beamformer import make_lcmv, apply_lcmv, apply_lcmv_cov
+from mne.beamformer import apply_lcmv, apply_lcmv_cov, make_lcmv
 from mne.beamformer.tests.test_lcmv import _get_data
 from mne.datasets import testing
 
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py
index ce4f83f6e37..2cdcf800215 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py
@@ -2,48 +2,47 @@
 from copy import deepcopy
 from inspect import signature
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from scipy import linalg
-from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_less,
 )
+from scipy import linalg
+from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
 import mne
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform
 from mne import (
-    convert_forward_solution,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    compute_rank,
-    VolVectorSourceEstimate,
-    VolSourceEstimate,
     EvokedArray,
+    VolSourceEstimate,
+    VolVectorSourceEstimate,
+    compute_rank,
+    convert_forward_solution,
     pick_channels_cov,
+    read_forward_solution,
     read_vectorview_selection,
 )
+from mne._fiff.compensator import set_current_comp
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.beamformer import (
-    make_lcmv,
+    Beamformer,
     apply_lcmv,
+    apply_lcmv_cov,
     apply_lcmv_epochs,
     apply_lcmv_raw,
-    Beamformer,
-    read_beamformer,
-    apply_lcmv_cov,
     make_dics,
+    make_lcmv,
+    read_beamformer,
 )
 from mne.beamformer._compute_beamformer import _prepare_beamformer_input
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne._fiff.compensator import set_current_comp
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 from mne.minimum_norm.tests.test_inverse import _assert_free_ori_match
 from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked
-from mne.utils import object_diff, catch_logging, _record_warnings
-
+from mne.transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging, object_diff
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_raw = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_rap_music.py b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_rap_music.py
index 6f35ff78ceb..b85a9e3e8c7 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_rap_music.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_rap_music.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from scipy import linalg
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
+from scipy import linalg
 
 import mne
 from mne.beamformer import rap_music, trap_music
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 from mne.minimum_norm.tests.test_inverse import assert_var_exp_log
 from mne.utils import catch_logging
 
-
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_ave = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis-ave.fif"
 fname_cov = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc-cov.fif"
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_resolution_matrix.py b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_resolution_matrix.py
index 6e574bf89f5..67ed83004a7 100755
--- a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_resolution_matrix.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_resolution_matrix.py
@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@
 """
 
 from copy import deepcopy
+
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.beamformer import make_lcmv, make_lcmv_resolution_matrix
+from mne.datasets import testing
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/bem.py b/mne/bem.py
index 1affb10f502..e7b9704be1e 100644
--- a/mne/bem.py
+++ b/mne/bem.py
@@ -8,71 +8,71 @@
 # The computations in this code were primarily derived from Matti Hämäläinen's
 # C code.
 
-from collections import OrderedDict
-from copy import deepcopy
-from functools import partial
 import glob
 import json
 import os
 import os.path as op
-from pathlib import Path
 import shutil
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from copy import deepcopy
+from functools import partial
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.optimize import fmin_cobyla
 
-from .fixes import _compare_version, _safe_svd
+from ._fiff._digitization import _dig_kind_dict, _dig_kind_ints, _dig_kind_rev
 from ._fiff.constants import FIFF, FWD
-from ._fiff._digitization import _dig_kind_dict, _dig_kind_rev, _dig_kind_ints
+from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
+from ._fiff.tag import find_tag
+from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from ._fiff.write import (
+    end_block,
     start_and_end_file,
     start_block,
     write_float,
-    write_int,
     write_float_matrix,
+    write_int,
     write_int_matrix,
-    end_block,
     write_string,
 )
-from ._fiff.tag import find_tag
-from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
-from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
+from .fixes import _compare_version, _safe_svd
 from .surface import (
-    read_surface,
-    write_surface,
-    complete_surface_info,
+    _complete_sphere_surf,
     _compute_nearest,
-    _get_ico_surface,
-    read_tri,
     _fast_cross_nd_sum,
+    _get_ico_surface,
     _get_solids,
-    _complete_sphere_surf,
+    complete_surface_info,
     decimate_surface,
+    read_surface,
+    read_tri,
     transform_surface_to,
+    write_surface,
 )
-from .transforms import _ensure_trans, apply_trans, Transform
-from .viz.misc import plot_bem
+from .transforms import Transform, _ensure_trans, apply_trans
 from .utils import (
-    verbose,
-    logger,
-    run_subprocess,
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    warn,
-    _pl,
-    _validate_type,
-    _TempDir,
-    _check_freesurfer_home,
     _check_fname,
+    _check_freesurfer_home,
+    _check_head_radius,
     _check_option,
-    path_like,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _import_h5io_funcs,
     _import_nibabel,
     _on_missing,
-    _import_h5io_funcs,
-    _ensure_int,
     _path_like,
+    _pl,
+    _TempDir,
+    _validate_type,
     _verbose_safe_false,
-    _check_head_radius,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    path_like,
+    run_subprocess,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
+from .viz.misc import plot_bem
 
 # ############################################################################
 # Compute BEM solution
diff --git a/mne/channels/__init__.pyi b/mne/channels/__init__.pyi
index bb9c2f96413..0f3417ec59d 100644
--- a/mne/channels/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/channels/__init__.pyi
@@ -35,42 +35,42 @@ __all__ = [
     "unify_bad_channels",
 ]
 from .channels import (
+    _EEG_SELECTIONS,
+    _SELECTIONS,
+    _divide_to_regions,
+    combine_channels,
     equalize_channels,
-    rename_channels,
-    fix_mag_coil_types,
-    read_ch_adjacency,
     find_ch_adjacency,
+    fix_mag_coil_types,
+    get_builtin_ch_adjacencies,
     make_1020_channel_selections,
-    combine_channels,
+    read_ch_adjacency,
     read_vectorview_selection,
-    _SELECTIONS,
-    _EEG_SELECTIONS,
-    _divide_to_regions,
-    get_builtin_ch_adjacencies,
+    rename_channels,
     unify_bad_channels,
 )
 from .layout import (
     Layout,
+    find_layout,
+    generate_2d_layout,
     make_eeg_layout,
     make_grid_layout,
     read_layout,
-    find_layout,
-    generate_2d_layout,
 )
 from .montage import (
     DigMontage,
+    compute_dev_head_t,
+    compute_native_head_t,
     get_builtin_montages,
     make_dig_montage,
+    make_standard_montage,
+    read_custom_montage,
+    read_dig_captrak,
     read_dig_dat,
     read_dig_egi,
-    read_dig_captrak,
     read_dig_fif,
-    read_dig_polhemus_isotrak,
-    read_polhemus_fastscan,
-    compute_dev_head_t,
-    make_standard_montage,
-    read_custom_montage,
     read_dig_hpts,
     read_dig_localite,
-    compute_native_head_t,
+    read_dig_polhemus_isotrak,
+    read_polhemus_fastscan,
 )
diff --git a/mne/channels/_dig_montage_utils.py b/mne/channels/_dig_montage_utils.py
index c9fae5a7f9c..9998d94f65f 100644
--- a/mne/channels/_dig_montage_utils.py
+++ b/mne/channels/_dig_montage_utils.py
@@ -11,12 +11,10 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from defusedxml import ElementTree
-
 import numpy as np
+from defusedxml import ElementTree
 
-
-from ..utils import _check_fname, Bunch, warn
+from ..utils import Bunch, _check_fname, warn
 
 
 def _read_dig_montage_egi(
diff --git a/mne/channels/_standard_montage_utils.py b/mne/channels/_standard_montage_utils.py
index 726d1a810a9..a10a866fdfb 100644
--- a/mne/channels/_standard_montage_utils.py
+++ b/mne/channels/_standard_montage_utils.py
@@ -2,20 +2,19 @@
 #          Alexandre Gramfort <alexandre.gramfort@inria.fr>
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
-from collections import OrderedDict
 import csv
-
 import os.path as op
-import numpy as np
-
+from collections import OrderedDict
 from functools import partial
+
+import numpy as np
 from defusedxml import ElementTree
 
-from .montage import make_dig_montage
 from .._freesurfer import get_mni_fiducials
 from ..transforms import _sph_to_cart
-from ..utils import warn, _pl
+from ..utils import _pl, warn
 from . import __file__ as _CHANNELS_INIT_FILE
+from .montage import make_dig_montage
 
 MONTAGE_PATH = op.join(op.dirname(_CHANNELS_INIT_FILE), "data", "montages")
 
diff --git a/mne/channels/channels.py b/mne/channels/channels.py
index 3ec53636a15..2fb73fa5654 100644
--- a/mne/channels/channels.py
+++ b/mne/channels/channels.py
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 
 
 import os.path as op
-from pathlib import Path
+import string
 import sys
 from collections import OrderedDict
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from copy import deepcopy
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import partial
-import string
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Union
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -27,45 +27,45 @@
 from scipy.spatial import Delaunay
 from scipy.stats import zscore
 
-from ..bem import _check_origin
-from ..defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT, _handle_default
-from ..utils import (
-    verbose,
-    logger,
-    warn,
-    _check_preload,
-    _validate_type,
-    fill_doc,
-    _check_option,
-    _get_stim_channel,
-    _check_fname,
-    _check_dict_keys,
-    _on_missing,
-    legacy,
-)
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from .._fiff.meas_info import (  # noqa F401
     Info,
     MontageMixin,
-    create_info,
-    _rename_comps,
     _merge_info,
+    _rename_comps,
     _unit2human,  # TODO: pybv relies on this, should be made public
+    create_info,
 )
 from .._fiff.pick import (
-    channel_type,
-    pick_info,
-    pick_types,
-    _picks_by_type,
     _check_excludes_includes,
+    _pick_data_channels,
+    _picks_by_type,
+    _picks_to_idx,
     channel_indices_by_type,
+    channel_type,
     pick_channels,
-    _picks_to_idx,
-    _pick_data_channels,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
 )
-from .._fiff.reference import set_eeg_reference, add_reference_channels
-from .._fiff.tag import _rename_list
 from .._fiff.proj import setup_proj
+from .._fiff.reference import add_reference_channels, set_eeg_reference
+from .._fiff.tag import _rename_list
+from ..bem import _check_origin
+from ..defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT, _handle_default
+from ..utils import (
+    _check_dict_keys,
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
+    _check_preload,
+    _get_stim_channel,
+    _on_missing,
+    _validate_type,
+    fill_doc,
+    legacy,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
+)
 
 
 def _get_meg_system(info):
@@ -143,11 +143,11 @@ def equalize_channels(instances, copy=True, verbose=None):
     This function operates inplace.
     """
     from ..cov import Covariance
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
     from ..evoked import Evoked
     from ..forward import Forward
-    from ..time_frequency import _BaseTFR, CrossSpectralDensity
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
+    from ..time_frequency import CrossSpectralDensity, _BaseTFR
 
     # Instances need to have a `ch_names` attribute and a `pick_channels`
     # method that supports `ordered=True`.
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ def unify_bad_channels(insts):
 
     .. versionadded:: 1.6
     """
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..epochs import Epochs
     from ..evoked import Evoked
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..time_frequency.spectrum import BaseSpectrum
 
     # ensure input is list-like
@@ -693,8 +693,8 @@ def add_channels(self, add_list, force_update_info=False):
         :obj:`numpy.memmap` instance, the memmap will be resized.
         """
         # avoid circular imports
-        from ..io import BaseRaw
         from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+        from ..io import BaseRaw
 
         _validate_type(add_list, (list, tuple), "Input")
 
@@ -1585,8 +1585,8 @@ def _compute_ch_adjacency(info, ch_type):
     ch_names : list
         The list of channel names present in adjacency matrix.
     """
-    from ..source_estimate import spatial_tris_adjacency
     from ..channels.layout import _find_topomap_coords, _pair_grad_sensors
+    from ..source_estimate import spatial_tris_adjacency
 
     combine_grads = ch_type == "grad" and any(
         [
@@ -1882,9 +1882,9 @@ def combine_channels(
         one virtual channel for each group in ``groups`` (and, if ``keep_stim``
         is ``True``, also containing stimulus channels).
     """
-    from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, EpochsArray
     from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
+    from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
 
     ch_axis = 1 if isinstance(inst, BaseEpochs) else 0
     ch_idx = list(range(inst.info["nchan"]))
diff --git a/mne/channels/interpolation.py b/mne/channels/interpolation.py
index 8f5418f9b85..3b7eebac419 100644
--- a/mne/channels/interpolation.py
+++ b/mne/channels/interpolation.py
@@ -8,11 +8,10 @@
 from scipy.linalg import pinv
 from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform
 
-from ..utils import logger, warn, verbose
 from .._fiff.meas_info import _simplify_info
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_channels, pick_info
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_info, pick_types
 from ..surface import _normalize_vectors
-from ..utils import _check_option, _validate_type
+from ..utils import _check_option, _validate_type, logger, verbose, warn
 
 
 def _calc_h(cosang, stiffness=4, n_legendre_terms=50):
@@ -121,9 +120,9 @@ def _make_interpolation_matrix(pos_from, pos_to, alpha=1e-5):
 
 def _do_interp_dots(inst, interpolation, goods_idx, bads_idx):
     """Dot product of channel mapping matrix to channel data."""
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
     from ..evoked import Evoked
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
 
     _validate_type(inst, (BaseRaw, BaseEpochs, Evoked), "inst")
     inst._data[..., bads_idx, :] = np.matmul(
diff --git a/mne/channels/layout.py b/mne/channels/layout.py
index 1604ca0d260..10b341d36b4 100644
--- a/mne/channels/layout.py
+++ b/mne/channels/layout.py
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform
 
-from ..transforms import _pol_to_cart, _cart_to_sph
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, _picks_to_idx, _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from .._fiff.meas_info import Info
+from .._fiff.pick import _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT, _picks_to_idx, pick_types
+from ..transforms import _cart_to_sph, _pol_to_cart
 from ..utils import (
-    _clean_names,
-    warn,
     _check_ch_locs,
-    fill_doc,
     _check_fname,
     _check_option,
     _check_sphere,
+    _clean_names,
+    fill_doc,
     logger,
+    warn,
 )
-from .channels import _get_ch_info
 from ..viz.topomap import plot_layout
+from .channels import _get_ch_info
 
 
 class Layout:
diff --git a/mne/channels/montage.py b/mne/channels/montage.py
index f23547b2ad5..b442c905908 100644
--- a/mne/channels/montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/montage.py
@@ -11,60 +11,58 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from collections import OrderedDict
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from copy import deepcopy
 import os.path as op
 import re
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from copy import deepcopy
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
-from .._freesurfer import get_mni_fiducials
-from ..viz import plot_montage
-from ..transforms import (
-    apply_trans,
-    get_ras_to_neuromag_trans,
-    _sph_to_cart,
-    _topo_to_sph,
-    _frame_to_str,
-    Transform,
-    _verbose_frames,
-    _fit_matched_points,
-    _quat_to_affine,
-    _ensure_trans,
-)
 from .._fiff._digitization import (
+    _coord_frame_const,
     _count_points_by_type,
     _ensure_fiducials_head,
+    _format_dig_points,
+    _get_data_as_dict_from_dig,
     _get_dig_eeg,
+    _get_fid_coords,
     _make_dig_points,
-    write_dig,
     _read_dig_fif,
-    _format_dig_points,
-    _get_fid_coords,
-    _coord_frame_const,
-    _get_data_as_dict_from_dig,
+    write_dig,
 )
+from .._fiff.constants import CHANNEL_LOC_ALIASES, FIFF
 from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from .._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, _picks_to_idx, channel_type
-from .._fiff.constants import FIFF, CHANNEL_LOC_ALIASES
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, channel_type, pick_types
+from .._freesurfer import get_mni_fiducials
+from ..defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
+from ..transforms import (
+    Transform,
+    _ensure_trans,
+    _fit_matched_points,
+    _frame_to_str,
+    _quat_to_affine,
+    _sph_to_cart,
+    _topo_to_sph,
+    _verbose_frames,
+    apply_trans,
+    get_ras_to_neuromag_trans,
+)
 from ..utils import (
-    warn,
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
-    _pl,
-    verbose,
-    _check_option,
-    _validate_type,
     _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
     _on_missing,
+    _pl,
+    _validate_type,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
     fill_doc,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 from ..utils.docs import docdict
-
-from ._dig_montage_utils import _read_dig_montage_egi
-from ._dig_montage_utils import _parse_brainvision_dig_montage
+from ..viz import plot_montage
+from ._dig_montage_utils import _parse_brainvision_dig_montage, _read_dig_montage_egi
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -928,7 +926,7 @@ def read_dig_hpts(fname, unit="mm"):
         eeg    F7  -6.1042  -68.2969   45.4939
         ...
     """
-    from ._standard_montage_utils import _str_names, _str
+    from ._standard_montage_utils import _str, _str_names
 
     fname = _check_fname(fname, overwrite="read", must_exist=True)
     _scale = _check_unit_and_get_scaling(unit)
@@ -1592,12 +1590,12 @@ def read_custom_montage(fname, head_size=HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT, coord_frame=None):
     :func:`make_dig_montage` that takes arrays as input.
     """
     from ._standard_montage_utils import (
-        _read_theta_phi_in_degrees,
-        _read_sfp,
+        _read_brainvision,
         _read_csd,
         _read_elc,
         _read_elp_besa,
-        _read_brainvision,
+        _read_sfp,
+        _read_theta_phi_in_degrees,
         _read_xyz,
     )
 
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py
index 1ba186b4218..7e27f301048 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py
@@ -3,53 +3,53 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from pathlib import Path
+import hashlib
 from copy import deepcopy
 from functools import partial
-import hashlib
+from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 from scipy.io import savemat
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_equal, assert_allclose
 
+from mne import (
+    Epochs,
+    EpochsArray,
+    EvokedArray,
+    create_info,
+    make_ad_hoc_cov,
+    pick_channels,
+    pick_types,
+    read_events,
+)
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF, _ch_unit_mul_named
 from mne.channels import (
-    rename_channels,
-    read_ch_adjacency,
     combine_channels,
+    equalize_channels,
     find_ch_adjacency,
+    get_builtin_ch_adjacencies,
     make_1020_channel_selections,
+    read_ch_adjacency,
     read_custom_montage,
-    equalize_channels,
-    get_builtin_ch_adjacencies,
+    rename_channels,
 )
 from mne.channels.channels import (
-    _ch_neighbor_adjacency,
-    _compute_ch_adjacency,
     _BUILTIN_CHANNEL_ADJACENCIES,
     _BuiltinChannelAdjacency,
+    _ch_neighbor_adjacency,
+    _compute_ch_adjacency,
 )
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import (
+    RawArray,
     read_info,
-    read_raw_fif,
-    read_raw_ctf,
     read_raw_bti,
+    read_raw_ctf,
     read_raw_eeglab,
+    read_raw_fif,
     read_raw_kit,
-    RawArray,
 )
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF, _ch_unit_mul_named
-from mne import (
-    pick_types,
-    pick_channels,
-    EpochsArray,
-    EvokedArray,
-    make_ad_hoc_cov,
-    create_info,
-    read_events,
-    Epochs,
-)
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.parallel import parallel_func
 from mne.utils import requires_good_network
 
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_interpolation.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_interpolation.py
index 9e8032c915b..1eabb64de91 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_interpolation.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_interpolation.py
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
+from itertools import compress
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 import pytest
-from itertools import compress
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 
-from mne import io, pick_types, pick_channels, read_events, Epochs
+from mne import Epochs, io, pick_channels, pick_types, read_events
+from mne._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
 from mne.channels.interpolation import _make_interpolation_matrix
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_raw_nirx
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import (
+    beer_lambert_law,
     optical_density,
     scalp_coupling_index,
-    beer_lambert_law,
 )
-from mne.io import read_raw_nirx
-from mne._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
 from mne.utils import _record_warnings
 
-
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = base_dir / "test_raw.fif"
 event_name = base_dir / "test-eve.fif"
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py
index b4a59720775..97fc882a666 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py
@@ -8,28 +8,28 @@
 import copy
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
     assert_equal,
 )
-import pytest
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
+from mne import pick_info, pick_types
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
 from mne.channels import (
+    find_layout,
     make_eeg_layout,
     make_grid_layout,
     read_layout,
-    find_layout,
 )
-from mne.defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
 from mne.channels.layout import _box_size, _find_topomap_coords, generate_2d_layout
-from mne import pick_types, pick_info
-from mne.io import read_raw_kit, read_info
-from mne._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
+from mne.io import read_info, read_raw_kit
 
 io_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io"
 fif_fname = io_dir / "tests" / "data" / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
index 4428158ea4e..bd61a6338fb 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
@@ -3,80 +3,77 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+import shutil
 from contextlib import nullcontext
+from functools import partial
 from itertools import chain
 from pathlib import Path
-import shutil
-
-import pytest
-
-import numpy as np
-from functools import partial
 from string import ascii_lowercase
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_array_less,
-    assert_allclose,
     assert_equal,
 )
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 from mne import (
     __file__ as _mne_file,
+)
+from mne import (
     create_info,
-    read_evokeds,
     pick_types,
+    read_evokeds,
 )
-from mne.coreg import get_mni_fiducials
-from mne.utils._testing import assert_object_equal
+from mne._fiff._digitization import (
+    _count_points_by_type,
+    _format_dig_points,
+    _get_dig_eeg,
+    _get_fid_coords,
+)
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.bem import _fit_sphere
 from mne.channels import (
-    get_builtin_montages,
     DigMontage,
+    compute_dev_head_t,
+    compute_native_head_t,
+    get_builtin_montages,
+    make_dig_montage,
+    make_standard_montage,
+    read_custom_montage,
+    read_dig_captrak,
     read_dig_dat,
     read_dig_egi,
-    read_dig_captrak,
     read_dig_fif,
-    make_standard_montage,
-    read_custom_montage,
-    compute_dev_head_t,
-    make_dig_montage,
+    read_dig_hpts,
+    read_dig_localite,
     read_dig_polhemus_isotrak,
-    compute_native_head_t,
     read_polhemus_fastscan,
-    read_dig_localite,
-    read_dig_hpts,
 )
 from mne.channels.montage import (
-    transform_to_head,
-    _check_get_coord_frame,
     _BUILTIN_STANDARD_MONTAGES,
+    _check_get_coord_frame,
+    transform_to_head,
 )
-from mne.preprocessing import compute_current_source_density
-from mne.utils import assert_dig_allclose, _record_warnings
-from mne.bem import _fit_sphere
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne._fiff._digitization import (
-    _format_dig_points,
-    _get_fid_coords,
-    _get_dig_eeg,
-    _count_points_by_type,
-)
-from mne.transforms import _ensure_trans, apply_trans, invert_transform, _get_trans
-from mne.viz._3d import _fiducial_coords
-
-from mne.io.kit import read_mrk
+from mne.coreg import get_mni_fiducials
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import (
+    RawArray,
+    read_fiducials,
     read_raw_brainvision,
     read_raw_egi,
     read_raw_fif,
-    read_fiducials,
     read_raw_nirx,
 )
-
-from mne.io import RawArray
-from mne.datasets import testing
-
+from mne.io.kit import read_mrk
+from mne.preprocessing import compute_current_source_density
+from mne.transforms import _ensure_trans, _get_trans, apply_trans, invert_transform
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, assert_dig_allclose
+from mne.utils._testing import assert_object_equal
+from mne.viz._3d import _fiducial_coords
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fif_dig_montage_fname = data_path / "montage" / "eeganes07.fif"
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_standard_montage.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_standard_montage.py
index 2e1b41c7e90..d154a38b6cc 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_standard_montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_standard_montage.py
@@ -4,20 +4,18 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 
-import pytest
-
 import numpy as np
-
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_raises
 
 from mne import create_info
-from mne.channels import make_standard_montage, compute_native_head_t
-from mne.channels.montage import get_builtin_montages, HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
-from mne.io import RawArray
 from mne._fiff._digitization import _get_dig_eeg, _get_fid_coords
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.preprocessing.nirs import optical_density, beer_lambert_law
-from mne.transforms import _get_trans, _angle_between_quats, rot_to_quat
+from mne.channels import compute_native_head_t, make_standard_montage
+from mne.channels.montage import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT, get_builtin_montages
+from mne.io import RawArray
+from mne.preprocessing.nirs import beer_lambert_law, optical_density
+from mne.transforms import _angle_between_quats, _get_trans, rot_to_quat
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("kind", get_builtin_montages())
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_unify_bads.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_unify_bads.py
index ac04983802b..a502f5ffb92 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_unify_bads.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_unify_bads.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+
 from mne.channels import unify_bad_channels
 
 
diff --git a/mne/chpi.py b/mne/chpi.py
index 801ee1d2e73..939b22ac60e 100644
--- a/mne/chpi.py
+++ b/mne/chpi.py
@@ -19,62 +19,62 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import copy
-from functools import partial
 import itertools
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.linalg import orth
 from scipy.optimize import fmin_cobyla
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from .event import find_events
-from .io import BaseRaw
-from .io.ctf.trans import _make_ctf_coord_trans_set
-from .io.kit.kit import RawKIT as _RawKIT
-from .io.kit.constants import KIT
-from .channels.channels import _get_meg_system
-from ._fiff.meas_info import _simplify_info, Info
+from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ._fiff.meas_info import Info, _simplify_info
 from ._fiff.pick import (
-    pick_types,
+    _picks_to_idx,
     pick_channels,
     pick_channels_regexp,
     pick_info,
-    _picks_to_idx,
+    pick_types,
 )
 from ._fiff.proj import Projection, setup_proj
-from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .forward import _magnetic_dipole_field_vec, _create_meg_coils, _concatenate_coils
-from .cov import make_ad_hoc_cov, compute_whitener
+from .channels.channels import _get_meg_system
+from .cov import compute_whitener, make_ad_hoc_cov
 from .dipole import _make_guesses
+from .event import find_events
 from .fixes import jit
+from .forward import _concatenate_coils, _create_meg_coils, _magnetic_dipole_field_vec
+from .io import BaseRaw
+from .io.ctf.trans import _make_ctf_coord_trans_set
+from .io.kit.constants import KIT
+from .io.kit.kit import RawKIT as _RawKIT
 from .preprocessing.maxwell import (
-    _sss_basis,
+    _get_mf_picks_fix_mags,
     _prep_mf_coils,
     _regularize_out,
-    _get_mf_picks_fix_mags,
+    _sss_basis,
 )
 from .transforms import (
-    apply_trans,
-    invert_transform,
     _angle_between_quats,
-    quat_to_rot,
-    rot_to_quat,
     _fit_matched_points,
     _quat_to_affine,
     als_ras_trans,
+    apply_trans,
+    invert_transform,
+    quat_to_rot,
+    rot_to_quat,
 )
 from .utils import (
-    verbose,
-    logger,
-    use_log_level,
-    _check_fname,
-    warn,
-    _validate_type,
     ProgressBar,
+    _check_fname,
     _check_option,
-    _pl,
     _on_missing,
+    _pl,
+    _validate_type,
     _verbose_safe_false,
+    logger,
+    use_log_level,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 
 # Eventually we should add:
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_anonymize.py b/mne/commands/mne_anonymize.py
index d4b54000b78..65bb0c9e4f5 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_anonymize.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_anonymize.py
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
 
 """
 
+import os.path as op
 import sys
+
 import mne
-import os.path as op
 
 ANONYMIZE_FILE_PREFIX = "anon"
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_browse_raw.py b/mne/commands/mne_browse_raw.py
index 9c338518e85..c3a3d144e33 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_browse_raw.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_browse_raw.py
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@
 # Authors : Eric Larson, PhD
 
 import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
 def run():
     """Run command."""
-    from mne.commands.utils import get_optparser, _add_verbose_flag
+    from mne.commands.utils import _add_verbose_flag, get_optparser
     from mne.viz import _RAW_CLIP_DEF
 
     parser = get_optparser(__file__, usage="usage: %prog raw [options]")
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_compare_fiff.py b/mne/commands/mne_compare_fiff.py
index fe05d636592..d38e95761b0 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_compare_fiff.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_compare_fiff.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # Authors : Eric Larson, PhD
 
 import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_compute_proj_ecg.py b/mne/commands/mne_compute_proj_ecg.py
index bb366f9d3e2..1e8b6aab973 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_compute_proj_ecg.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_compute_proj_ecg.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 import os
 import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_compute_proj_eog.py b/mne/commands/mne_compute_proj_eog.py
index 42c93513122..4b3dcae75dd 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_compute_proj_eog.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_compute_proj_eog.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 import os
 import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_coreg.py b/mne/commands/mne_coreg.py
index dad18d278aa..add4a65845b 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_coreg.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 def run():
     """Run command."""
-    from mne.commands.utils import get_optparser, _add_verbose_flag
+    from mne.commands.utils import _add_verbose_flag, get_optparser
 
     parser = get_optparser(__file__)
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_freeview_bem_surfaces.py b/mne/commands/mne_freeview_bem_surfaces.py
index 646049b6616..b428cd3f7d0 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_freeview_bem_surfaces.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_freeview_bem_surfaces.py
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
 """
 # Authors:  Alexandre Gramfort <alexandre.gramfort@inria.fr>
 
-import sys
 import os
 import os.path as op
+import sys
 
 import mne
-from mne.utils import run_subprocess, get_subjects_dir
+from mne.utils import get_subjects_dir, run_subprocess
 
 
 def freeview_bem_surfaces(subject, subjects_dir, method):
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_make_scalp_surfaces.py b/mne/commands/mne_make_scalp_surfaces.py
index c5bf03e06a0..dffb97fd591 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_make_scalp_surfaces.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_make_scalp_surfaces.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 def run():
     """Run command."""
-    from mne.commands.utils import get_optparser, _add_verbose_flag
+    from mne.commands.utils import _add_verbose_flag, get_optparser
 
     parser = get_optparser(__file__)
     subjects_dir = mne.get_config("SUBJECTS_DIR")
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_maxfilter.py b/mne/commands/mne_maxfilter.py
index 182a2c6254b..c5f83b9176f 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_maxfilter.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_maxfilter.py
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@
 
 # Authors : Martin Luessi <mluessi@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu>
 
-import sys
 import os
+import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_prepare_bem_model.py b/mne/commands/mne_prepare_bem_model.py
index ae43ae9533a..cc8620d0ecd 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_prepare_bem_model.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_prepare_bem_model.py
@@ -9,14 +9,15 @@
 
 """
 
-import sys
 import os
+import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
 def run():
     """Run command."""
-    from mne.commands.utils import get_optparser, _add_verbose_flag
+    from mne.commands.utils import _add_verbose_flag, get_optparser
 
     parser = get_optparser(__file__)
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_report.py b/mne/commands/mne_report.py
index 79818d52bab..4b5dd54b30f 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_report.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_report.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.report import Report
-from mne.utils import verbose, logger
+from mne.utils import logger, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def log_elapsed(t, verbose=None):
 
 def run():
     """Run command."""
-    from mne.commands.utils import get_optparser, _add_verbose_flag
+    from mne.commands.utils import _add_verbose_flag, get_optparser
 
     parser = get_optparser(__file__)
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_setup_forward_model.py b/mne/commands/mne_setup_forward_model.py
index df7fc5fff4b..c06b725a2d6 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_setup_forward_model.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_setup_forward_model.py
@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@
 
 """
 
-import sys
 import os
+import sys
+
 import mne
 from mne.utils import get_subjects_dir, warn
 
 
 def run():
     """Run command."""
-    from mne.commands.utils import get_optparser, _add_verbose_flag
+    from mne.commands.utils import _add_verbose_flag, get_optparser
 
     parser = get_optparser(__file__)
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_setup_source_space.py b/mne/commands/mne_setup_source_space.py
index 0937a75bafe..963a27fca07 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_setup_source_space.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_setup_source_space.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 def run():
     """Run command."""
-    from mne.commands.utils import get_optparser, _add_verbose_flag
+    from mne.commands.utils import _add_verbose_flag, get_optparser
 
     parser = get_optparser(__file__)
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_show_fiff.py b/mne/commands/mne_show_fiff.py
index a14d5c129ea..128e8fee55f 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_show_fiff.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_show_fiff.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 # Authors : Eric Larson, PhD
 
 import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_show_info.py b/mne/commands/mne_show_info.py
index dc39491fb6c..80f546f6d80 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_show_info.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_show_info.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # Authors : Alexandre Gramfort, Ph.D.
 
 import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_sys_info.py b/mne/commands/mne_sys_info.py
index 075ff446681..62bbf9afbfe 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_sys_info.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_sys_info.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # Authors : Eric Larson <larson.eric.d@gmail.com>
 
 import sys
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/mne_watershed_bem.py b/mne/commands/mne_watershed_bem.py
index c182c7a0ded..279cd826adc 100644
--- a/mne/commands/mne_watershed_bem.py
+++ b/mne/commands/mne_watershed_bem.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 def run():
     """Run command."""
-    from mne.commands.utils import get_optparser, _add_verbose_flag
+    from mne.commands.utils import _add_verbose_flag, get_optparser
 
     parser = get_optparser(__file__)
 
diff --git a/mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py b/mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py
index c3bac034339..fecd0235a87 100644
--- a/mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py
+++ b/mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py
@@ -1,54 +1,54 @@
 import glob
 import os
-from os import path as op
 import shutil
+from os import path as op
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_allclose
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_equal
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
     concatenate_raws,
+    read_bem_solution,
     read_bem_surfaces,
-    read_surface,
     read_source_spaces,
-    read_bem_solution,
+    read_surface,
 )
 from mne.bem import ConductorModel, convert_flash_mris
 from mne.commands import (
+    mne_anonymize,
     mne_browse_raw,
     mne_bti2fiff,
     mne_clean_eog_ecg,
+    mne_compare_fiff,
     mne_compute_proj_ecg,
     mne_compute_proj_eog,
     mne_coreg,
+    mne_flash_bem,
     mne_kit2fiff,
     mne_make_scalp_surfaces,
     mne_maxfilter,
+    mne_prepare_bem_model,
     mne_report,
-    mne_surf2bem,
-    mne_watershed_bem,
-    mne_compare_fiff,
-    mne_flash_bem,
+    mne_setup_forward_model,
+    mne_setup_source_space,
     mne_show_fiff,
     mne_show_info,
-    mne_what,
-    mne_setup_source_space,
-    mne_setup_forward_model,
-    mne_anonymize,
-    mne_prepare_bem_model,
+    mne_surf2bem,
     mne_sys_info,
+    mne_watershed_bem,
+    mne_what,
 )
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_info
+from mne.io import read_info, read_raw_fif
 from mne.utils import (
-    requires_mne,
-    requires_freesurfer,
     ArgvSetter,
-    _stamp_to_dt,
     _record_warnings,
+    _stamp_to_dt,
+    requires_freesurfer,
+    requires_mne,
 )
 
 base_dir = op.join(op.dirname(__file__), "..", "..", "io", "tests", "data")
diff --git a/mne/commands/utils.py b/mne/commands/utils.py
index 80d04ab1729..68ede4e807f 100644
--- a/mne/commands/utils.py
+++ b/mne/commands/utils.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 import importlib
 import os
 import os.path as op
-from optparse import OptionParser
 import sys
+from optparse import OptionParser
 
 import mne
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def load_module(name, path):
         Imported module.
 
     """
-    from importlib.util import spec_from_file_location, module_from_spec
+    from importlib.util import module_from_spec, spec_from_file_location
 
     spec = spec_from_file_location(name, path)
     mod = module_from_spec(spec)
diff --git a/mne/conftest.py b/mne/conftest.py
index a0eeaf18dfb..908e7f53dba 100644
--- a/mne/conftest.py
+++ b/mne/conftest.py
@@ -2,37 +2,37 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-import inspect
-from textwrap import dedent
 import gc
+import inspect
 import os
 import os.path as op
-from pathlib import Path
 import shutil
 import sys
 import warnings
-import pytest
-from pytest import StashKey
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
+from textwrap import dedent
 from unittest import mock
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from pytest import StashKey
 
 import mne
-from mne import read_events, pick_types, Epochs
+from mne import Epochs, pick_types, read_events
 from mne.channels import read_layout
 from mne.coreg import create_default_subject
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.fixes import has_numba, _compare_version
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_nirx, read_raw_snirf
+from mne.fixes import _compare_version, has_numba
+from mne.io import read_raw_ctf, read_raw_fif, read_raw_nirx, read_raw_snirf
 from mne.stats import cluster_level
 from mne.utils import (
-    _pl,
-    _assert_no_instances,
-    numerics,
     Bunch,
+    _assert_no_instances,
     _check_qt_version,
+    _pl,
     _TempDir,
+    numerics,
 )
 
 # data from sample dataset
@@ -599,12 +599,12 @@ def _use_backend(backend_name, interactive):
 
 
 def _check_skip_backend(name):
+    from mne.viz.backends._utils import _notebook_vtk_works
     from mne.viz.backends.tests._utils import (
-        has_pyvista,
         has_imageio_ffmpeg,
+        has_pyvista,
         has_pyvistaqt,
     )
-    from mne.viz.backends._utils import _notebook_vtk_works
 
     if not has_pyvista():
         pytest.skip("Test skipped, requires pyvista.")
@@ -629,8 +629,8 @@ def pixel_ratio():
     # _check_qt_version will init an app for us, so no need for us to do it
     if not has_pyvista() or not _check_qt_version():
         return 1.0
-    from qtpy.QtWidgets import QMainWindow
     from qtpy.QtCore import Qt
+    from qtpy.QtWidgets import QMainWindow
 
     app = _init_mne_qtapp()
     app.processEvents()
@@ -1005,10 +1005,10 @@ def numba_conditional(monkeypatch, request):
 def _nbclient():
     try:
         import nbformat
+        import trame  # noqa
+        from ipywidgets import Button  # noqa
         from jupyter_client import AsyncKernelManager
         from nbclient import NotebookClient
-        from ipywidgets import Button  # noqa
-        import trame  # noqa
     except Exception as exc:
         return pytest.skip(f"Skipping Notebook test: {exc}")
     km = AsyncKernelManager(config=None)
diff --git a/mne/coreg.py b/mne/coreg.py
index cd9158b7cba..c50d3d00274 100644
--- a/mne/coreg.py
+++ b/mne/coreg.py
@@ -6,75 +6,74 @@
 
 import configparser
 import fnmatch
-from glob import glob, iglob
 import os
 import os.path as op
-import stat
-import sys
 import re
 import shutil
+import stat
+import sys
 from functools import reduce
+from glob import glob, iglob
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.optimize import leastsq
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from ._fiff.meas_info import read_fiducials, write_fiducials, read_info
-from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ._fiff.meas_info import Info
 from ._fiff._digitization import _get_data_as_dict_from_dig
+from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ._fiff.meas_info import Info, read_fiducials, read_info, write_fiducials
 
 # keep get_mni_fiducials for backward compat (no burden to keep in this
 # namespace, too)
 from ._freesurfer import (
     _read_mri_info,
-    get_mni_fiducials,
     estimate_head_mri_t,  # noqa: F401
+    get_mni_fiducials,
 )
-from .label import read_label, Label
+from .bem import read_bem_surfaces, write_bem_surfaces
+from .channels import make_dig_montage
+from .label import Label, read_label
 from .source_space import (
     add_source_space_distances,
     read_source_spaces,  # noqa: F401
     write_source_spaces,
 )
 from .surface import (
-    read_surface,
-    write_surface,
+    _DistanceQuery,
     _normalize_vectors,
     complete_surface_info,
     decimate_surface,
-    _DistanceQuery,
+    read_surface,
+    write_surface,
 )
-from .bem import read_bem_surfaces, write_bem_surfaces
 from .transforms import (
-    rotation,
-    rotation3d,
-    scaling,
-    translation,
     Transform,
+    _angle_between_quats,
+    _fit_matched_points,
+    _quat_to_euler,
     _read_fs_xfm,
     _write_fs_xfm,
-    invert_transform,
-    combine_transforms,
-    _quat_to_euler,
-    _fit_matched_points,
     apply_trans,
+    combine_transforms,
+    invert_transform,
     rot_to_quat,
-    _angle_between_quats,
+    rotation,
+    rotation3d,
+    scaling,
+    translation,
 )
-from .channels import make_dig_montage
 from .utils import (
+    _check_option,
+    _check_subject,
+    _import_nibabel,
+    _validate_type,
+    fill_doc,
     get_config,
     get_subjects_dir,
     logger,
     pformat,
     verbose,
     warn,
-    fill_doc,
-    _validate_type,
-    _check_subject,
-    _check_option,
-    _import_nibabel,
 )
 from .viz._3d import _fiducial_coords
 
diff --git a/mne/cov.py b/mne/cov.py
index 4fa6fe44e6c..db4b2126a3d 100644
--- a/mne/cov.py
+++ b/mne/cov.py
@@ -4,78 +4,80 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from copy import deepcopy
 import itertools as itt
+from copy import deepcopy
 from math import log
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.sparse import issparse
 
-from .defaults import (
-    _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT,
-    _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT,
-    _BORDER_DEFAULT,
-    DEFAULTS,
+from . import viz
+from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ._fiff.meas_info import _read_bad_channels, _write_bad_channels, create_info
+from ._fiff.pick import (
+    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    _pick_data_channels,
+    _picks_by_type,
+    _picks_to_idx,
+    pick_channels,
+    pick_channels_cov,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
 )
-from .fixes import _safe_svd
 from ._fiff.proj import (
-    make_projector as _make_projector,
-    _proj_equal,
-    activate_proj as _activate_proj,
     _check_projs,
-    _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj,
     _has_eeg_average_ref_proj,
+    _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj,
+    _proj_equal,
     _read_proj,
     _write_proj,
 )
-from ._fiff.pick import (
-    pick_types,
-    pick_channels_cov,
-    pick_channels,
-    pick_info,
-    _picks_by_type,
-    _pick_data_channels,
-    _picks_to_idx,
-    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+from ._fiff.proj import (
+    activate_proj as _activate_proj,
+)
+from ._fiff.proj import (
+    make_projector as _make_projector,
 )
-
-from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ._fiff.meas_info import _read_bad_channels, create_info, _write_bad_channels
 from ._fiff.tag import find_tag
 from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
-from .defaults import _handle_default
+from .defaults import (
+    _BORDER_DEFAULT,
+    _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT,
+    _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT,
+    DEFAULTS,
+    _handle_default,
+)
 from .epochs import Epochs
 from .event import make_fixed_length_events
 from .evoked import EvokedArray
+from .fixes import (
+    BaseEstimator,
+    EmpiricalCovariance,
+    _logdet,
+    _safe_svd,
+    empirical_covariance,
+    log_likelihood,
+)
 from .rank import compute_rank
 from .utils import (
-    check_fname,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    check_version,
-    _time_mask,
-    warn,
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_on_missing,
+    _check_option,
+    _on_missing,
     _pl,
-    _undo_scaling_cov,
     _scaled_array,
+    _time_mask,
+    _undo_scaling_cov,
     _validate_type,
-    _check_option,
+    _verbose_safe_false,
+    check_fname,
+    check_version,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
     eigh,
     fill_doc,
-    _on_missing,
-    _check_on_missing,
-    _check_fname,
-    _verbose_safe_false,
-)
-from . import viz
-
-from .fixes import (
-    BaseEstimator,
-    EmpiricalCovariance,
-    _logdet,
-    empirical_covariance,
-    log_likelihood,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 
 
@@ -1330,8 +1332,8 @@ def _compute_covariance_auto(
                 del sc
 
             elif method_ == "shrunk":
-                from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
                 from sklearn.covariance import ShrunkCovariance
+                from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
 
                 shrinkage = mp.pop("shrinkage")
                 tuned_parameters = [{"shrinkage": shrinkage}]
@@ -2428,13 +2430,13 @@ def _read_cov(fid, node, cov_kind, limited=False, verbose=None):
 def _write_cov(fid, cov):
     """Write a noise covariance matrix."""
     from ._fiff.write import (
-        start_block,
         end_block,
-        write_int,
+        start_block,
         write_double,
         write_float_matrix,
-        write_string,
+        write_int,
         write_name_list_sanitized,
+        write_string,
     )
 
     start_block(fid, FIFF.FIFFB_MNE_COV)
diff --git a/mne/cuda.py b/mne/cuda.py
index 602d29a2f7d..410a81fd36e 100644
--- a/mne/cuda.py
+++ b/mne/cuda.py
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 from scipy.fft import irfft, rfft
 
 from .utils import (
-    sizeof_fmt,
-    logger,
-    get_config,
-    warn,
+    _check_option,
     _explain_exception,
-    verbose,
     fill_doc,
-    _check_option,
+    get_config,
+    logger,
+    sizeof_fmt,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 
 _cuda_capable = False
diff --git a/mne/datasets/__init__.pyi b/mne/datasets/__init__.pyi
index 96964148d3e..c028314c233 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/datasets/__init__.pyi
@@ -34,31 +34,31 @@ __all__ = [
     "visual_92_categories",
 ]
 from . import (
-    fieldtrip_cmc,
+    _fake,
     brainstorm,
-    visual_92_categories,
-    kiloword,
     eegbci,
+    epilepsy_ecog,
+    erp_core,
+    eyelink,
+    fieldtrip_cmc,
+    fnirs_motor,
     hf_sef,
+    kiloword,
+    limo,
     misc,
     mtrf,
-    sample,
-    somato,
     multimodal,
-    fnirs_motor,
     opm,
-    spm_face,
-    testing,
-    _fake,
     phantom_4dbti,
-    sleep_physionet,
-    limo,
     refmeg_noise,
+    sample,
+    sleep_physionet,
+    somato,
+    spm_face,
     ssvep,
-    erp_core,
-    epilepsy_ecog,
-    eyelink,
+    testing,
     ucl_opm_auditory,
+    visual_92_categories,
 )
 from ._fetch import fetch_dataset
 from ._fsaverage.base import fetch_fsaverage
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ from ._infant.base import fetch_infant_template
 from ._phantom.base import fetch_phantom
 from .utils import (
     _download_all_example_data,
-    fetch_hcp_mmp_parcellation,
     fetch_aparc_sub_parcellation,
+    fetch_hcp_mmp_parcellation,
     has_dataset,
 )
diff --git a/mne/datasets/_fetch.py b/mne/datasets/_fetch.py
index 6dbfe41c2bf..48fb609d81a 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/_fetch.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/_fetch.py
@@ -2,30 +2,29 @@
 #
 # License: BSD Style.
 
-import sys
 import os
 import os.path as op
+import sys
+import time
 from pathlib import Path
 from shutil import rmtree
-import time
 
 from .. import __version__ as mne_version
-from ..utils import logger, warn, _safe_input
+from ..fixes import _compare_version
+from ..utils import _safe_input, logger, warn
 from .config import (
-    _bst_license_text,
+    MISC_VERSIONED,
     RELEASES,
     TESTING_VERSIONED,
-    MISC_VERSIONED,
+    _bst_license_text,
 )
 from .utils import (
     _dataset_version,
     _do_path_update,
+    _downloader_params,
     _get_path,
     _log_time_size,
-    _downloader_params,
 )
-from ..fixes import _compare_version
-
 
 _FAKE_VERSION = None  # used for monkeypatching while testing versioning
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/_fsaverage/base.py b/mne/datasets/_fsaverage/base.py
index daa01dc64c2..934f76ca520 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/_fsaverage/base.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/_fsaverage/base.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 import os
 import os.path as op
 
-from ..utils import _manifest_check_download, _get_path
-from ...utils import verbose, get_subjects_dir, set_config
+from ...utils import get_subjects_dir, set_config, verbose
+from ..utils import _get_path, _manifest_check_download
 
 FSAVERAGE_MANIFEST_PATH = op.dirname(__file__)
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/_infant/base.py b/mne/datasets/_infant/base.py
index 196faa7bfc2..e709b740691 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/_infant/base.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/_infant/base.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 import os
 import os.path as op
 
+from ...utils import _check_option, _validate_type, get_subjects_dir, verbose
 from ..utils import _manifest_check_download
-from ...utils import verbose, get_subjects_dir, _check_option, _validate_type
 
 _AGES = "2wk 1mo 2mo 3mo 4.5mo 6mo 7.5mo 9mo 10.5mo 12mo 15mo 18mo 2yr"
 # https://github.com/christian-oreilly/infant_template_paper/releases
diff --git a/mne/datasets/_phantom/base.py b/mne/datasets/_phantom/base.py
index 3d8af0e68ac..19ab1db89ee 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/_phantom/base.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/_phantom/base.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 import os
 import os.path as op
 
+from ...utils import _check_option, _validate_type, get_subjects_dir, verbose
 from ..utils import _manifest_check_download
-from ...utils import verbose, get_subjects_dir, _check_option, _validate_type
 
 PHANTOM_MANIFEST_PATH = op.dirname(__file__)
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_auditory.py b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_auditory.py
index f6cbd7c4e43..6dbbe45407b 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_auditory.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_auditory.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 from ...utils import verbose
 from ..utils import (
-    _get_version,
-    _version_doc,
     _data_path_doc_accept,
     _download_mne_dataset,
+    _get_version,
+    _version_doc,
 )
 
 _description = """
diff --git a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_phantom_ctf.py b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_phantom_ctf.py
index 9a64a438e89..c73e8798623 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_phantom_ctf.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_phantom_ctf.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 from ...utils import verbose
 from ..utils import (
-    _get_version,
-    _version_doc,
     _data_path_doc_accept,
     _download_mne_dataset,
+    _get_version,
+    _version_doc,
 )
 
 _description = """
diff --git a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_phantom_elekta.py b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_phantom_elekta.py
index b5e13d385f3..b30770bbe34 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_phantom_elekta.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_phantom_elekta.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 from ...utils import verbose
 from ..utils import (
-    _get_version,
-    _version_doc,
     _data_path_doc_accept,
     _download_mne_dataset,
+    _get_version,
+    _version_doc,
 )
 
 _description = """
diff --git a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_raw.py b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_raw.py
index 3aeef5e49d2..3c9ea2ae965 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_raw.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_raw.py
@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 from functools import partial
 
-from ...utils import verbose, get_config
+from ...utils import get_config, verbose
 from ..utils import (
-    has_dataset,
-    _get_version,
-    _version_doc,
     _data_path_doc_accept,
     _download_mne_dataset,
+    _get_version,
+    _version_doc,
+    has_dataset,
 )
 
-
 has_brainstorm_data = partial(has_dataset, name="bst_raw")
 
 _description = """
diff --git a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_resting.py b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_resting.py
index cef6ab986c6..efe86c0ce69 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_resting.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/brainstorm/bst_resting.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 from ...utils import verbose
 from ..utils import (
-    _get_version,
-    _version_doc,
     _data_path_doc_accept,
     _download_mne_dataset,
+    _get_version,
+    _version_doc,
 )
 
 _description = """
diff --git a/mne/datasets/eegbci/eegbci.py b/mne/datasets/eegbci/eegbci.py
index 76db5ef99ac..00f7fff4767 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/eegbci/eegbci.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/eegbci/eegbci.py
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 
 import os
 import re
+import time
 from os import path as op
 from pathlib import Path
-import time
 
-from ...utils import _url_to_local_path, verbose, logger
-from ..utils import _do_path_update, _get_path, _log_time_size, _downloader_params
+from ...utils import _url_to_local_path, logger, verbose
+from ..utils import _do_path_update, _downloader_params, _get_path, _log_time_size
 
 # TODO: remove try/except when our min version is py 3.9
 try:
diff --git a/mne/datasets/epilepsy_ecog/_data.py b/mne/datasets/epilepsy_ecog/_data.py
index b6cc93b92bd..8192a7bf369 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/epilepsy_ecog/_data.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/epilepsy_ecog/_data.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/erp_core/erp_core.py b/mne/datasets/erp_core/erp_core.py
index 8f3aa1e2663..843777412bc 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/erp_core/erp_core.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/erp_core/erp_core.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/eyelink/eyelink.py b/mne/datasets/eyelink/eyelink.py
index f0a349c3c16..596f0f79e47 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/eyelink/eyelink.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/eyelink/eyelink.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/fieldtrip_cmc/fieldtrip_cmc.py b/mne/datasets/fieldtrip_cmc/fieldtrip_cmc.py
index cdce53d57a8..c825eafef05 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/fieldtrip_cmc/fieldtrip_cmc.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/fieldtrip_cmc/fieldtrip_cmc.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #
 # License: BSD Style.
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/fnirs_motor/fnirs_motor.py b/mne/datasets/fnirs_motor/fnirs_motor.py
index 2c49a32c891..9ae0844dacd 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/fnirs_motor/fnirs_motor.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/fnirs_motor/fnirs_motor.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/hf_sef/hf_sef.py b/mne/datasets/hf_sef/hf_sef.py
index 66c25ad12be..dc1586cac9f 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/hf_sef/hf_sef.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/hf_sef/hf_sef.py
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 
-import os.path as op
 import os
-from ...utils import verbose, _check_option
-from ..utils import _get_path, _do_path_update, _download_mne_dataset
+import os.path as op
+
+from ...utils import _check_option, verbose
 from ..config import MNE_DATASETS
+from ..utils import _do_path_update, _download_mne_dataset, _get_path
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/kiloword/kiloword.py b/mne/datasets/kiloword/kiloword.py
index c6f437ab36e..67014bcadb9 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/kiloword/kiloword.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/kiloword/kiloword.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/limo/limo.py b/mne/datasets/limo/limo.py
index 8e90ed01fc2..9c5b3861b88 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/limo/limo.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/limo/limo.py
@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import os.path as op
-from pathlib import Path
 import time
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.io import loadmat
 
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ...channels import make_standard_montage
 from ...epochs import EpochsArray
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
-from ...utils import _check_pandas_installed, verbose, logger
-from ..utils import _get_path, _do_path_update, _log_time_size, _downloader_params
+from ...utils import _check_pandas_installed, logger, verbose
+from ..utils import _do_path_update, _downloader_params, _get_path, _log_time_size
 
 # root url for LIMO files
 root_url = "https://files.de-1.osf.io/v1/resources/52rea/providers/osfstorage/"
diff --git a/mne/datasets/misc/_misc.py b/mne/datasets/misc/_misc.py
index 443aa24787b..65f873af635 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/misc/_misc.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/misc/_misc.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import has_dataset, _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, has_dataset
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/mtrf/mtrf.py b/mne/datasets/mtrf/mtrf.py
index 1ce4f741a4f..fdcb6bf9c3b 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/mtrf/mtrf.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/mtrf/mtrf.py
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
-
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 data_name = "mtrf"
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/multimodal/multimodal.py b/mne/datasets/multimodal/multimodal.py
index 84fbf662e5f..a1789e30623 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/multimodal/multimodal.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/multimodal/multimodal.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/opm/opm.py b/mne/datasets/opm/opm.py
index b2b24f2e3f8..b21ed9ffd1c 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/opm/opm.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/opm/opm.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/phantom_4dbti/phantom_4dbti.py b/mne/datasets/phantom_4dbti/phantom_4dbti.py
index 59c42416d5a..6963b72fb09 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/phantom_4dbti/phantom_4dbti.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/phantom_4dbti/phantom_4dbti.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/refmeg_noise/refmeg_noise.py b/mne/datasets/refmeg_noise/refmeg_noise.py
index e77f3eefaf0..5c27a469a2d 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/refmeg_noise/refmeg_noise.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/refmeg_noise/refmeg_noise.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/sample/sample.py b/mne/datasets/sample/sample.py
index f5ca6de24c4..06118fa8409 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/sample/sample.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/sample/sample.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/_utils.py b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/_utils.py
index bca3284d73b..ff89155ece7 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/_utils.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/_utils.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ...utils import verbose, _TempDir, _check_pandas_installed, _on_missing
-from ..utils import _get_path, _downloader_params
+from ...utils import _check_pandas_installed, _on_missing, _TempDir, verbose
+from ..utils import _downloader_params, _get_path
 
 AGE_SLEEP_RECORDS = op.join(op.dirname(__file__), "age_records.csv")
 TEMAZEPAM_SLEEP_RECORDS = op.join(op.dirname(__file__), "temazepam_records.csv")
diff --git a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/age.py b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/age.py
index b0d23a94b07..bdc98f1be9e 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/age.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/age.py
@@ -10,8 +10,13 @@
 
 from ...utils import verbose
 from ..utils import _log_time_size
-from ._utils import _fetch_one, _data_path, _on_missing, AGE_SLEEP_RECORDS
-from ._utils import _check_subjects
+from ._utils import (
+    AGE_SLEEP_RECORDS,
+    _check_subjects,
+    _data_path,
+    _fetch_one,
+    _on_missing,
+)
 
 data_path = _data_path  # expose _data_path(..) as data_path(..)
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/temazepam.py b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/temazepam.py
index 8a6efc19a9a..a20cde1e366 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/temazepam.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/temazepam.py
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@
 
 from ...utils import verbose
 from ..utils import _log_time_size
-from ._utils import _fetch_one, _data_path, TEMAZEPAM_SLEEP_RECORDS
-from ._utils import _check_subjects
+from ._utils import TEMAZEPAM_SLEEP_RECORDS, _check_subjects, _data_path, _fetch_one
 
 data_path = _data_path  # expose _data_path(..) as data_path(..)
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
index bab7a17c32b..db3600290b1 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
@@ -4,15 +4,17 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from pathlib import Path
-import pytest
 
+import pytest
 
-from mne.utils import requires_good_network
 from mne.datasets.sleep_physionet import age, temazepam
-from mne.datasets.sleep_physionet._utils import _update_sleep_temazepam_records
-from mne.datasets.sleep_physionet._utils import _update_sleep_age_records
-from mne.datasets.sleep_physionet._utils import AGE_SLEEP_RECORDS
-from mne.datasets.sleep_physionet._utils import TEMAZEPAM_SLEEP_RECORDS
+from mne.datasets.sleep_physionet._utils import (
+    AGE_SLEEP_RECORDS,
+    TEMAZEPAM_SLEEP_RECORDS,
+    _update_sleep_age_records,
+    _update_sleep_temazepam_records,
+)
+from mne.utils import requires_good_network
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
diff --git a/mne/datasets/somato/somato.py b/mne/datasets/somato/somato.py
index 4dcdeffa4a5..507cc3d32a8 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/somato/somato.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/somato/somato.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/spm_face/spm_data.py b/mne/datasets/spm_face/spm_data.py
index 5fc1d47691f..d622e4b8453 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/spm_face/spm_data.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/spm_face/spm_data.py
@@ -4,16 +4,15 @@
 
 from functools import partial
 
-from ...utils import verbose, get_config
+from ...utils import get_config, verbose
 from ..utils import (
-    has_dataset,
     _data_path_doc,
+    _download_mne_dataset,
     _get_version,
     _version_doc,
-    _download_mne_dataset,
+    has_dataset,
 )
 
-
 has_spm_data = partial(has_dataset, name="spm")
 
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/ssvep/ssvep.py b/mne/datasets/ssvep/ssvep.py
index 91f682a6728..6d1861ffca2 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/ssvep/ssvep.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/ssvep/ssvep.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/datasets/testing/_testing.py b/mne/datasets/testing/_testing.py
index 7f2a1c0074e..aee35e59372 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/testing/_testing.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/testing/_testing.py
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
 
 from functools import partial
 
-from ...utils import verbose, get_config
+from ...utils import get_config, verbose
 from ..utils import (
-    has_dataset,
     _data_path_doc,
+    _download_mne_dataset,
     _get_version,
     _version_doc,
-    _download_mne_dataset,
+    has_dataset,
 )
 
 has_testing_data = partial(has_dataset, name="testing")
diff --git a/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py b/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
index 211dd4d0b1c..f1569317f8e 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
@@ -1,31 +1,29 @@
-from functools import partial
 import os
-from os import path as op
 import re
 import shutil
 import zipfile
+from functools import partial
+from os import path as op
 
 import pooch
 import pytest
 
 from mne import datasets, read_labels_from_annot, write_labels_to_annot
-from mne.datasets import testing, fetch_infant_template, fetch_phantom, fetch_dataset
+from mne.datasets import fetch_dataset, fetch_infant_template, fetch_phantom, testing
 from mne.datasets._fsaverage.base import _set_montage_coreg_path
 from mne.datasets._infant import base as infant_base
 from mne.datasets._phantom import base as phantom_base
 from mne.datasets.utils import _manifest_check_download
-
 from mne.utils import (
-    requires_good_network,
-    get_subjects_dir,
     ArgvSetter,
     _pl,
-    use_log_level,
     catch_logging,
+    get_subjects_dir,
     hashfunc,
+    requires_good_network,
+    use_log_level,
 )
 
-
 subjects_dir = testing.data_path(download=False) / "subjects"
 
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/ucl_opm_auditory/ucl_opm_auditory.py b/mne/datasets/ucl_opm_auditory/ucl_opm_auditory.py
index 09853e640de..205dd2ec8ac 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/ucl_opm_auditory/ucl_opm_auditory.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/ucl_opm_auditory/ucl_opm_auditory.py
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc, _download_mne_dataset
-
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 _NAME = "ucl_opm_auditory"
 _PROCESSOR = "unzip"
diff --git a/mne/datasets/utils.py b/mne/datasets/utils.py
index 041baf32812..9ff4efd3400 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/utils.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/utils.py
@@ -8,34 +8,33 @@
 #
 # License: BSD Style.
 
-from collections import OrderedDict
 import importlib
 import inspect
 import logging
 import os
 import os.path as op
-from pathlib import Path
 import sys
-import time
 import tempfile
+import time
 import zipfile
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .config import _hcp_mmp_license_text, MNE_DATASETS
-from ..label import read_labels_from_annot, Label, write_labels_to_annot
+from ..label import Label, read_labels_from_annot, write_labels_to_annot
 from ..utils import (
+    _pl,
+    _safe_input,
+    _validate_type,
     get_config,
-    set_config,
+    get_subjects_dir,
     logger,
-    _validate_type,
+    set_config,
     verbose,
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    _pl,
-    _safe_input,
 )
-from ..utils.docs import docdict, _docformat
-
+from ..utils.docs import _docformat, docdict
+from .config import MNE_DATASETS, _hcp_mmp_license_text
 
 _data_path_doc = """Get path to local copy of {name} dataset.
 
@@ -213,6 +212,7 @@ def _download_mne_dataset(
 ):
     """Aux function for downloading internal MNE datasets."""
     import pooch
+
     from mne.datasets._fetch import fetch_dataset
 
     _check_in_testing_and_raise(name, download)
@@ -341,12 +341,12 @@ def _download_all_example_data(verbose=True):
     # Now for the exceptions:
     from . import (
         eegbci,
-        sleep_physionet,
-        limo,
         fetch_fsaverage,
-        fetch_infant_template,
         fetch_hcp_mmp_parcellation,
+        fetch_infant_template,
         fetch_phantom,
+        limo,
+        sleep_physionet,
     )
 
     eegbci.load_data(1, [6, 10, 14], update_path=True)
diff --git a/mne/datasets/visual_92_categories/visual_92_categories.py b/mne/datasets/visual_92_categories/visual_92_categories.py
index d5fb1c1c8bb..e3a3dfaaae7 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/visual_92_categories/visual_92_categories.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/visual_92_categories/visual_92_categories.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # License: BSD Style.
 
 from ...utils import verbose
-from ..utils import _download_mne_dataset, _data_path_doc, _get_version, _version_doc
+from ..utils import _data_path_doc, _download_mne_dataset, _get_version, _version_doc
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/decoding/base.py b/mne/decoding/base.py
index 6489b7f113a..88838efeeb1 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/base.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/base.py
@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import numpy as np
 import datetime as dt
 import numbers
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from ..fixes import BaseEstimator, _check_fit_params, _get_check_scoring
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..fixes import BaseEstimator, _get_check_scoring, _check_fit_params
-from ..utils import warn, verbose
+from ..utils import verbose, warn
 
 
 class LinearModel(BaseEstimator):
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ def _set_cv(cv, estimator=None, X=None, y=None):
         est_is_classifier = is_classifier(estimator)
     # Setup CV
     from sklearn import model_selection as models
-    from sklearn.model_selection import check_cv, StratifiedKFold, KFold
+    from sklearn.model_selection import KFold, StratifiedKFold, check_cv
 
     if isinstance(cv, (int, np.int64)):
         XFold = StratifiedKFold if est_is_classifier else KFold
@@ -366,8 +368,8 @@ def cross_val_multiscore(
     """
     # This code is copied from sklearn
     from sklearn.base import clone, is_classifier
-    from sklearn.utils import indexable
     from sklearn.model_selection._split import check_cv
+    from sklearn.utils import indexable
 
     check_scoring = _get_check_scoring()
 
diff --git a/mne/decoding/csp.py b/mne/decoding/csp.py
index abb85afc2e9..53cecd53ab0 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/csp.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/csp.py
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.linalg import eigh
 
-from .base import BaseEstimator
-from .mixin import TransformerMixin
 from ..cov import _regularized_covariance
 from ..defaults import _BORDER_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT
-from ..fixes import pinv
 from ..evoked import EvokedArray
-from ..utils import fill_doc, _check_option, _validate_type, copy_doc
+from ..fixes import pinv
+from ..utils import _check_option, _validate_type, copy_doc, fill_doc
+from .base import BaseEstimator
+from .mixin import TransformerMixin
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/decoding/ems.py b/mne/decoding/ems.py
index efad63cc643..e8b3ac1da43 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/ems.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/ems.py
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .mixin import TransformerMixin, EstimatorMixin
-from .base import _set_cv
-from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_types, pick_info
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_info, pick_types
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
 from ..utils import logger, verbose
+from .base import _set_cv
+from .mixin import EstimatorMixin, TransformerMixin
 
 
 class EMS(TransformerMixin, EstimatorMixin):
diff --git a/mne/decoding/receptive_field.py b/mne/decoding/receptive_field.py
index b31fc411a61..4a274fd3997 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/receptive_field.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/receptive_field.py
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.stats import pearsonr
 
-from .base import get_coef, BaseEstimator, _check_estimator
 from ..fixes import pinv
+from ..utils import _validate_type, fill_doc, verbose
+from .base import BaseEstimator, _check_estimator, get_coef
 from .time_delaying_ridge import TimeDelayingRidge
-from ..utils import _validate_type, verbose, fill_doc
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/decoding/search_light.py b/mne/decoding/search_light.py
index 0b476a45e9a..a176c4accac 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/search_light.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/search_light.py
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 import logging
+
 import numpy as np
 
-from .mixin import TransformerMixin
-from .base import BaseEstimator, _check_estimator
 from ..fixes import _get_check_scoring
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..utils import array_split_idx, ProgressBar, verbose, fill_doc, _parse_verbose
+from ..utils import ProgressBar, _parse_verbose, array_split_idx, fill_doc, verbose
+from .base import BaseEstimator, _check_estimator
+from .mixin import TransformerMixin
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/decoding/ssd.py b/mne/decoding/ssd.py
index 17e8ff11a2d..04c42a1970a 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/ssd.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/ssd.py
@@ -6,22 +6,22 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.linalg import eigh
 
-from .mixin import TransformerMixin
-from ..fixes import BaseEstimator
-from ..cov import _regularized_covariance, Covariance
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from ..cov import Covariance, _regularized_covariance
 from ..defaults import _handle_default
 from ..filter import filter_data
-from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from ..fixes import BaseEstimator
 from ..rank import compute_rank
 from ..time_frequency import psd_array_welch
 from ..utils import (
-    fill_doc,
-    logger,
     _check_option,
     _time_mask,
     _validate_type,
     _verbose_safe_false,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
 )
+from .mixin import TransformerMixin
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/decoding/tests/test_base.py b/mne/decoding/tests/test_base.py
index 5aa2ebdc7d9..09dc43c1f8d 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/tests/test_base.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/tests/test_base.py
@@ -4,26 +4,25 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_equal,
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
-    assert_equal,
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
     assert_array_less,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-import pytest
 
-from mne import create_info, EpochsArray
+from mne import EpochsArray, create_info
+from mne.decoding import GeneralizingEstimator, Scaler, TransformerMixin, Vectorizer
 from mne.decoding.base import (
-    _get_inverse_funcs,
+    BaseEstimator,
     LinearModel,
-    get_coef,
+    _get_inverse_funcs,
     cross_val_multiscore,
-    BaseEstimator,
+    get_coef,
 )
 from mne.decoding.search_light import SlidingEstimator
-from mne.decoding import Scaler, TransformerMixin, Vectorizer, GeneralizingEstimator
-
 
 pytest.importorskip("sklearn")
 
@@ -69,17 +68,17 @@ def _make_data(n_samples=1000, n_features=5, n_targets=3):
 
 def test_get_coef():
     """Test getting linear coefficients (filters/patterns) from estimators."""
+    from sklearn import svm
     from sklearn.base import (
-        TransformerMixin,
         BaseEstimator,
+        TransformerMixin,
         is_classifier,
         is_regressor,
     )
-    from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
-    from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
-    from sklearn import svm
     from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
     from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
+    from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
+    from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
 
     lm_classification = LinearModel()
     assert is_classifier(lm_classification)
@@ -298,9 +297,9 @@ def test_get_coef_multiclass(n_features, n_targets):
 )
 def test_get_coef_multiclass_full(n_classes, n_channels, n_times):
     """Test a full example with pattern extraction."""
-    from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
     from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
     from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
+    from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
 
     data = np.zeros((10 * n_classes, n_channels, n_times))
     # Make only the first channel informative
@@ -393,8 +392,8 @@ def test_linearmodel():
 
 def test_cross_val_multiscore():
     """Test cross_val_multiscore for computing scores on decoding over time."""
+    from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression, LogisticRegression
     from sklearn.model_selection import KFold, StratifiedKFold, cross_val_score
-    from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression, LinearRegression
 
     logreg = LogisticRegression(solver="liblinear", random_state=0)
 
@@ -455,8 +454,8 @@ def test_cross_val_multiscore():
 def test_sklearn_compliance():
     """Test LinearModel compliance with sklearn."""
     pytest.importorskip("sklearn")
-    from sklearn.utils.estimator_checks import check_estimator
     from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
+    from sklearn.utils.estimator_checks import check_estimator
 
     lm = LinearModel(LogisticRegression())
     ignores = (
diff --git a/mne/decoding/tests/test_csp.py b/mne/decoding/tests/test_csp.py
index 3ad04e8c8e3..788a4040de8 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/tests/test_csp.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/tests/test_csp.py
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
-from mne import io, Epochs, read_events, pick_types
-from mne.decoding.csp import CSP, _ajd_pham, SPoC
+from mne import Epochs, io, pick_types, read_events
+from mne.decoding.csp import CSP, SPoC, _ajd_pham
 
 data_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = data_dir / "test_raw.fif"
@@ -283,8 +283,8 @@ def test_regularized_csp():
 def test_csp_pipeline():
     """Test if CSP works in a pipeline."""
     pytest.importorskip("sklearn")
-    from sklearn.svm import SVC
     from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
+    from sklearn.svm import SVC
 
     csp = CSP(reg=1, norm_trace=False)
     svc = SVC()
diff --git a/mne/decoding/tests/test_ems.py b/mne/decoding/tests/test_ems.py
index 70260cf2e8f..6238058658d 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/tests/test_ems.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/tests/test_ems.py
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_equal
 
-from mne import io, Epochs, read_events, pick_types
-from mne.decoding import compute_ems, EMS
+from mne import Epochs, io, pick_types, read_events
+from mne.decoding import EMS, compute_ems
 
 data_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = data_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/decoding/tests/test_receptive_field.py b/mne/decoding/tests/test_receptive_field.py
index 3153fccc846..6322b7506b1 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/tests/test_receptive_field.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/tests/test_receptive_field.py
@@ -4,21 +4,20 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy import einsum
-from numpy.fft import rfft, irfft
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose, assert_equal
+from numpy.fft import irfft, rfft
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
 from mne.decoding import ReceptiveField, TimeDelayingRidge
 from mne.decoding.receptive_field import (
-    _delay_time_series,
     _SCORERS,
-    _times_to_delays,
+    _delay_time_series,
     _delays_to_slice,
+    _times_to_delays,
 )
-from mne.decoding.time_delaying_ridge import _compute_reg_neighbors, _compute_corrs
-
+from mne.decoding.time_delaying_ridge import _compute_corrs, _compute_reg_neighbors
 
 data_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = data_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/decoding/tests/test_search_light.py b/mne/decoding/tests/test_search_light.py
index 69fce9c7e6f..00b4f98f997 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/tests/test_search_light.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/tests/test_search_light.py
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 from inspect import signature
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
-from mne.utils import _record_warnings, use_log_level
-from mne.decoding.search_light import SlidingEstimator, GeneralizingEstimator
+from mne.decoding.search_light import GeneralizingEstimator, SlidingEstimator
 from mne.decoding.transformer import Vectorizer
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, use_log_level
 
 pytest.importorskip("sklearn")
 
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ def make_data():
 
 def test_search_light():
     """Test SlidingEstimator."""
-    from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge, LogisticRegression
+    from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression, Ridge
+    from sklearn.metrics import make_scorer, roc_auc_score
     from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
-    from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score, make_scorer
 
     with _record_warnings():  # NumPy module import
         from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingClassifier
@@ -172,9 +172,9 @@ def transform(self, X):
 
 def test_generalization_light():
     """Test GeneralizingEstimator."""
-    from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
     from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
     from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
+    from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
 
     logreg = LogisticRegression(solver="liblinear", multi_class="ovr", random_state=0)
 
@@ -283,9 +283,9 @@ def test_verbose_arg(capsys, n_jobs, verbose):
 
 def test_cross_val_predict():
     """Test cross_val_predict with predict_proba."""
-    from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
-    from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
     from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, clone
+    from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
+    from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
     from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_predict
 
     rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
@@ -320,8 +320,8 @@ def predict_proba(self, X):
 def test_sklearn_compliance():
     """Test LinearModel compliance with sklearn."""
     pytest.importorskip("sklearn")
-    from sklearn.utils.estimator_checks import check_estimator
     from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
+    from sklearn.utils.estimator_checks import check_estimator
 
     est = SlidingEstimator(LogisticRegression(), allow_2d=True)
 
diff --git a/mne/decoding/tests/test_ssd.py b/mne/decoding/tests/test_ssd.py
index b9dcfc361c2..18ab707137a 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/tests/test_ssd.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/tests/test_ssd.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
-from mne import io
-from mne.time_frequency import psd_array_welch
+
+from mne import create_info, io
+from mne.decoding import CSP
 from mne.decoding.ssd import SSD
 from mne.filter import filter_data
-from mne import create_info
-from mne.decoding import CSP
+from mne.time_frequency import psd_array_welch
 
 freqs_sig = 9, 12
 freqs_noise = 8, 13
diff --git a/mne/decoding/tests/test_time_frequency.py b/mne/decoding/tests/test_time_frequency.py
index ba2031675e1..c2c24f5d808 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/tests/test_time_frequency.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/tests/test_time_frequency.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
 from mne.decoding.time_frequency import TimeFrequency
 
diff --git a/mne/decoding/tests/test_transformer.py b/mne/decoding/tests/test_transformer.py
index 95076f7d0b4..f1a84c5d41d 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/tests/test_transformer.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/tests/test_transformer.py
@@ -6,23 +6,22 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_equal,
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
     assert_equal,
 )
 
-from mne import io, read_events, Epochs, pick_types
+from mne import Epochs, io, pick_types, read_events
 from mne.decoding import (
-    Scaler,
     FilterEstimator,
     PSDEstimator,
-    Vectorizer,
-    UnsupervisedSpatialFilter,
+    Scaler,
     TemporalFilter,
+    UnsupervisedSpatialFilter,
+    Vectorizer,
 )
 from mne.defaults import DEFAULTS
 from mne.utils import check_version, use_log_level
diff --git a/mne/decoding/time_delaying_ridge.py b/mne/decoding/time_delaying_ridge.py
index 8a979d4a764..849719d56aa 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/time_delaying_ridge.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/time_delaying_ridge.py
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 from scipy.signal import fftconvolve
 from scipy.sparse.csgraph import laplacian
 
-from .base import BaseEstimator
 from ..cuda import _setup_cuda_fft_multiply_repeated
 from ..filter import next_fast_len
 from ..fixes import jit
-from ..utils import warn, ProgressBar, logger, _validate_type, _check_option
+from ..utils import ProgressBar, _check_option, _validate_type, logger, warn
+from .base import BaseEstimator
 
 
 def _compute_corrs(
diff --git a/mne/decoding/time_frequency.py b/mne/decoding/time_frequency.py
index d6ed4f6dd56..a138f085b59 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/time_frequency.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/time_frequency.py
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
-from .mixin import TransformerMixin
-from .base import BaseEstimator
+
 from ..time_frequency.tfr import _compute_tfr
-from ..utils import fill_doc, _check_option, verbose
+from ..utils import _check_option, fill_doc, verbose
+from .base import BaseEstimator
+from .mixin import TransformerMixin
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/decoding/transformer.py b/mne/decoding/transformer.py
index 9675f7bef0c..97482dec64e 100644
--- a/mne/decoding/transformer.py
+++ b/mne/decoding/transformer.py
@@ -6,20 +6,19 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .mixin import TransformerMixin
-from .base import BaseEstimator
-
-from ..filter import filter_data
-from ..time_frequency import psd_array_multitaper
-from ..utils import fill_doc, _check_option, _validate_type, verbose
 from .._fiff.pick import (
-    pick_info,
-    pick_types,
     _pick_data_channels,
     _picks_by_type,
     _picks_to_idx,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
 )
 from ..cov import _check_scalings_user
+from ..filter import filter_data
+from ..time_frequency import psd_array_multitaper
+from ..utils import _check_option, _validate_type, fill_doc, verbose
+from .base import BaseEstimator
+from .mixin import TransformerMixin
 
 
 class _ConstantScaler:
diff --git a/mne/dipole.py b/mne/dipole.py
index a71bbc590b9..810955011a2 100644
--- a/mne/dipole.py
+++ b/mne/dipole.py
@@ -5,58 +5,55 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from copy import deepcopy
 import functools
-from functools import partial
 import re
+from copy import deepcopy
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.linalg import eigh
 from scipy.optimize import fmin_cobyla
 
-from .cov import compute_whitener, _ensure_cov
 from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ._fiff.pick import pick_types
-from ._fiff.proj import make_projector, _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj
-from .bem import _fit_sphere
-from .evoked import _read_evoked, _aspect_rev, _write_evokeds
-from .fixes import pinvh, _safe_svd
-from ._freesurfer import read_freesurfer_lut, _get_aseg
-from .transforms import _print_coord_trans, _coord_frame_name, apply_trans
-from .viz.evoked import _plot_evoked
-from ._freesurfer import head_to_mni, head_to_mri
+from ._fiff.proj import _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj, make_projector
+from ._freesurfer import _get_aseg, head_to_mni, head_to_mri, read_freesurfer_lut
+from .bem import _bem_find_surface, _bem_surf_name, _fit_sphere
+from .cov import _ensure_cov, compute_whitener
+from .evoked import _aspect_rev, _read_evoked, _write_evokeds
+from .fixes import _safe_svd, pinvh
+from .forward._compute_forward import _compute_forwards_meeg, _prep_field_computation
 from .forward._make_forward import (
     _get_trans,
-    _setup_bem,
-    _prep_meg_channels,
     _prep_eeg_channels,
+    _prep_meg_channels,
+    _setup_bem,
 )
-from .forward._compute_forward import _compute_forwards_meeg, _prep_field_computation
-
-from .surface import transform_surface_to, _compute_nearest, _points_outside_surface
-from .bem import _bem_find_surface, _bem_surf_name
-from .source_space._source_space import _make_volume_source_space, SourceSpaces
 from .parallel import parallel_func
+from .source_space._source_space import SourceSpaces, _make_volume_source_space
+from .surface import _compute_nearest, _points_outside_surface, transform_surface_to
+from .transforms import _coord_frame_name, _print_coord_trans, apply_trans
 from .utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    _time_mask,
-    warn,
+    ExtendedTimeMixin,
+    TimeMixin,
     _check_fname,
-    check_fname,
-    _pl,
-    fill_doc,
     _check_option,
-    _svd_lwork,
-    _repeated_svd,
     _get_blas_funcs,
+    _pl,
+    _repeated_svd,
+    _svd_lwork,
+    _time_mask,
     _validate_type,
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
-    ExtendedTimeMixin,
-    TimeMixin,
     _verbose_safe_false,
+    check_fname,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from .viz import plot_dipole_locations, plot_dipole_amplitudes
+from .viz import plot_dipole_amplitudes, plot_dipole_locations
+from .viz.evoked import _plot_evoked
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/epochs.py b/mne/epochs.py
index e66826b6f50..5af8f382c88 100644
--- a/mne/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/epochs.py
@@ -9,105 +9,104 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from functools import partial
-from collections import Counter
-from copy import deepcopy
 import json
 import operator
 import os.path as op
+from collections import Counter
+from copy import deepcopy
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 
-from .event import make_fixed_length_events, _read_events_fif, match_event_names
-from ._fiff.utils import _make_split_fnames
-from ._fiff.write import (
-    start_and_end_file,
-    start_block,
-    end_block,
-    write_int,
-    write_float,
-    write_float_matrix,
-    write_double_matrix,
-    write_complex_float_matrix,
-    write_complex_double_matrix,
-    write_id,
-    write_string,
-    _get_split_size,
-    _NEXT_FILE_BUFFER,
-    INT32_MAX,
-)
+from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ._fiff.meas_info import (
+    ContainsMixin,
+    SetChannelsMixin,
+    _ensure_infos_match,
     read_meas_info,
     write_meas_info,
-    _ensure_infos_match,
-    ContainsMixin,
 )
-from ._fiff.open import fiff_open, _get_next_fname
-from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
-from ._fiff.tag import read_tag, read_tag_info
-from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ._fiff.open import _get_next_fname, fiff_open
 from ._fiff.pick import (
+    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    _pick_data_channels,
+    _picks_to_idx,
     channel_indices_by_type,
     channel_type,
     pick_channels,
     pick_info,
-    _pick_data_channels,
-    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
-    _picks_to_idx,
 )
-from ._fiff.proj import setup_proj, ProjMixin
-from ._fiff.meas_info import SetChannelsMixin
+from ._fiff.proj import ProjMixin, setup_proj
+from ._fiff.tag import read_tag, read_tag_info
+from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
+from ._fiff.utils import _make_split_fnames
+from ._fiff.write import (
+    _NEXT_FILE_BUFFER,
+    INT32_MAX,
+    _get_split_size,
+    end_block,
+    start_and_end_file,
+    start_block,
+    write_complex_double_matrix,
+    write_complex_float_matrix,
+    write_double_matrix,
+    write_float,
+    write_float_matrix,
+    write_id,
+    write_int,
+    write_string,
+)
+from .annotations import (
+    EpochAnnotationsMixin,
+    _read_annotations_fif,
+    _write_annotations,
+)
+from .baseline import _check_baseline, _log_rescale, rescale
 from .bem import _check_origin
+from .channels.channels import InterpolationMixin, ReferenceMixin, UpdateChannelsMixin
+from .event import _read_events_fif, make_fixed_length_events, match_event_names
 from .evoked import EvokedArray
-from .baseline import rescale, _log_rescale, _check_baseline
+from .filter import FilterMixin, _check_fun, detrend
+from .fixes import rng_uniform
 from .html_templates import _get_html_template
-from .channels.channels import UpdateChannelsMixin, InterpolationMixin, ReferenceMixin
-from .filter import detrend, FilterMixin, _check_fun
 from .parallel import parallel_func
-
-from .fixes import rng_uniform
 from .time_frequency.spectrum import EpochsSpectrum, SpectrumMixin, _validate_method
-from .viz import plot_epochs, plot_epochs_image, plot_topo_image_epochs, plot_drop_log
 from .utils import (
-    _check_fname,
-    check_fname,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    repr_html,
-    check_random_state,
-    warn,
-    _pl,
-    sizeof_fmt,
-    SizeMixin,
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
-    _check_pandas_installed,
-    _check_preload,
+    ExtendedTimeMixin,
     GetEpochsMixin,
-    _prepare_read_metadata,
-    _prepare_write_metadata,
+    SizeMixin,
+    _build_data_frame,
+    _check_combine,
     _check_event_id,
-    _gen_events,
+    _check_fname,
     _check_option,
-    _check_combine,
-    _build_data_frame,
     _check_pandas_index_arguments,
-    _convert_times,
-    _scale_dataframe_data,
+    _check_pandas_installed,
+    _check_preload,
     _check_time_format,
-    object_size,
-    _on_missing,
-    _validate_type,
+    _convert_times,
     _ensure_events,
+    _gen_events,
+    _on_missing,
     _path_like,
-    ExtendedTimeMixin,
+    _pl,
+    _prepare_read_metadata,
+    _prepare_write_metadata,
+    _scale_dataframe_data,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    check_random_state,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    logger,
+    object_size,
+    repr_html,
+    sizeof_fmt,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 from .utils.docs import fill_doc
-from .annotations import (
-    _write_annotations,
-    _read_annotations_fif,
-    EpochAnnotationsMixin,
-)
+from .viz import plot_drop_log, plot_epochs, plot_epochs_image, plot_topo_image_epochs
 
 
 def _pack_reject_params(epochs):
@@ -4315,17 +4314,17 @@ def average_movements(
            estimation, and compensation. NeuroImage 40:541–550, 2008.
     """  # noqa: E501
     from .preprocessing.maxwell import (
-        _trans_sss_basis,
-        _reset_meg_bads,
+        _check_destination,
         _check_usable,
         _col_norm_pinv,
-        _get_n_moments,
+        _get_coil_scale,
         _get_mf_picks_fix_mags,
+        _get_n_moments,
+        _get_sensor_operator,
         _prep_mf_coils,
-        _check_destination,
         _remove_meg_projs_comps,
-        _get_coil_scale,
-        _get_sensor_operator,
+        _reset_meg_bads,
+        _trans_sss_basis,
     )
 
     if head_pos is None:
diff --git a/mne/event.py b/mne/event.py
index 625d8033490..17e45707844 100644
--- a/mne/event.py
+++ b/mne/event.py
@@ -12,26 +12,26 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
+from ._fiff.pick import pick_channels
+from ._fiff.tag import read_tag
+from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
+from ._fiff.write import end_block, start_and_end_file, start_block, write_int
 from .utils import (
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_integer_or_list,
+    _check_on_missing,
+    _check_option,
+    _get_stim_channel,
+    _on_missing,
+    _validate_type,
     check_fname,
+    fill_doc,
     logger,
     verbose,
-    _get_stim_channel,
     warn,
-    _validate_type,
-    _check_option,
-    fill_doc,
-    _check_fname,
-    _on_missing,
-    _check_on_missing,
-    _check_integer_or_list,
 )
-from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
-from ._fiff.tag import read_tag
-from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from ._fiff.write import write_int, start_block, start_and_end_file, end_block
-from ._fiff.pick import pick_channels
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/evoked.py b/mne/evoked.py
index 63b0a93d8ba..f2c75f3754b 100644
--- a/mne/evoked.py
+++ b/mne/evoked.py
@@ -11,72 +11,71 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .baseline import rescale, _log_rescale, _check_baseline
-from .channels.channels import UpdateChannelsMixin, InterpolationMixin, ReferenceMixin
-from .channels.layout import _merge_ch_data, _pair_grad_sensors
-from .defaults import _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _BORDER_DEFAULT
-from .filter import detrend, FilterMixin, _check_fun
-from .html_templates import _get_html_template
-from .utils import (
-    check_fname,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
-    sizeof_fmt,
-    repr_html,
-    SizeMixin,
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
-    _validate_type,
-    fill_doc,
-    _check_option,
-    _build_data_frame,
-    _check_pandas_installed,
-    _check_pandas_index_arguments,
-    _convert_times,
-    _scale_dataframe_data,
-    _check_time_format,
-    _check_preload,
-    _check_fname,
-    ExtendedTimeMixin,
-)
-from .viz import (
-    plot_evoked,
-    plot_evoked_topomap,
-    plot_evoked_field,
-    plot_evoked_image,
-    plot_evoked_topo,
-)
-from .viz.evoked import plot_evoked_white, plot_evoked_joint
-from .viz.topomap import _topomap_animation
-
 from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from ._fiff.tag import read_tag
-from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
-from ._fiff.pick import pick_types, _picks_to_idx, _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
 from ._fiff.meas_info import (
     ContainsMixin,
     SetChannelsMixin,
-    read_meas_info,
-    write_meas_info,
+    _ensure_infos_match,
     _read_extended_ch_info,
     _rename_list,
-    _ensure_infos_match,
+    read_meas_info,
+    write_meas_info,
 )
+from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
+from ._fiff.pick import _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT, _picks_to_idx, pick_types
 from ._fiff.proj import ProjMixin
+from ._fiff.tag import read_tag
+from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from ._fiff.write import (
+    end_block,
     start_and_end_file,
     start_block,
-    end_block,
-    write_int,
-    write_string,
+    write_complex_float_matrix,
+    write_float,
     write_float_matrix,
     write_id,
-    write_float,
-    write_complex_float_matrix,
+    write_int,
+    write_string,
 )
+from .baseline import _check_baseline, _log_rescale, rescale
+from .channels.channels import InterpolationMixin, ReferenceMixin, UpdateChannelsMixin
+from .channels.layout import _merge_ch_data, _pair_grad_sensors
+from .defaults import _BORDER_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT
+from .filter import FilterMixin, _check_fun, detrend
+from .html_templates import _get_html_template
 from .parallel import parallel_func
 from .time_frequency.spectrum import Spectrum, SpectrumMixin, _validate_method
+from .utils import (
+    ExtendedTimeMixin,
+    SizeMixin,
+    _build_data_frame,
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
+    _check_pandas_index_arguments,
+    _check_pandas_installed,
+    _check_preload,
+    _check_time_format,
+    _convert_times,
+    _scale_dataframe_data,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    repr_html,
+    sizeof_fmt,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
+)
+from .viz import (
+    plot_evoked,
+    plot_evoked_field,
+    plot_evoked_image,
+    plot_evoked_topo,
+    plot_evoked_topomap,
+)
+from .viz.evoked import plot_evoked_joint, plot_evoked_white
+from .viz.topomap import _topomap_animation
 
 _aspect_dict = {
     "average": FIFF.FIFFV_ASPECT_AVERAGE,
diff --git a/mne/export/__init__.pyi b/mne/export/__init__.pyi
index e5376ed94e3..6cd2a374ef3 100644
--- a/mne/export/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/export/__init__.pyi
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 __all__ = ["export_epochs", "export_evokeds", "export_evokeds_mff", "export_raw"]
-from ._export import export_raw, export_epochs, export_evokeds
 from ._egimff import export_evokeds_mff
+from ._export import export_epochs, export_evokeds, export_raw
diff --git a/mne/export/_edf.py b/mne/export/_edf.py
index f0bad43e66a..ae141d64f28 100644
--- a/mne/export/_edf.py
+++ b/mne/export/_edf.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from ..utils import _check_edflib_installed, warn
diff --git a/mne/export/_eeglab.py b/mne/export/_eeglab.py
index 3fd1cc55902..6d9173f1329 100644
--- a/mne/export/_eeglab.py
+++ b/mne/export/_eeglab.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 from ..utils import _check_eeglabio_installed
 
 _check_eeglabio_installed()
-import eeglabio.raw  # noqa: E402
 import eeglabio.epochs  # noqa: E402
+import eeglabio.raw  # noqa: E402
 
 
 def _export_raw(fname, raw):
diff --git a/mne/export/_egimff.py b/mne/export/_egimff.py
index 7666ae6db99..0e44bd9531b 100644
--- a/mne/export/_egimff.py
+++ b/mne/export/_egimff.py
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import os
-import shutil
 import datetime
+import os
 import os.path as op
+import shutil
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_types
 from ..io.egi.egimff import _import_mffpy
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_channels
-from ..utils import verbose, warn, _check_fname
+from ..utils import _check_fname, verbose, warn
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/export/_export.py b/mne/export/_export.py
index 5afa420540c..faeebbb7cec 100644
--- a/mne/export/_export.py
+++ b/mne/export/_export.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 import os.path as op
 
+from ..utils import _check_fname, _validate_type, logger, verbose, warn
 from ._egimff import export_evokeds_mff
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, warn, _check_fname, _validate_type
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/export/tests/test_export.py b/mne/export/tests/test_export.py
index 7aeb47a424d..723bac9606a 100644
--- a/mne/export/tests/test_export.py
+++ b/mne/export/tests/test_export.py
@@ -8,35 +8,35 @@
 from os import remove
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    read_epochs_eeglab,
+    Annotations,
     Epochs,
+    create_info,
+    read_epochs_eeglab,
     read_evokeds,
     read_evokeds_mff,
-    Annotations,
-    create_info,
 )
-from mne.datasets import testing, misc
+from mne.datasets import misc, testing
 from mne.export import export_evokeds, export_evokeds_mff
 from mne.fixes import _compare_version
 from mne.io import (
     RawArray,
-    read_raw_fif,
-    read_raw_eeglab,
-    read_raw_edf,
     read_raw_brainvision,
+    read_raw_edf,
+    read_raw_eeglab,
+    read_raw_fif,
 )
+from mne.tests.test_epochs import _get_data
 from mne.utils import (
-    object_diff,
     _check_edflib_installed,
-    _resource_path,
     _record_warnings,
+    _resource_path,
+    object_diff,
 )
-from mne.tests.test_epochs import _get_data
 
 fname_evoked = _resource_path("mne.io.tests.data", "test-ave.fif")
 fname_raw = _resource_path("mne.io.tests.data", "test_raw.fif")
diff --git a/mne/filter.py b/mne/filter.py
index b9ef55841be..0592aaf6fbb 100644
--- a/mne/filter.py
+++ b/mne/filter.py
@@ -9,27 +9,26 @@
 from scipy.stats import f as fstat
 
 from ._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from ._ola import _COLA
 from .cuda import (
-    _setup_cuda_fft_multiply_repeated,
     _fft_multiply_repeated,
-    _setup_cuda_fft_resample,
     _fft_resample,
+    _setup_cuda_fft_multiply_repeated,
+    _setup_cuda_fft_resample,
     _smart_pad,
 )
 from .parallel import parallel_func
 from .utils import (
+    _check_option,
+    _check_preload,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _pl,
+    _validate_type,
     logger,
-    verbose,
     sum_squared,
+    verbose,
     warn,
-    _pl,
-    _check_preload,
-    _validate_type,
-    _check_option,
-    _ensure_int,
 )
-from ._ola import _COLA
-
 
 # These values from Ifeachor and Jervis.
 _length_factors = dict(hann=3.1, hamming=3.3, blackman=5.0)
@@ -1858,9 +1857,9 @@ def _check_filterable(x, kind="filtered", alternative="filter"):
     # using these low-level functions. At the same time, let's
     # help people who might accidentally use low-level functions that they
     # shouldn't use by pushing them in the right direction
-    from .io import BaseRaw
     from .epochs import BaseEpochs
     from .evoked import Evoked
+    from .io import BaseRaw
 
     if isinstance(x, (BaseRaw, BaseEpochs, Evoked)):
         try:
@@ -2583,8 +2582,8 @@ def filter(
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.15
         """
-        from .io import BaseRaw
         from .annotations import _annotations_starts_stops
+        from .io import BaseRaw
 
         _check_preload(self, "inst.filter")
         if pad is None and method != "iir":
diff --git a/mne/fixes.py b/mne/fixes.py
index bb7cb1fca01..fe9396f1996 100644
--- a/mne/fixes.py
+++ b/mne/fixes.py
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@
 # Imports for SciPy submodules need to stay nested in this module
 # because this module is imported many places (but not always used)!
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
 import inspect
 import operator as operator_module
-from math import log
-from pprint import pprint
-from io import StringIO
 import os
 import warnings
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from io import StringIO
+from math import log
+from pprint import pprint
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -817,9 +817,10 @@ def bincount(x, weights, minlength):  # noqa: D103
 # scheduled to be fixed by MPL 3.6
 def _close_event(fig):
     """Force calling of the MPL figure close event."""
-    from .utils import logger
     from matplotlib import backend_bases
 
+    from .utils import logger
+
     try:
         fig.canvas.callbacks.process(
             "close_event",
diff --git a/mne/forward/__init__.pyi b/mne/forward/__init__.pyi
index 36d35b913ca..dcac0d30881 100644
--- a/mne/forward/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/forward/__init__.pyi
@@ -39,48 +39,48 @@ __all__ = [
     "write_forward_solution",
 ]
 from . import _lead_dots
-from .forward import (
-    Forward,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    write_forward_solution,
-    is_fixed_orient,
-    _read_forward_meas_info,
-    _select_orient_forward,
-    compute_orient_prior,
-    compute_depth_prior,
-    apply_forward,
-    apply_forward_raw,
-    restrict_forward_to_stc,
-    restrict_forward_to_label,
-    average_forward_solutions,
-    _stc_src_sel,
-    _fill_measurement_info,
-    _apply_forward,
-    _subject_from_forward,
-    convert_forward_solution,
-    _merge_fwds,
-    _do_forward_solution,
-)
 from ._compute_forward import (
-    _magnetic_dipole_field_vec,
     _compute_forwards,
     _concatenate_coils,
+    _magnetic_dipole_field_vec,
 )
 from ._field_interpolation import (
-    _make_surface_mapping,
-    make_field_map,
     _as_meg_type_inst,
+    _make_surface_mapping,
     _map_meg_or_eeg_channels,
+    make_field_map,
 )
 from ._make_forward import (
-    make_forward_solution,
-    _prepare_for_forward,
-    _prep_meg_channels,
-    _prep_eeg_channels,
-    _to_forward_dict,
     _create_meg_coils,
+    _prep_eeg_channels,
+    _prep_meg_channels,
+    _prepare_for_forward,
     _read_coil_defs,
+    _to_forward_dict,
     _transform_orig_meg_coils,
     make_forward_dipole,
+    make_forward_solution,
     use_coil_def,
 )
+from .forward import (
+    Forward,
+    _apply_forward,
+    _do_forward_solution,
+    _fill_measurement_info,
+    _merge_fwds,
+    _read_forward_meas_info,
+    _select_orient_forward,
+    _stc_src_sel,
+    _subject_from_forward,
+    apply_forward,
+    apply_forward_raw,
+    average_forward_solutions,
+    compute_depth_prior,
+    compute_orient_prior,
+    convert_forward_solution,
+    is_fixed_orient,
+    read_forward_solution,
+    restrict_forward_to_label,
+    restrict_forward_to_stc,
+    write_forward_solution,
+)
diff --git a/mne/forward/_compute_forward.py b/mne/forward/_compute_forward.py
index 970ce2a008c..e6e0ec22d81 100644
--- a/mne/forward/_compute_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/_compute_forward.py
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@
 # 2) EEG and MEG: forward solutions for inverse methods. Mosher, Leahy, and
 #        Lewis, 1999. Generalized discussion of forward solutions.
 
-import numpy as np
 from copy import deepcopy
 
-from ..fixes import jit, bincount
+import numpy as np
+
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ..bem import _import_openmeeg, _make_openmeeg_geometry
+from ..fixes import bincount, jit
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..surface import _project_onto_surface, _jit_cross
+from ..surface import _jit_cross, _project_onto_surface
 from ..transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _pl, warn, fill_doc, _check_option
-from ..bem import _make_openmeeg_geometry, _import_openmeeg
-
+from ..utils import _check_option, _pl, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
 
 # #############################################################################
 # COIL SPECIFICATION AND FIELD COMPUTATION MATRIX
diff --git a/mne/forward/_field_interpolation.py b/mne/forward/_field_interpolation.py
index 8a609f29952..43196bcddbf 100644
--- a/mne/forward/_field_interpolation.py
+++ b/mne/forward/_field_interpolation.py
@@ -10,25 +10,25 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 
-from ..bem import _check_origin
-from ..cov import make_ad_hoc_cov
-from ..fixes import _safe_svd
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_info
 from .._fiff.meas_info import _simplify_info
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_info, pick_types
 from .._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj, make_projector
+from ..bem import _check_origin
+from ..cov import make_ad_hoc_cov
+from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, EpochsArray
+from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
+from ..fixes import _safe_svd
 from ..surface import get_head_surf, get_meg_helmet_surf
-from ..transforms import transform_surface_to, _find_trans, _get_trans
-from ._make_forward import _create_meg_coils, _create_eeg_els, _read_coil_defs
+from ..transforms import _find_trans, _get_trans, transform_surface_to
+from ..utils import _check_fname, _check_option, _pl, _reg_pinv, logger, verbose
 from ._lead_dots import (
+    _do_cross_dots,
     _do_self_dots,
     _do_surface_dots,
     _get_legen_table,
-    _do_cross_dots,
 )
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _check_option, _reg_pinv, _pl, _check_fname
-from ..epochs import EpochsArray, BaseEpochs
-from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
+from ._make_forward import _create_eeg_els, _create_meg_coils, _read_coil_defs
 
 
 def _setup_dots(mode, info, coils, ch_type):
diff --git a/mne/forward/_lead_dots.py b/mne/forward/_lead_dots.py
index 3eda719ac59..8aef9d77002 100644
--- a/mne/forward/_lead_dots.py
+++ b/mne/forward/_lead_dots.py
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
 from numpy.polynomial import legendre
 
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _get_extra_data_path, fill_doc
-
+from ..utils import _get_extra_data_path, fill_doc, logger, verbose
 
 ##############################################################################
 # FAST LEGENDRE (DERIVATIVE) POLYNOMIALS USING LOOKUP TABLE
diff --git a/mne/forward/_make_forward.py b/mne/forward/_make_forward.py
index 8bd50339529..d8d4509c19c 100644
--- a/mne/forward/_make_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/_make_forward.py
@@ -8,43 +8,41 @@
 # The computations in this code were primarily derived from Matti Hämäläinen's
 # C code.
 
-from copy import deepcopy
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from pathlib import Path
 import os
 import os.path as op
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from copy import deepcopy
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ._compute_forward import _compute_forwards
-from .._fiff.meas_info import read_info, Info
-from .._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans, _loc_to_eeg_loc
 from .._fiff.compensator import get_current_comp, make_compensator
-from .._fiff.pick import _has_kit_refs, pick_types, pick_info
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF, FWD
+from .._fiff.meas_info import Info, read_info
+from .._fiff.pick import _has_kit_refs, pick_info, pick_types
+from .._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans, _loc_to_eeg_loc
+from ..bem import ConductorModel, _bem_find_surface, read_bem_solution
+from ..source_estimate import VolSourceEstimate
+from ..source_space._source_space import (
+    _complete_vol_src,
+    _ensure_src,
+    _filter_source_spaces,
+    _make_discrete_source_space,
+)
+from ..surface import _CheckInside, _normalize_vectors
 from ..transforms import (
+    Transform,
+    _coord_frame_name,
     _ensure_trans,
-    transform_surface_to,
-    apply_trans,
     _get_trans,
     _print_coord_trans,
-    _coord_frame_name,
-    Transform,
+    apply_trans,
     invert_transform,
+    transform_surface_to,
 )
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, warn, _pl, _validate_type, _check_fname
-from ..source_space._source_space import (
-    _ensure_src,
-    _filter_source_spaces,
-    _make_discrete_source_space,
-    _complete_vol_src,
-)
-from ..source_estimate import VolSourceEstimate
-from ..surface import _normalize_vectors, _CheckInside
-from ..bem import read_bem_solution, _bem_find_surface, ConductorModel
-
-from .forward import Forward, _merge_fwds, convert_forward_solution, _FWD_ORDER
-
+from ..utils import _check_fname, _pl, _validate_type, logger, verbose, warn
+from ._compute_forward import _compute_forwards
+from .forward import _FWD_ORDER, Forward, _merge_fwds, convert_forward_solution
 
 _accuracy_dict = dict(
     point=FWD.COIL_ACCURACY_POINT,
diff --git a/mne/forward/forward.py b/mne/forward/forward.py
index 31aa3c2bdfc..03f5b8f5eae 100644
--- a/mne/forward/forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/forward.py
@@ -7,83 +7,82 @@
 # The computations in this code were primarily derived from Matti Hämäläinen's
 # C code.
 
+import os
 import re
+import shutil
+import tempfile
 from copy import deepcopy
 from os import PathLike
+from os import path as op
 from pathlib import Path
 from time import time
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import sparse
 
-import shutil
-import os
-from os import path as op
-import tempfile
-
-from ..io import RawArray, BaseRaw
-from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from .._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
-from .._fiff.tag import find_tag, read_tag
 from .._fiff.matrix import (
     _read_named_matrix,
     _transpose_named_matrix,
     write_named_matrix,
 )
 from .._fiff.meas_info import (
+    Info,
+    _make_ch_names_mapping,
     _read_bad_channels,
-    write_info,
-    _write_ch_infos,
     _read_extended_ch_info,
-    _make_ch_names_mapping,
     _write_bad_channels,
-    Info,
+    _write_ch_infos,
+    write_info,
 )
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels_forward, pick_info, pick_channels, pick_types
+from .._fiff.open import fiff_open
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_channels_forward, pick_info, pick_types
+from .._fiff.tag import find_tag, read_tag
+from .._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from .._fiff.write import (
-    write_int,
-    start_block,
     end_block,
-    write_coord_trans,
-    write_string,
     start_and_end_file,
+    start_block,
+    write_coord_trans,
     write_id,
+    write_int,
+    write_string,
 )
-from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
 from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
+from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
+from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
+from ..label import Label
+from ..source_estimate import _BaseSourceEstimate, _BaseVectorSourceEstimate
 from ..source_space._source_space import (
+    _get_src_nn,
     _read_source_spaces_from_tree,
-    find_source_space_hemi,
     _set_source_space_vertices,
-    _write_source_spaces_to_fid,
-    _get_src_nn,
     _src_kind_dict,
+    _write_source_spaces_to_fid,
+    find_source_space_hemi,
 )
-from ..source_estimate import _BaseVectorSourceEstimate, _BaseSourceEstimate
 from ..surface import _normal_orth
-from ..transforms import transform_surface_to, invert_transform, write_trans
+from ..transforms import invert_transform, transform_surface_to, write_trans
 from ..utils import (
-    _check_fname,
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    has_mne_c,
-    warn,
-    run_subprocess,
-    check_fname,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    fill_doc,
-    _validate_type,
     _check_compensation_grade,
+    _check_fname,
     _check_option,
     _check_stc_units,
-    _stamp_to_dt,
+    _import_h5io_funcs,
     _on_missing,
+    _stamp_to_dt,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    has_mne_c,
+    logger,
     repr_html,
-    _import_h5io_funcs,
+    run_subprocess,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..label import Label
 
 
 class Forward(dict):
diff --git a/mne/forward/tests/test_field_interpolation.py b/mne/forward/tests/test_field_interpolation.py
index e7a509f7687..d7d0cb5ac3c 100644
--- a/mne/forward/tests/test_field_interpolation.py
+++ b/mne/forward/tests/test_field_interpolation.py
@@ -2,32 +2,30 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.polynomial import legendre
 from numpy.testing import (
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_equal,
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
 )
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 
-import pytest
-
 import mne
+from mne import Epochs, make_fixed_length_events, pick_types, read_evokeds
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.forward import _make_surface_mapping, make_field_map
+from mne.forward._field_interpolation import _setup_dots
 from mne.forward._lead_dots import (
     _comp_sum_eeg,
     _comp_sums_meg,
-    _get_legen_table,
     _do_cross_dots,
+    _get_legen_table,
 )
 from mne.forward._make_forward import _create_meg_coils
-from mne.forward._field_interpolation import _setup_dots
-from mne.surface import get_meg_helmet_surf, get_head_surf
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne import read_evokeds, pick_types, make_fixed_length_events, Epochs
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-
+from mne.surface import get_head_surf, get_meg_helmet_surf
 
 base_dir = op.join(op.dirname(__file__), "..", "..", "io", "tests", "data")
 raw_fname = op.join(base_dir, "test_raw.fif")
diff --git a/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py b/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
index ee37f11676c..fe9fe9b52bc 100644
--- a/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
 import gc
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
-    assert_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
+    assert_equal,
 )
 
-from mne._fiff.pick import pick_channels_forward
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne import (
-    read_forward_solution,
+    SourceEstimate,
+    VectorSourceEstimate,
     apply_forward,
     apply_forward_raw,
     average_forward_solutions,
-    write_forward_solution,
     convert_forward_solution,
-    SourceEstimate,
     pick_types_forward,
     read_evokeds,
-    VectorSourceEstimate,
+    read_forward_solution,
+    write_forward_solution,
 )
-from mne.io import read_info
-from mne.label import read_label
-from mne.utils import requires_mne, run_subprocess
+from mne._fiff.pick import pick_channels_forward
+from mne.channels import equalize_channels
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.forward import (
-    restrict_forward_to_stc,
-    restrict_forward_to_label,
     Forward,
-    is_fixed_orient,
-    compute_orient_prior,
     compute_depth_prior,
+    compute_orient_prior,
+    is_fixed_orient,
+    restrict_forward_to_label,
+    restrict_forward_to_stc,
 )
-from mne.channels import equalize_channels
+from mne.io import read_info
+from mne.label import read_label
+from mne.utils import requires_mne, run_subprocess
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_meeg = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc-meg-eeg-oct-4-fwd.fif"
diff --git a/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py b/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
index 0a2c82b3698..86f3bf2556b 100644
--- a/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
@@ -1,55 +1,53 @@
 from itertools import product
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_less
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
 
-from mne.bem import read_bem_surfaces, make_bem_solution
-from mne.channels import make_standard_montage
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_raw_kit, read_raw_bti, read_info
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne import (
-    read_forward_solution,
-    write_forward_solution,
-    make_forward_solution,
     convert_forward_solution,
-    setup_volume_source_space,
-    read_source_spaces,
     create_info,
+    get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
+    make_forward_solution,
     make_sphere_model,
-    pick_types_forward,
     pick_info,
     pick_types,
-    read_evokeds,
+    pick_types_forward,
     read_cov,
     read_dipole,
-    get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
-)
-from mne.surface import _get_ico_surface
-from mne.transforms import Transform
-from mne.utils import (
-    requires_mne,
-    run_subprocess,
-    catch_logging,
-    requires_mne_mark,
-    requires_openmeeg_mark,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_forward_solution,
+    read_source_spaces,
+    setup_volume_source_space,
+    write_forward_solution,
 )
-from mne.forward._make_forward import _create_meg_coils, make_forward_dipole
-from mne.forward._compute_forward import _magnetic_dipole_field_vec
-from mne.forward import Forward, _do_forward_solution, use_coil_def
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.bem import make_bem_solution, read_bem_surfaces
+from mne.channels import make_standard_montage
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.dipole import Dipole, fit_dipole
+from mne.forward import Forward, _do_forward_solution, use_coil_def
+from mne.forward._compute_forward import _magnetic_dipole_field_vec
+from mne.forward._make_forward import _create_meg_coils, make_forward_dipole
+from mne.forward.tests.test_forward import assert_forward_allclose
+from mne.io import read_info, read_raw_bti, read_raw_fif, read_raw_kit
 from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked
 from mne.source_estimate import VolSourceEstimate
 from mne.source_space._source_space import (
-    write_source_spaces,
     _compare_source_spaces,
     setup_source_space,
+    write_source_spaces,
+)
+from mne.surface import _get_ico_surface
+from mne.transforms import Transform
+from mne.utils import (
+    catch_logging,
+    requires_mne,
+    requires_mne_mark,
+    requires_openmeeg_mark,
+    run_subprocess,
 )
-
-from mne.forward.tests.test_forward import assert_forward_allclose
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_meeg = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc-meg-eeg-oct-4-fwd.fif"
diff --git a/mne/gui/__init__.pyi b/mne/gui/__init__.pyi
index 77a7310e4ad..086c51a4904 100644
--- a/mne/gui/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/gui/__init__.pyi
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 __all__ = ["_GUIScraper", "coregistration"]
-from ._gui import coregistration, _GUIScraper
+from ._gui import _GUIScraper, coregistration
diff --git a/mne/gui/_coreg.py b/mne/gui/_coreg.py
index e11b61ed898..3782303c58e 100644
--- a/mne/gui/_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/gui/_coreg.py
@@ -1,66 +1,65 @@
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from functools import partial
 import inspect
 import os
 import os.path as op
 import platform
-from pathlib import Path
-import time
 import queue
-import threading
 import re
+import threading
+import time
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import partial
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from traitlets import observe, HasTraits, Unicode, Bool, Float
+from traitlets import Bool, Float, HasTraits, Unicode, observe
 
-from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.meas_info import read_info, read_fiducials, write_fiducials
+from .._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info, read_fiducials, read_info, write_fiducials
+from .._fiff.open import dir_tree_find, fiff_open
 from .._fiff.pick import pick_types
-from .._fiff.open import fiff_open, dir_tree_find
-from .._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
-from ..io._read_raw import _get_supported, read_raw
 from ..bem import make_bem_solution, write_bem_solution
+from ..channels import read_dig_fif
 from ..coreg import (
     Coregistration,
+    _find_head_bem,
     _is_mri_subject,
-    scale_mri,
-    bem_fname,
+    _map_fid_name_to_idx,
     _mri_subject_has_bem,
+    bem_fname,
     fid_fname,
-    _map_fid_name_to_idx,
-    _find_head_bem,
-)
-from ..viz._3d import (
-    _plot_head_surface,
-    _plot_head_fiducials,
-    _plot_head_shape_points,
-    _plot_mri_fiducials,
-    _plot_hpi_coils,
-    _plot_sensors,
-    _plot_helmet,
+    scale_mri,
 )
-from ..viz.backends._utils import _qt_app_exec, _qt_safe_window
-from ..viz.utils import safe_event
+from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
+from ..io._read_raw import _get_supported, read_raw
+from ..surface import _CheckInside, _DistanceQuery
 from ..transforms import (
-    read_trans,
-    write_trans,
     _ensure_trans,
     _get_trans,
-    rotation_angles,
     _get_transforms_to_coord_frame,
+    read_trans,
+    rotation_angles,
+    write_trans,
 )
 from ..utils import (
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    check_fname,
     _check_fname,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
     fill_doc,
-    verbose,
+    get_subjects_dir,
     logger,
-    _validate_type,
+    verbose,
 )
-from ..surface import _DistanceQuery, _CheckInside
-from ..channels import read_dig_fif
+from ..viz._3d import (
+    _plot_head_fiducials,
+    _plot_head_shape_points,
+    _plot_head_surface,
+    _plot_helmet,
+    _plot_hpi_coils,
+    _plot_mri_fiducials,
+    _plot_sensors,
+)
+from ..viz.backends._utils import _qt_app_exec, _qt_safe_window
+from ..viz.utils import safe_event
 
 
 class _WorkerData:
diff --git a/mne/gui/_gui.py b/mne/gui/_gui.py
index 122e2dc772c..de6e35482b8 100644
--- a/mne/gui/_gui.py
+++ b/mne/gui/_gui.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from ..utils import verbose, get_config, warn
+from ..utils import get_config, verbose, warn
 
 
 @verbose
@@ -238,13 +238,13 @@ def __call__(self, block, block_vars, gallery_conf):
         try:
             from mne_gui_addons._ieeg_locate import (
                 IntracranialElectrodeLocator,
-            )  # noqa: E501
+            )
         except Exception:
             pass
         else:
             gui_classes = gui_classes + (IntracranialElectrodeLocator,)
-        from sphinx_gallery.scrapers import figure_rst
         from qtpy import QtGui
+        from sphinx_gallery.scrapers import figure_rst
 
         for gui in block_vars["example_globals"].values():
             if (
diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg.py
index a0e52a2afd9..1805755d0ff 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg.py
@@ -6,21 +6,20 @@
 from contextlib import nullcontext
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
-import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_info
-from mne.io.kit.tests import data_dir as kit_data_dir
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.utils import get_config, catch_logging
 from mne.channels import DigMontage
 from mne.coreg import Coregistration
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_info
+from mne.io.kit.tests import data_dir as kit_data_dir
+from mne.utils import catch_logging, get_config
 from mne.viz import _3d
 
-
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 raw_path = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc_raw.fif"
 fname_trans = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc-trans.fif"
@@ -335,6 +334,7 @@ def test_coreg_gui_scraper(tmp_path, renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt):
 def test_coreg_gui_notebook(renderer_notebook, nbexec):
     """Test the coregistration UI in a notebook."""
     import pytest
+
     import mne
     from mne.datasets import testing
     from mne.gui import coregistration
diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_gui_api.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_gui_api.py
index 26a3d59e581..8f805a18878 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_gui_api.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_gui_api.py
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 def test_gui_api(renderer_notebook, nbexec, *, n_warn=0, backend="qt"):
     """Test GUI API."""
     import contextlib
-    import mne
-    import warnings
     import sys
+    import warnings
+
+    import mne
 
     try:
         # Function
diff --git a/mne/inverse_sparse/__init__.pyi b/mne/inverse_sparse/__init__.pyi
index 5cd096d92c1..557921114ca 100644
--- a/mne/inverse_sparse/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/inverse_sparse/__init__.pyi
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 __all__ = ["gamma_map", "make_stc_from_dipoles", "mixed_norm", "tf_mixed_norm"]
-from .mxne_inverse import mixed_norm, tf_mixed_norm, make_stc_from_dipoles
 from ._gamma_map import gamma_map
+from .mxne_inverse import make_stc_from_dipoles, mixed_norm, tf_mixed_norm
diff --git a/mne/inverse_sparse/_gamma_map.py b/mne/inverse_sparse/_gamma_map.py
index 7cbb82dbe4e..999e0274a25 100644
--- a/mne/inverse_sparse/_gamma_map.py
+++ b/mne/inverse_sparse/_gamma_map.py
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
 from ..utils import logger, verbose, warn
 from .mxne_inverse import (
     _check_ori,
+    _compute_residual,
+    _make_dipoles_sparse,
     _make_sparse_stc,
     _prepare_gain,
     _reapply_source_weighting,
-    _compute_residual,
-    _make_dipoles_sparse,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_debiasing.py b/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_debiasing.py
index 472afc1242c..6cb0159dde9 100644
--- a/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_debiasing.py
+++ b/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_debiasing.py
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 from math import sqrt
+
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..utils import check_random_state, logger, verbose, fill_doc
+from ..utils import check_random_state, fill_doc, logger, verbose
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_inverse.py b/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_inverse.py
index 640e4df11a1..48da331ff6d 100644
--- a/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_inverse.py
+++ b/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_inverse.py
@@ -5,37 +5,36 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate, _BaseSourceEstimate, _make_stc
+from .._fiff.proj import deactivate_proj
+from ..dipole import Dipole
+from ..fixes import _safe_svd
+from ..forward import is_fixed_orient
 from ..minimum_norm.inverse import (
-    combine_xyz,
-    _prepare_forward,
     _check_reference,
     _log_exp_var,
+    _prepare_forward,
+    combine_xyz,
 )
-from ..fixes import _safe_svd
-from ..forward import is_fixed_orient
-from .._fiff.proj import deactivate_proj
+from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate, _BaseSourceEstimate, _make_stc
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
     _check_depth,
     _check_option,
-    sum_squared,
     _validate_type,
     check_random_state,
+    logger,
+    sum_squared,
+    verbose,
     warn,
 )
-from ..dipole import Dipole
-
 from .mxne_optim import (
-    mixed_norm_solver,
-    iterative_mixed_norm_solver,
     _Phi,
-    tf_mixed_norm_solver,
+    groups_norm2,
+    iterative_mixed_norm_solver,
     iterative_tf_mixed_norm_solver,
-    norm_l2inf,
+    mixed_norm_solver,
     norm_epsilon_inf,
-    groups_norm2,
+    norm_l2inf,
+    tf_mixed_norm_solver,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_optim.py b/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_optim.py
index e4e29912b68..c9d4fc83618 100644
--- a/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_optim.py
+++ b/mne/inverse_sparse/mxne_optim.py
@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .mxne_debiasing import compute_bias
+from ..time_frequency._stft import istft, stft, stft_norm1, stft_norm2
 from ..utils import (
+    _check_option,
+    _get_blas_funcs,
+    _validate_type,
     logger,
-    verbose,
     sum_squared,
+    verbose,
     warn,
-    _get_blas_funcs,
-    _validate_type,
-    _check_option,
 )
-from ..time_frequency._stft import stft_norm1, stft_norm2, stft, istft
+from .mxne_debiasing import compute_bias
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache(None)
diff --git a/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_gamma_map.py b/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_gamma_map.py
index c6b94c7d9eb..8aabf13352f 100644
--- a/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_gamma_map.py
+++ b/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_gamma_map.py
@@ -2,26 +2,26 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal
 
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne import (
+    VectorSourceEstimate,
+    convert_forward_solution,
+    pick_types_forward,
     read_cov,
-    read_forward_solution,
     read_evokeds,
-    convert_forward_solution,
-    VectorSourceEstimate,
+    read_forward_solution,
 )
 from mne.cov import regularize
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.dipole import Dipole
 from mne.inverse_sparse import gamma_map
 from mne.inverse_sparse.mxne_inverse import make_stc_from_dipoles
 from mne.minimum_norm.tests.test_inverse import assert_stc_res, assert_var_exp_log
-from mne import pick_types_forward
 from mne.utils import assert_stcs_equal, catch_logging
-from mne.dipole import Dipole
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_evoked = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis-ave.fif"
diff --git a/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_mxne_inverse.py b/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_mxne_inverse.py
index 19b26bc7483..0376ed83f93 100644
--- a/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_mxne_inverse.py
+++ b/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_mxne_inverse.py
@@ -4,29 +4,31 @@
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_allclose,
-    assert_array_less,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
+    assert_array_less,
 )
-import pytest
 
 import mne
+from mne import convert_forward_solution, read_cov, read_evokeds, read_forward_solution
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.label import read_label
-from mne import read_cov, read_forward_solution, read_evokeds, convert_forward_solution
+from mne.dipole import Dipole
 from mne.inverse_sparse import mixed_norm, tf_mixed_norm
-from mne.inverse_sparse.mxne_inverse import make_stc_from_dipoles, _split_gof
-from mne.inverse_sparse.mxne_inverse import _compute_mxne_sure
+from mne.inverse_sparse.mxne_inverse import (
+    _compute_mxne_sure,
+    _split_gof,
+    make_stc_from_dipoles,
+)
 from mne.inverse_sparse.mxne_optim import norm_l2inf
+from mne.label import read_label
 from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
-from mne.minimum_norm.tests.test_inverse import assert_var_exp_log, assert_stc_res
-from mne.utils import assert_stcs_equal, catch_logging, _record_warnings
-from mne.dipole import Dipole
+from mne.minimum_norm.tests.test_inverse import assert_stc_res, assert_var_exp_log
+from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked, simulate_sparse_stc
 from mne.source_estimate import VolSourceEstimate
-from mne.simulation import simulate_sparse_stc, simulate_evoked
-
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, assert_stcs_equal, catch_logging
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 # NOTE: These use the ave and cov from sample dataset (no _trunc)
diff --git a/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_mxne_optim.py b/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_mxne_optim.py
index b0779c01e7c..bc1ed349acb 100644
--- a/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_mxne_optim.py
+++ b/mne/inverse_sparse/tests/test_mxne_optim.py
@@ -3,28 +3,28 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_equal,
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
     assert_array_less,
 )
 
 from mne.inverse_sparse.mxne_optim import (
-    mixed_norm_solver,
-    tf_mixed_norm_solver,
-    iterative_mixed_norm_solver,
-    iterative_tf_mixed_norm_solver,
-    norm_epsilon_inf,
-    norm_epsilon,
     _Phi,
     _PhiT,
     dgap_l21l1,
+    iterative_mixed_norm_solver,
+    iterative_tf_mixed_norm_solver,
+    mixed_norm_solver,
+    norm_epsilon,
+    norm_epsilon_inf,
+    tf_mixed_norm_solver,
 )
 from mne.time_frequency._stft import stft_norm2
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 
 
 def _generate_tf_data():
diff --git a/mne/io/__init__.pyi b/mne/io/__init__.pyi
index e7fba58667a..1a0cccf8c54 100644
--- a/mne/io/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/io/__init__.pyi
@@ -48,40 +48,40 @@ __all__ = [
     "write_info",
 ]
 from . import constants, pick
-from .base import BaseRaw, concatenate_raws, match_channel_orders
+from ._fiff_wrap import (
+    anonymize_info,
+    get_channel_type_constants,
+    read_fiducials,
+    read_info,
+    show_fiff,
+    write_fiducials,
+    write_info,
+)
+from ._read_raw import read_raw
 from .array import RawArray
+from .artemis123 import read_raw_artemis123
+from .base import BaseRaw, concatenate_raws, match_channel_orders
 from .besa import read_evoked_besa
+from .boxy import read_raw_boxy
 from .brainvision import read_raw_brainvision
 from .bti import read_raw_bti
 from .cnt import read_raw_cnt
 from .ctf import read_raw_ctf
 from .curry import read_raw_curry
-from .edf import read_raw_edf, read_raw_bdf, read_raw_gdf
-from .egi import read_raw_egi, read_evokeds_mff
-from .kit import read_raw_kit, read_epochs_kit
-from .fiff import read_raw_fif, Raw
+from .edf import read_raw_bdf, read_raw_edf, read_raw_gdf
+from .eeglab import read_epochs_eeglab, read_raw_eeglab
+from .egi import read_evokeds_mff, read_raw_egi
+from .eximia import read_raw_eximia
+from .eyelink import read_raw_eyelink
+from .fieldtrip import read_epochs_fieldtrip, read_evoked_fieldtrip, read_raw_fieldtrip
+from .fiff import Raw, read_raw_fif
 from .fil import read_raw_fil
+from .hitachi import read_raw_hitachi
+from .kit import read_epochs_kit, read_raw_kit
 from .nedf import read_raw_nedf
 from .nicolet import read_raw_nicolet
-from .artemis123 import read_raw_artemis123
-from .eeglab import read_raw_eeglab, read_epochs_eeglab
-from .eximia import read_raw_eximia
-from .hitachi import read_raw_hitachi
-from .nirx import read_raw_nirx
-from .boxy import read_raw_boxy
-from .snirf import read_raw_snirf
-from .persyst import read_raw_persyst
-from .fieldtrip import read_raw_fieldtrip, read_epochs_fieldtrip, read_evoked_fieldtrip
 from .nihon import read_raw_nihon
+from .nirx import read_raw_nirx
 from .nsx import read_raw_nsx
-from ._read_raw import read_raw
-from .eyelink import read_raw_eyelink
-from ._fiff_wrap import (
-    read_info,
-    write_info,
-    anonymize_info,
-    read_fiducials,
-    write_fiducials,
-    show_fiff,
-    get_channel_type_constants,
-)
+from .persyst import read_raw_persyst
+from .snirf import read_raw_snirf
diff --git a/mne/io/_fiff_wrap.py b/mne/io/_fiff_wrap.py
index 974b08c3041..df9e48e7644 100644
--- a/mne/io/_fiff_wrap.py
+++ b/mne/io/_fiff_wrap.py
@@ -3,13 +3,15 @@
 # Backward compat since these were in the public API before switching to _fiff
 # (and _empty_info is convenient to keep here for tests and is private)
 from .._fiff.meas_info import (
-    read_info,
-    write_info,
+    Info as _info,
+)
+from .._fiff.meas_info import (
+    _empty_info,
     anonymize_info,
     read_fiducials,
+    read_info,
     write_fiducials,
-    _empty_info,
-    Info as _info,
+    write_info,
 )
 from .._fiff.open import show_fiff
 from .._fiff.pick import get_channel_type_constants  # moved up a level
diff --git a/mne/io/_read_raw.py b/mne/io/_read_raw.py
index d82df247181..fafc43a0d9a 100644
--- a/mne/io/_read_raw.py
+++ b/mne/io/_read_raw.py
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 
-from pathlib import Path
 from functools import partial
+from pathlib import Path
 
 from ..utils import fill_doc
 
@@ -24,27 +24,27 @@ def _read_unsupported(fname, **kwargs):
 # supported read file formats
 def _get_supported():
     from . import (
-        read_raw_edf,
+        read_raw_artemis123,
         read_raw_bdf,
-        read_raw_gdf,
+        read_raw_boxy,
         read_raw_brainvision,
-        read_raw_fif,
-        read_raw_eeglab,
         read_raw_cnt,
+        read_raw_ctf,
+        read_raw_curry,
+        read_raw_edf,
+        read_raw_eeglab,
         read_raw_egi,
         read_raw_eximia,
-        read_raw_nirx,
         read_raw_fieldtrip,
-        read_raw_artemis123,
-        read_raw_nicolet,
-        read_raw_kit,
-        read_raw_ctf,
-        read_raw_boxy,
-        read_raw_snirf,
+        read_raw_fif,
         read_raw_fil,
-        read_raw_nihon,
-        read_raw_curry,
+        read_raw_gdf,
+        read_raw_kit,
         read_raw_nedf,
+        read_raw_nicolet,
+        read_raw_nihon,
+        read_raw_nirx,
+        read_raw_snirf,
     )
 
     return {
diff --git a/mne/io/array/array.py b/mne/io/array/array.py
index 7e7ffded42a..5b75ef838cb 100644
--- a/mne/io/array/array.py
+++ b/mne/io/array/array.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ...utils import _check_option, _validate_type, fill_doc, logger, verbose
 from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ...utils import verbose, logger, _validate_type, fill_doc, _check_option
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/array/tests/test_array.py b/mne/io/array/tests/test_array.py
index e7b276ab903..315e921e1ab 100644
--- a/mne/io/array/tests/test_array.py
+++ b/mne/io/array/tests/test_array.py
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose, assert_equal
 import pytest
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_equal
 
-from mne import find_events, Epochs, pick_types
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-from mne.io.array import RawArray
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
+from mne import Epochs, find_events, pick_types
 from mne._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from mne._fiff.pick import get_channel_type_constants
 from mne.channels import make_dig_montage
+from mne.io import read_raw_fif
+from mne.io.array import RawArray
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "tests" / "data"
 fif_fname = base_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/io/artemis123/artemis123.py b/mne/io/artemis123/artemis123.py
index 8d937067a5d..1d131da8376 100644
--- a/mne/io/artemis123/artemis123.py
+++ b/mne/io/artemis123/artemis123.py
@@ -2,21 +2,21 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import numpy as np
-import os.path as op
-import datetime
 import calendar
+import datetime
+import os.path as op
 
+import numpy as np
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from .utils import _load_mne_locs, _read_pos
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ...utils import logger, warn, verbose, _check_fname
-from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
-from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points, DigPoint
+from ..._fiff._digitization import DigPoint, _make_dig_points
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ...transforms import get_ras_to_neuromag_trans, apply_trans, Transform
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
+from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file
+from ...transforms import Transform, apply_trans, get_ras_to_neuromag_trans
+from ...utils import _check_fname, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
+from .utils import _load_mne_locs, _read_pos
 
 
 @verbose
@@ -341,9 +341,9 @@ def __init__(
         add_head_trans=True,
     ):  # noqa: D102
         from ...chpi import (
+            _fit_coil_order_dev_head_trans,
             compute_chpi_amplitudes,
             compute_chpi_locs,
-            _fit_coil_order_dev_head_trans,
         )
 
         input_fname = str(_check_fname(input_fname, "read", True, "input_fname"))
diff --git a/mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py b/mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py
index 7587dfd0d96..ed17ab0f118 100644
--- a/mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py
+++ b/mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_equal
 
-from mne.io import read_raw_artemis123
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io.artemis123.utils import _generate_mne_locs_file, _load_mne_locs
 from mne import pick_types
-from mne.transforms import rot_to_quat, _angle_between_quats
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_raw_artemis123
+from mne.io.artemis123.utils import _generate_mne_locs_file, _load_mne_locs
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
+from mne.transforms import _angle_between_quats, rot_to_quat
 
 artemis123_dir = testing.data_path(download=False) / "ARTEMIS123"
 short_HPI_dip_fname = (
diff --git a/mne/io/artemis123/utils.py b/mne/io/artemis123/utils.py
index f478ecc5e28..fb2e72f01bf 100644
--- a/mne/io/artemis123/utils.py
+++ b/mne/io/artemis123/utils.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-import numpy as np
 import os.path as op
+
+import numpy as np
+
 from ..._fiff._digitization import _artemis123_read_pos
-from ...utils import logger
 from ...transforms import rotation3d_align_z_axis
+from ...utils import logger
 
 
 def _load_mne_locs(fname=None):
diff --git a/mne/io/base.py b/mne/io/base.py
index 5b1125a8115..4c1d13ffaf7 100644
--- a/mne/io/base.py
+++ b/mne/io/base.py
@@ -9,56 +9,49 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from contextlib import nullcontext
-from copy import deepcopy
-from datetime import timedelta
 import os
 import os.path as op
 import shutil
 from collections import defaultdict
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+from copy import deepcopy
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import timedelta
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..filter import _check_resamp_noop
-from ..event import find_events, concatenate_events
+from .._fiff.compensator import make_compensator, set_current_comp
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.utils import _make_split_fnames, _check_orig_units
-from .._fiff.pick import (
-    pick_types,
-    pick_channels,
-    pick_info,
-    _picks_to_idx,
-    channel_type,
-)
 from .._fiff.meas_info import (
-    write_meas_info,
-    _ensure_infos_match,
     ContainsMixin,
     SetChannelsMixin,
+    _ensure_infos_match,
     _unit2human,
+    write_meas_info,
 )
-from .._fiff.proj import setup_proj, activate_proj, _proj_equal, ProjMixin
-from ..channels.channels import (
-    UpdateChannelsMixin,
-    InterpolationMixin,
-    ReferenceMixin,
+from .._fiff.pick import (
+    _picks_to_idx,
+    channel_type,
+    pick_channels,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
 )
-from .._fiff.compensator import set_current_comp, make_compensator
+from .._fiff.proj import ProjMixin, _proj_equal, activate_proj, setup_proj
+from .._fiff.utils import _check_orig_units, _make_split_fnames
 from .._fiff.write import (
+    _NEXT_FILE_BUFFER,
+    _get_split_size,
+    end_block,
     start_and_end_file,
     start_block,
-    end_block,
-    write_dau_pack16,
-    write_float,
-    write_double,
     write_complex64,
     write_complex128,
-    write_int,
+    write_dau_pack16,
+    write_double,
+    write_float,
     write_id,
+    write_int,
     write_string,
-    _get_split_size,
-    _NEXT_FILE_BUFFER,
 )
 from ..annotations import (
     Annotations,
@@ -68,49 +61,56 @@
     _sync_onset,
     _write_annotations,
 )
+from ..channels.channels import (
+    InterpolationMixin,
+    ReferenceMixin,
+    UpdateChannelsMixin,
+)
+from ..defaults import _handle_default
+from ..event import concatenate_events, find_events
 from ..filter import (
     FilterMixin,
-    notch_filter,
-    resample,
+    _check_fun,
+    _check_resamp_noop,
     _resamp_ratio_len,
     _resample_stim_channels,
-    _check_fun,
+    notch_filter,
+    resample,
 )
 from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
+from ..time_frequency.spectrum import Spectrum, SpectrumMixin, _validate_method
 from ..utils import (
+    SizeMixin,
+    TimeMixin,
+    _arange_div,
+    _build_data_frame,
     _check_fname,
-    _check_pandas_installed,
-    sizeof_fmt,
+    _check_option,
     _check_pandas_index_arguments,
-    fill_doc,
-    copy_doc,
-    check_fname,
+    _check_pandas_installed,
+    _check_preload,
+    _check_time_format,
+    _convert_times,
+    _file_like,
+    _get_argvalues,
     _get_stim_channel,
+    _pl,
+    _scale_dataframe_data,
     _stamp_to_dt,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
     _time_mask,
-    warn,
-    SizeMixin,
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
     _validate_type,
-    _check_preload,
-    _get_argvalues,
-    _check_option,
-    _build_data_frame,
-    _convert_times,
-    _scale_dataframe_data,
-    _check_time_format,
-    _arange_div,
-    TimeMixin,
+    check_fname,
+    copy_doc,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
     repr_html,
-    _pl,
-    _file_like,
+    sizeof_fmt,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..defaults import _handle_default
-from ..viz import plot_raw, _RAW_CLIP_DEF
-from ..time_frequency.spectrum import Spectrum, SpectrumMixin, _validate_method
+from ..viz import _RAW_CLIP_DEF, plot_raw
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/besa/besa.py b/mne/io/besa/besa.py
index dba8193d2bd..07fa1ee9eef 100644
--- a/mne/io/besa/besa.py
+++ b/mne/io/besa/besa.py
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from pathlib import Path
+
 import numpy as np
 
-from ...utils import logger, fill_doc, verbose
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ...evoked import EvokedArray
+from ...utils import fill_doc, logger, verbose
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/besa/tests/test_besa.py b/mne/io/besa/tests/test_besa.py
index fcaf32d651c..527ef86bff4 100644
--- a/mne/io/besa/tests/test_besa.py
+++ b/mne/io/besa/tests/test_besa.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 """Test reading BESA fileformats."""
 import inspect
-import pytest
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from mne.io import read_evoked_besa
-from mne.channels import read_custom_montage
+import pytest
 
+from mne.channels import read_custom_montage
+from mne.io import read_evoked_besa
 
 FILE = Path(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))
 data_dir = FILE.parent / "data"
diff --git a/mne/io/boxy/boxy.py b/mne/io/boxy/boxy.py
index f2fa35f5ba2..9d4351df67f 100644
--- a/mne/io/boxy/boxy.py
+++ b/mne/io/boxy/boxy.py
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
-from ...utils import logger, verbose, fill_doc, _check_fname
 from ...annotations import Annotations
+from ...utils import _check_fname, fill_doc, logger, verbose
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/boxy/tests/test_boxy.py b/mne/io/boxy/tests/test_boxy.py
index 0058075f107..e557980f2f8 100644
--- a/mne/io/boxy/tests/test_boxy.py
+++ b/mne/io/boxy/tests/test_boxy.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
+import pytest
 import scipy.io as spio
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
 
 from mne import pick_types
 from mne.datasets import testing
diff --git a/mne/io/brainvision/brainvision.py b/mne/io/brainvision/brainvision.py
index 444f3d2acef..2d75910ec4a 100644
--- a/mne/io/brainvision/brainvision.py
+++ b/mne/io/brainvision/brainvision.py
@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ...utils import verbose, logger, warn, fill_doc, _DefaultEventParser
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
-from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file, _mult_cal_one
+from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one, _read_segments_file
 from ...annotations import Annotations, read_annotations
 from ...channels import make_dig_montage
 from ...defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
 from ...transforms import _sph_to_cart
+from ...utils import _DefaultEventParser, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py b/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
index 5334941cb20..6aa222db1ec 100644
--- a/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
+++ b/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
@@ -4,22 +4,22 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+import datetime
 import re
 import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 
-import datetime
-from mne.utils import _stamp_to_dt, object_diff
-from mne import pick_types, read_annotations, concatenate_raws
+from mne import concatenate_raws, pick_types, read_annotations
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_raw_brainvision
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.annotations import events_from_annotations
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_raw_brainvision, read_raw_fif
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
+from mne.utils import _stamp_to_dt, object_diff
 
 data_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 vhdr_path = data_dir / "test.vhdr"
diff --git a/mne/io/bti/bti.py b/mne/io/bti/bti.py
index a9a40b72a04..07e0d60d153 100644
--- a/mne/io/bti/bti.py
+++ b/mne/io/bti/bti.py
@@ -15,29 +15,29 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..._fiff.tag import _coil_trans_to_loc, _loc_to_coil_trans
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
 from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_bti_dig_points
-from ...utils import logger, verbose, _stamp_to_dt, path_like, _validate_type
-from ...transforms import combine_transforms, invert_transform, Transform
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
+from ..._fiff.tag import _coil_trans_to_loc, _loc_to_coil_trans
 from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one, read_str
+from ...transforms import Transform, combine_transforms, invert_transform
+from ...utils import _stamp_to_dt, _validate_type, logger, path_like, verbose
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 from .constants import BTI
 from .read import (
-    read_int32,
-    read_int16,
-    read_float,
-    read_double,
-    read_transform,
     read_char,
-    read_int64,
-    read_uint16,
-    read_uint32,
+    read_dev_header,
+    read_double,
     read_double_matrix,
+    read_float,
     read_float_matrix,
+    read_int16,
     read_int16_matrix,
-    read_dev_header,
+    read_int32,
+    read_int64,
+    read_transform,
+    read_uint16,
+    read_uint32,
 )
 
 FIFF_INFO_DIG_FIELDS = ("kind", "ident", "r", "coord_frame")
diff --git a/mne/io/bti/tests/test_bti.py b/mne/io/bti/tests/test_bti.py
index 7b15e3aa7a1..dfeb7ecab40 100644
--- a/mne/io/bti/tests/test_bti.py
+++ b/mne/io/bti/tests/test_bti.py
@@ -2,42 +2,42 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+import os
 from collections import Counter
-from functools import reduce, partial
+from functools import partial, reduce
 from io import BytesIO
-import os
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
     assert_equal,
 )
-import pytest
 
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_raw_bti
+from mne import pick_info, pick_types
 from mne._fiff._digitization import _make_bti_dig_points
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_raw_bti, read_raw_fif
 from mne.io.bti.bti import (
-    _read_config,
-    _read_head_shape,
-    _read_bti_header,
-    _get_bti_dev_t,
+    _check_nan_dev_head_t,
+    _convert_coil_trans,
     _correct_trans,
+    _get_bti_dev_t,
     _get_bti_info,
     _loc_to_coil_trans,
-    _convert_coil_trans,
-    _check_nan_dev_head_t,
+    _read_bti_header,
+    _read_config,
+    _read_head_shape,
     _rename_channels,
 )
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne import pick_types, pick_info
-from mne.utils import assert_dig_allclose
 from mne.transforms import Transform, combine_transforms, invert_transform
+from mne.utils import assert_dig_allclose
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 
diff --git a/mne/io/cnt/_utils.py b/mne/io/cnt/_utils.py
index dd13e688b8f..0cc5d277b48 100644
--- a/mne/io/cnt/_utils.py
+++ b/mne/io/cnt/_utils.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from struct import Struct
 from collections import namedtuple
-from math import modf
 from datetime import datetime
+from math import modf
 from os import SEEK_END
-import numpy as np
+from struct import Struct
 
+import numpy as np
 
 from ...utils import warn
 
diff --git a/mne/io/cnt/cnt.py b/mne/io/cnt/cnt.py
index 1a6aa15b7f3..249497fdf73 100644
--- a/mne/io/cnt/cnt.py
+++ b/mne/io/cnt/cnt.py
@@ -8,22 +8,20 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ...utils import warn, fill_doc, _check_option
-from ...channels.layout import _topo_to_sphere
-from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points
-from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one, _find_channels, _create_chs, read_str
+from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
+from ..._fiff.utils import _create_chs, _find_channels, _mult_cal_one, read_str
 from ...annotations import Annotations
-
-
+from ...channels.layout import _topo_to_sphere
+from ...utils import _check_option, fill_doc, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 from ._utils import (
-    _read_teeg,
+    CNTEventType3,
+    _compute_robust_event_table_position,
     _get_event_parser,
+    _read_teeg,
     _session_date_2_meas_date,
-    _compute_robust_event_table_position,
-    CNTEventType3,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/io/cnt/tests/test_cnt.py b/mne/io/cnt/tests/test_cnt.py
index 76cd5c0acc1..a5e5788eff3 100644
--- a/mne/io/cnt/tests/test_cnt.py
+++ b/mne/io/cnt/tests/test_cnt.py
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import pick_types
+from mne.annotations import read_annotations
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.io.cnt import read_raw_cnt
-from mne.annotations import read_annotations
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname = data_path / "CNT" / "scan41_short.cnt"
diff --git a/mne/io/ctf/ctf.py b/mne/io/ctf/ctf.py
index 350ad757626..7f42da183d6 100644
--- a/mne/io/ctf/ctf.py
+++ b/mne/io/ctf/ctf.py
@@ -9,26 +9,24 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ..._fiff._digitization import _format_dig_points
+from ..._fiff.utils import _blk_read_lims, _mult_cal_one
 from ...utils import (
-    verbose,
-    logger,
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
     _clean_names,
     fill_doc,
-    _check_option,
-    _check_fname,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
 )
-
 from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one, _blk_read_lims
-from ..._fiff._digitization import _format_dig_points
-
-from .res4 import _read_res4, _make_ctf_name
-from .hc import _read_hc
-from .eeg import _read_eeg, _read_pos
-from .trans import _make_ctf_coord_trans_set
-from .info import _compose_meas_info, _read_bad_chans, _annotate_bad_segments
 from .constants import CTF
+from .eeg import _read_eeg, _read_pos
+from .hc import _read_hc
+from .info import _annotate_bad_segments, _compose_meas_info, _read_bad_chans
 from .markers import _read_annotations_ctf_call
+from .res4 import _make_ctf_name, _read_res4
+from .trans import _make_ctf_coord_trans_set
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/ctf/eeg.py b/mne/io/ctf/eeg.py
index be827a469a9..c70fe8b626d 100644
--- a/mne/io/ctf/eeg.py
+++ b/mne/io/ctf/eeg.py
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import numpy as np
-from os.path import join
 from os import listdir
+from os.path import join
+
+import numpy as np
 
-from .res4 import _make_ctf_name
-from ...utils import logger, warn
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ...transforms import apply_trans
-
+from ...utils import logger, warn
+from .res4 import _make_ctf_name
 
 _cardinal_dict = dict(
     nasion=FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_NASION,
diff --git a/mne/io/ctf/hc.py b/mne/io/ctf/hc.py
index dc934aa297a..5bb94e4ec13 100644
--- a/mne/io/ctf/hc.py
+++ b/mne/io/ctf/hc.py
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ...utils import logger
-from .res4 import _make_ctf_name
 from .constants import CTF
-from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-
+from .res4 import _make_ctf_name
 
 _kind_dict = {
     "nasion": CTF.CTFV_COIL_NAS,
diff --git a/mne/io/ctf/info.py b/mne/io/ctf/info.py
index 66b7ad075e9..9e2b594dd9f 100644
--- a/mne/io/ctf/info.py
+++ b/mne/io/ctf/info.py
@@ -4,28 +4,26 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from time import strptime
-from calendar import timegm
 import os.path as op
+from calendar import timegm
+from time import strptime
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ...utils import logger, warn, _clean_names
+from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ..._fiff.ctf_comp import _add_kind, _calibrate_comp
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
+from ..._fiff.write import get_new_file_id
+from ...annotations import Annotations
 from ...transforms import (
-    apply_trans,
     _coord_frame_name,
-    invert_transform,
+    apply_trans,
     combine_transforms,
+    invert_transform,
 )
-from ...annotations import Annotations
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
-from ..._fiff.write import get_new_file_id
-from ..._fiff.ctf_comp import _add_kind, _calibrate_comp
-from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-
+from ...utils import _clean_names, logger, warn
 from .constants import CTF
 
-
 _ctf_to_fiff = {
     CTF.CTFV_COIL_LPA: FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_LPA,
     CTF.CTFV_COIL_RPA: FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_RPA,
diff --git a/mne/io/ctf/markers.py b/mne/io/ctf/markers.py
index 1d000c00aff..34d8c45b5a1 100644
--- a/mne/io/ctf/markers.py
+++ b/mne/io/ctf/markers.py
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import numpy as np
 import os.path as op
 from io import BytesIO
 
+import numpy as np
+
 from ...annotations import Annotations
-from .res4 import _read_res4
 from .info import _convert_time
+from .res4 import _read_res4
 
 
 def _get_markers(fname):
diff --git a/mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py b/mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py
index 436ffdcf3f8..992f7f6ae37 100644
--- a/mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py
+++ b/mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py
@@ -3,36 +3,36 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import copy
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
 import os
-from os import path as op
 import shutil
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from os import path as op
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy import array_equal
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
-import pytest
 
 import mne
 import mne.io.ctf.info
 from mne import (
-    pick_types,
-    read_annotations,
     create_info,
     events_from_annotations,
     make_forward_solution,
+    pick_types,
+    read_annotations,
 )
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_raw_ctf, RawArray
 from mne._fiff.compensator import get_current_comp
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from mne.datasets import brainstorm, spm_face, testing
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_fif
 from mne.io.ctf.constants import CTF
 from mne.io.ctf.info import _convert_time
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.tests.test_annotations import _assert_annotations_equal
-from mne.utils import _clean_names, catch_logging, _stamp_to_dt, _record_warnings
-from mne.datasets import testing, spm_face, brainstorm
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.transforms import apply_trans
+from mne.utils import _clean_names, _record_warnings, _stamp_to_dt, catch_logging
 
 ctf_dir = testing.data_path(download=False) / "CTF"
 ctf_fname_continuous = "testdata_ctf.ds"
diff --git a/mne/io/ctf/trans.py b/mne/io/ctf/trans.py
index cc68116921e..3555dec7bff 100644
--- a/mne/io/ctf/trans.py
+++ b/mne/io/ctf/trans.py
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .constants import CTF
+from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ...transforms import (
-    combine_transforms,
-    invert_transform,
     Transform,
-    _quat_to_affine,
     _fit_matched_points,
+    _quat_to_affine,
     apply_trans,
+    combine_transforms,
     get_ras_to_neuromag_trans,
+    invert_transform,
 )
 from ...utils import logger
-from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from .constants import CTF
 
 
 def _make_transform_card(fro, to, r_lpa, r_nasion, r_rpa):
diff --git a/mne/io/curry/curry.py b/mne/io/curry/curry.py
index 696d5969e10..2d1e342ea8b 100644
--- a/mne/io/curry/curry.py
+++ b/mne/io/curry/curry.py
@@ -5,33 +5,33 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+import os.path as op
+import re
 from collections import namedtuple
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
-import os.path as op
 from pathlib import Path
-import re
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..ctf.trans import _quaternion_align
 from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points
+from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ..._fiff.tag import _coil_trans_to_loc
-from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file, _mult_cal_one
-from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one, _read_segments_file
+from ...annotations import Annotations
 from ...surface import _normal_orth
 from ...transforms import (
-    apply_trans,
     Transform,
-    get_ras_to_neuromag_trans,
+    _angle_between_quats,
+    apply_trans,
     combine_transforms,
+    get_ras_to_neuromag_trans,
     invert_transform,
-    _angle_between_quats,
     rot_to_quat,
 )
-from ...utils import check_fname, logger, verbose, _check_fname
-from ...annotations import Annotations
+from ...utils import _check_fname, check_fname, logger, verbose
+from ..base import BaseRaw
+from ..ctf.trans import _quaternion_align
 
 FILE_EXTENSIONS = {
     "Curry 7": {
diff --git a/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py b/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
index 3ccb1aa035c..5e437101811 100644
--- a/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
+++ b/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
@@ -8,28 +8,27 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 from shutil import copyfile
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 
-from mne.annotations import events_from_annotations
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans
+from mne.annotations import events_from_annotations, read_annotations
 from mne.bem import _fit_sphere
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.event import find_events
-from mne._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.io.edf import read_raw_bdf
 from mne.io.bti import read_raw_bti
 from mne.io.curry import read_raw_curry
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne.utils import catch_logging
-from mne.annotations import read_annotations
 from mne.io.curry.curry import (
-    _get_curry_version,
+    FILE_EXTENSIONS,
     _get_curry_file_structure,
+    _get_curry_version,
     _read_events_curry,
-    FILE_EXTENSIONS,
 )
+from mne.io.edf import read_raw_bdf
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
+from mne.utils import catch_logging
 
 data_dir = testing.data_path(download=False)
 curry_dir = data_dir / "curry"
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/edf.py b/mne/io/edf/edf.py
index a1dce08c049..8831989860c 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/edf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/edf.py
@@ -10,21 +10,20 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
 import os
 import re
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw, _get_scaling
-from ...utils import verbose, logger, warn, _validate_type
-from ..._fiff.utils import _blk_read_lims, _mult_cal_one
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info, _unique_channel_names
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ...filter import resample
-from ...utils import fill_doc
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info, _unique_channel_names
+from ..._fiff.utils import _blk_read_lims, _mult_cal_one
 from ...annotations import Annotations
+from ...filter import resample
+from ...utils import _validate_type, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw, _get_scaling
 
 # common channel type names mapped to internal ch types
 CH_TYPE_MAPPING = {
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
index e1c176c7e4c..6dec227800a 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
@@ -13,30 +13,29 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
 )
 from scipy.io import loadmat
 
-import pytest
-
-from mne import pick_types, Annotations
+from mne import Annotations, pick_types
+from mne._fiff.pick import channel_indices_by_type, get_channel_type_constants
 from mne.annotations import _ndarray_ch_names, events_from_annotations, read_annotations
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_raw_edf, read_raw_bdf, read_raw_fif, edf, read_raw_gdf
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
+from mne.io import edf, read_raw_bdf, read_raw_edf, read_raw_fif, read_raw_gdf
 from mne.io.edf.edf import (
+    _edf_str,
+    _parse_prefilter_string,
     _read_annotations_edf,
     _read_ch,
-    _parse_prefilter_string,
-    _edf_str,
     _read_edf_header,
     _read_header,
 )
-from mne._fiff.pick import channel_indices_by_type, get_channel_type_constants
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.tests.test_annotations import _assert_annotations_equal
 
 td_mark = testing._pytest_mark()
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
index 211230ca9b1..a851e372cee 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
 import shutil
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 
-import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 import scipy.io as sio
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
+from mne import events_from_annotations, find_events, pick_types
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_gdf
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne import pick_types, find_events, events_from_annotations
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 gdf1_path = data_path / "GDF" / "test_gdf_1.25"
diff --git a/mne/io/eeglab/eeglab.py b/mne/io/eeglab/eeglab.py
index 56a254b3a33..9e08807db49 100644
--- a/mne/io/eeglab/eeglab.py
+++ b/mne/io/eeglab/eeglab.py
@@ -9,29 +9,30 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+
 from mne.utils.check import _check_option
 
-from ._eeglab import _readmat
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ...event import read_events
 from ..._fiff._digitization import _ensure_fiducials_head
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ..._fiff.pick import _PICK_TYPES_KEYS
-from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file, _find_channels
+from ..._fiff.utils import _find_channels, _read_segments_file
+from ...annotations import Annotations, read_annotations
+from ...channels import make_dig_montage
 from ...defaults import DEFAULTS
+from ...epochs import BaseEpochs
+from ...event import read_events
 from ...utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
-    fill_doc,
     Bunch,
     _check_fname,
     _check_head_radius,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ...channels import make_dig_montage
-from ...epochs import BaseEpochs
-from ...annotations import Annotations, read_annotations
+from ..base import BaseRaw
+from ._eeglab import _readmat
 
 # just fix the scaling for now, EEGLAB doesn't seem to provide this info
 CAL = 1e-6
diff --git a/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py b/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
index d441fbcfc14..c8519eb335d 100644
--- a/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
+++ b/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
@@ -9,25 +9,25 @@
 from copy import deepcopy
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_equal,
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
     assert_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
 )
-import pytest
 from scipy import io
 
 import mne
-from mne import write_events, read_epochs_eeglab
+from mne import read_epochs_eeglab, write_events
+from mne.annotations import events_from_annotations, read_annotations
 from mne.channels import read_custom_montage
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_eeglab
-from mne.io.eeglab.eeglab import _get_montage_information, _dol_to_lod
 from mne.io.eeglab._eeglab import _readmat
+from mne.io.eeglab.eeglab import _dol_to_lod, _get_montage_information
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.utils import Bunch, _check_pymatreader_installed
-from mne.annotations import events_from_annotations, read_annotations
 
 base_dir = testing.data_path(download=False) / "EEGLAB"
 raw_fname_mat = base_dir / "test_raw.set"
diff --git a/mne/io/egi/egi.py b/mne/io/egi/egi.py
index 8b7408d74bb..d6ba4b884f6 100644
--- a/mne/io/egi/egi.py
+++ b/mne/io/egi/egi.py
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
+from ..._fiff.utils import _create_chs, _read_segments_file
+from ...utils import _check_fname, _validate_type, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 from .egimff import _read_raw_egi_mff
 from .events import _combine_triggers
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..._fiff.utils import _create_chs, _read_segments_file
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
-from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ...utils import verbose, logger, warn, _validate_type, _check_fname
 
 
 def _read_header(fid):
diff --git a/mne/io/egi/egimff.py b/mne/io/egi/egimff.py
index 5375cfadf60..b584acf9abd 100644
--- a/mne/io/egi/egimff.py
+++ b/mne/io/egi/egimff.py
@@ -1,33 +1,33 @@
 """EGI NetStation Load Function."""
 
-from collections import OrderedDict
 import datetime
 import math
 import os.path as op
 import re
-from defusedxml.minidom import parse
+from collections import OrderedDict
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+from defusedxml.minidom import parse
 
-from .events import _read_events, _combine_triggers
-from .general import (
-    _get_signalfname,
-    _get_ep_info,
-    _extract,
-    _get_blocks,
-    _get_gains,
-    _block_r,
-)
-from ..base import BaseRaw
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info, create_info, _ensure_meas_date_none_or_dt
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info, _ensure_meas_date_none_or_dt, create_info
 from ..._fiff.proj import setup_proj
 from ..._fiff.utils import _create_chs, _mult_cal_one
 from ...annotations import Annotations
 from ...channels.montage import make_dig_montage
-from ...utils import verbose, logger, warn, _check_option, _check_fname
 from ...evoked import EvokedArray
+from ...utils import _check_fname, _check_option, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
+from .events import _combine_triggers, _read_events
+from .general import (
+    _block_r,
+    _extract,
+    _get_blocks,
+    _get_ep_info,
+    _get_gains,
+    _get_signalfname,
+)
 
 REFERENCE_NAMES = ("VREF", "Vertex Reference")
 
diff --git a/mne/io/egi/events.py b/mne/io/egi/events.py
index 9e5088d7617..8e035d42681 100644
--- a/mne/io/egi/events.py
+++ b/mne/io/egi/events.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 from glob import glob
 from os.path import basename, join, splitext
-from defusedxml.ElementTree import parse
 
 import numpy as np
+from defusedxml.ElementTree import parse
 
 from ...utils import logger
 
diff --git a/mne/io/egi/general.py b/mne/io/egi/general.py
index a82f087b59a..ed20fce0fbd 100644
--- a/mne/io/egi/general.py
+++ b/mne/io/egi/general.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import os
-from defusedxml.minidom import parse
 import re
 
 import numpy as np
+from defusedxml.minidom import parse
 
 from ...utils import _pl
 
diff --git a/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py b/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
index 7ed2743249d..7772d38f2d3 100644
--- a/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
+++ b/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
@@ -2,24 +2,24 @@
 #          simplified BSD-3 license
 
 
-from copy import deepcopy
-from pathlib import Path
 import os
 import shutil
+from copy import deepcopy
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 from scipy import io as sio
 
 from mne import find_events, pick_types
-from mne.io import read_raw_egi, read_evokeds_mff, read_raw_fif
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
+from mne.io import read_evokeds_mff, read_raw_egi, read_raw_fif
 from mne.io.egi.egi import _combine_triggers
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.utils import object_diff
-from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 egi_fname = base_dir / "test_egi.raw"
diff --git a/mne/io/eximia/eximia.py b/mne/io/eximia/eximia.py
index 03ab01eff04..2f13049fa2c 100644
--- a/mne/io/eximia/eximia.py
+++ b/mne/io/eximia/eximia.py
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 
 import os.path as op
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file, _file_size
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
-from ...utils import logger, verbose, warn, fill_doc, _check_fname
+from ..._fiff.utils import _file_size, _read_segments_file
+from ...utils import _check_fname, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/eximia/tests/test_eximia.py b/mne/io/eximia/tests/test_eximia.py
index 59a0ba8c784..d42e6b174a5 100644
--- a/mne/io/eximia/tests/test_eximia.py
+++ b/mne/io/eximia/tests/test_eximia.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 from scipy import io as sio
 
+from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
 from mne.io import read_raw_eximia
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
 
 testing_path = data_path(download=False)
 
diff --git a/mne/io/eyelink/_utils.py b/mne/io/eyelink/_utils.py
index 23c9cb38329..65641e9cc43 100644
--- a/mne/io/eyelink/_utils.py
+++ b/mne/io/eyelink/_utils.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 
-from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
 import re
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 
 import numpy as np
 
diff --git a/mne/io/eyelink/eyelink.py b/mne/io/eyelink/eyelink.py
index 501b8ad798b..9a465d76ce9 100644
--- a/mne/io/eyelink/eyelink.py
+++ b/mne/io/eyelink/eyelink.py
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from ._utils import _parse_eyelink_ascii, _make_eyelink_annots, _make_gap_annots
-from ..base import BaseRaw
 from ...utils import (
     _check_fname,
     fill_doc,
     logger,
     verbose,
 )
+from ..base import BaseRaw
+from ._utils import _make_eyelink_annots, _make_gap_annots, _parse_eyelink_ascii
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/eyelink/tests/test_eyelink.py b/mne/io/eyelink/tests/test_eyelink.py
index c482826dde8..a578bce25a5 100644
--- a/mne/io/eyelink/tests/test_eyelink.py
+++ b/mne/io/eyelink/tests/test_eyelink.py
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
-
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
 from mne.io import read_raw_eyelink
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.io.eyelink._utils import _adjust_times, _find_overlaps
-from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 
 pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
 
diff --git a/mne/io/fieldtrip/fieldtrip.py b/mne/io/fieldtrip/fieldtrip.py
index e5678522432..a3d13512146 100644
--- a/mne/io/fieldtrip/fieldtrip.py
+++ b/mne/io/fieldtrip/fieldtrip.py
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ...epochs import EpochsArray
+from ...evoked import EvokedArray
+from ...utils import _check_fname, _import_pymatreader_funcs
+from ..array.array import RawArray
 from .utils import (
+    _create_event_metadata,
+    _create_events,
     _create_info,
     _set_tmin,
-    _create_events,
-    _create_event_metadata,
     _validate_ft_struct,
 )
-from ..array.array import RawArray
-from ...utils import _check_fname, _import_pymatreader_funcs
-from ...epochs import EpochsArray
-from ...evoked import EvokedArray
 
 
 def read_raw_fieldtrip(fname, info, data_name="data"):
diff --git a/mne/io/fieldtrip/tests/helpers.py b/mne/io/fieldtrip/tests/helpers.py
index d93e6ad126e..cf0102a8139 100644
--- a/mne/io/fieldtrip/tests/helpers.py
+++ b/mne/io/fieldtrip/tests/helpers.py
@@ -3,15 +3,14 @@
 #          Dirk Gütlin <dirk.guetlin@stud.sbg.ac.at>
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
-from functools import partial
 import os
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne.utils import object_diff
 
-
 info_ignored_fields = (
     "file_id",
     "hpi_results",
diff --git a/mne/io/fieldtrip/tests/test_fieldtrip.py b/mne/io/fieldtrip/tests/test_fieldtrip.py
index 948edf6d7a3..37b5bb2cd41 100644
--- a/mne/io/fieldtrip/tests/test_fieldtrip.py
+++ b/mne/io/fieldtrip/tests/test_fieldtrip.py
@@ -8,24 +8,24 @@
 import itertools
 from contextlib import nullcontext
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_fieldtrip
-from mne.io.fieldtrip.utils import NOINFO_WARNING, _create_events
 from mne.io.fieldtrip.tests.helpers import (
+    assert_warning_in_record,
+    check_data,
     check_info_fields,
     get_data_paths,
-    get_raw_data,
     get_epochs,
     get_evoked,
-    pandas_not_found_warning_msg,
+    get_raw_data,
     get_raw_info,
-    check_data,
-    assert_warning_in_record,
+    pandas_not_found_warning_msg,
 )
+from mne.io.fieldtrip.utils import NOINFO_WARNING, _create_events
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.utils import _check_pandas_installed, _record_warnings
 
diff --git a/mne/io/fieldtrip/utils.py b/mne/io/fieldtrip/utils.py
index a32fd680ead..ae975dc309c 100644
--- a/mne/io/fieldtrip/utils.py
+++ b/mne/io/fieldtrip/utils.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ..._fiff.pick import pick_info
 from ...transforms import rotation3d_align_z_axis
-from ...utils import warn, _check_pandas_installed
+from ...utils import _check_pandas_installed, warn
 
 _supported_megs = ["neuromag306"]
 
diff --git a/mne/io/fiff/raw.py b/mne/io/fiff/raw.py
index ea8aaa33d59..eab274ba108 100644
--- a/mne/io/fiff/raw.py
+++ b/mne/io/fiff/raw.py
@@ -12,33 +12,31 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ...channels import fix_mag_coil_types
-from ...event import AcqParserFIF
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ..._fiff.open import fiff_open, _fiff_get_fid, _get_next_fname
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import read_meas_info
-from ..._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
+from ..._fiff.open import _fiff_get_fid, _get_next_fname, fiff_open
 from ..._fiff.tag import read_tag, read_tag_info
-from ..base import (
-    BaseRaw,
-    _RawShell,
-    _check_raw_compatibility,
-    _check_maxshield,
-    _get_fname_rep,
-)
+from ..._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
-
 from ...annotations import Annotations, _read_annotations_fif
-
+from ...channels import fix_mag_coil_types
+from ...event import AcqParserFIF
 from ...utils import (
+    _check_fname,
+    _file_like,
+    _on_missing,
     check_fname,
+    fill_doc,
     logger,
     verbose,
     warn,
-    fill_doc,
-    _file_like,
-    _on_missing,
-    _check_fname,
+)
+from ..base import (
+    BaseRaw,
+    _check_maxshield,
+    _check_raw_compatibility,
+    _get_fname_rep,
+    _RawShell,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
index 9b24930fb69..ed94c4c527a 100644
--- a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
+++ b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
@@ -3,47 +3,47 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from copy import deepcopy
-from pathlib import Path
-from functools import partial
-from io import BytesIO
 import os
 import pathlib
 import pickle
 import shutil
 import sys
+from copy import deepcopy
+from functools import partial
+from io import BytesIO
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
 
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.filter import filter_data
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.io import RawArray, concatenate_raws, read_raw_fif, match_channel_orders, base
-from mne._fiff.open import read_tag, read_tag_info
-from mne._fiff.tag import _read_tag_header
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_concat, _test_raw_reader
 from mne import (
+    compute_proj_raw,
     concatenate_events,
-    find_events,
+    create_info,
     equalize_channels,
-    compute_proj_raw,
-    pick_types,
+    find_events,
+    make_fixed_length_epochs,
     pick_channels,
-    create_info,
     pick_info,
-    make_fixed_length_epochs,
+    pick_types,
 )
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.open import read_tag, read_tag_info
+from mne._fiff.tag import _read_tag_header
+from mne.annotations import Annotations
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.filter import filter_data
+from mne.io import RawArray, base, concatenate_raws, match_channel_orders, read_raw_fif
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_concat, _test_raw_reader
 from mne.utils import (
-    assert_object_equal,
     _dt_to_stamp,
-    requires_mne,
-    run_subprocess,
     _record_warnings,
     assert_and_remove_boundary_annot,
+    assert_object_equal,
+    requires_mne,
+    run_subprocess,
 )
-from mne.annotations import Annotations
 
 testing_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 data_dir = testing_path / "MEG" / "sample"
diff --git a/mne/io/fil/fil.py b/mne/io/fil/fil.py
index 616c8e9fc1b..fc6472d0043 100644
--- a/mne/io/fil/fil.py
+++ b/mne/io/fil/fil.py
@@ -2,25 +2,24 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pathlib
 import json
+import pathlib
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
+from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
-from ..._fiff.write import get_new_file_id
 from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file
-from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points
-from ...transforms import get_ras_to_neuromag_trans, apply_trans, Transform
-from ...utils import warn, fill_doc, verbose, _check_fname
-
+from ..._fiff.write import get_new_file_id
+from ...transforms import Transform, apply_trans, get_ras_to_neuromag_trans
+from ...utils import _check_fname, fill_doc, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 from .sensors import (
-    _refine_sensor_orientation,
+    _get_plane_vectors,
     _get_pos_units,
+    _refine_sensor_orientation,
     _size2units,
-    _get_plane_vectors,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/io/fil/sensors.py b/mne/io/fil/sensors.py
index ab94e65ccbc..3e251202fcf 100644
--- a/mne/io/fil/sensors.py
+++ b/mne/io/fil/sensors.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 from copy import deepcopy
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from ...utils import logger
diff --git a/mne/io/fil/tests/test_fil.py b/mne/io/fil/tests/test_fil.py
index 9f9570f5adb..a88c4fe4d12 100644
--- a/mne/io/fil/tests/test_fil.py
+++ b/mne/io/fil/tests/test_fil.py
@@ -2,22 +2,19 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from numpy import isnan, empty, array
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_array_almost_equal
+import shutil
 from os import remove
 
 import pytest
-import shutil
-
+import scipy.io
+from numpy import array, empty, isnan
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import pick_types
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_fil
 from mne.io.fil.sensors import _get_pos_units
 
-import scipy.io
-
-
 fil_path = testing.data_path(download=False) / "FIL"
 
 
diff --git a/mne/io/hitachi/hitachi.py b/mne/io/hitachi/hitachi.py
index 9af5a1354c3..12219dacd8b 100644
--- a/mne/io/hitachi/hitachi.py
+++ b/mne/io/hitachi/hitachi.py
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..nirx.nirx import _read_csv_rows_cols
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info, _merge_info
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _merge_info, create_info
 from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
-from ...utils import logger, verbose, fill_doc, warn, _check_fname, _check_option
+from ...utils import _check_fname, _check_option, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
+from ..nirx.nirx import _read_csv_rows_cols
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py b/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
index 89b94fd7a06..72fa846c6fb 100644
--- a/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
+++ b/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 import datetime as dt
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_less
 
 from mne.channels import make_standard_montage
@@ -13,14 +13,13 @@
 from mne.io.hitachi.hitachi import _compute_pairs
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import (
-    source_detector_distances,
-    optical_density,
-    tddr,
     beer_lambert_law,
+    optical_density,
     scalp_coupling_index,
+    source_detector_distances,
+    tddr,
 )
 
-
 CONTENTS = dict()
 CONTENTS[
     "1.18"
diff --git a/mne/io/kit/coreg.py b/mne/io/kit/coreg.py
index 881e63fb87a..209728dbaab 100644
--- a/mne/io/kit/coreg.py
+++ b/mne/io/kit/coreg.py
@@ -12,22 +12,21 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .constants import KIT, FIFF
+from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points
 from ...channels.montage import (
-    read_polhemus_fastscan,
-    read_dig_polhemus_isotrak,
-    read_custom_montage,
     _check_dig_shape,
+    read_custom_montage,
+    read_dig_polhemus_isotrak,
+    read_polhemus_fastscan,
 )
-from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points
 from ...transforms import (
     Transform,
+    als_ras_trans,
     apply_trans,
     get_ras_to_neuromag_trans,
-    als_ras_trans,
 )
-from ...utils import warn, _check_option, _check_fname
-
+from ...utils import _check_fname, _check_option, warn
+from .constants import FIFF, KIT
 
 INT32 = "<i4"
 FLOAT64 = "<f8"
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ def _set_dig_kit(mrk, elp, hsp, eeg):
     hpi_results : list
         The hpi results.
     """
-    from ...coreg import fit_matched_points, _decimate_points
+    from ...coreg import _decimate_points, fit_matched_points
 
     if isinstance(hsp, (str, Path, PathLike)):
         hsp = _read_dig_kit(hsp)
diff --git a/mne/io/kit/kit.py b/mne/io/kit/kit.py
index 3af6a38a05b..d6e5b370b2c 100644
--- a/mne/io/kit/kit.py
+++ b/mne/io/kit/kit.py
@@ -9,33 +9,33 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from collections import defaultdict, OrderedDict
-from math import sin, cos
-from os import SEEK_CUR, path as op, PathLike
+from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict
+from math import cos, sin
+from os import SEEK_CUR, PathLike
+from os import path as op
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
 from ..._fiff.pick import pick_types
+from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
+from ...epochs import BaseEpochs
 from ...event import read_events
+from ...transforms import als_ras_trans, apply_trans
 from ...utils import (
-    verbose,
-    logger,
-    warn,
-    fill_doc,
+    _check_fname,
     _check_option,
     _stamp_to_dt,
-    _check_fname,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ...transforms import apply_trans, als_ras_trans
 from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
-from ...epochs import BaseEpochs
-from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
 from .constants import KIT, LEGACY_AMP_PARAMS
-from .coreg import read_mrk, _set_dig_kit
-
+from .coreg import _set_dig_kit, read_mrk
 
 FLOAT64 = "<f8"
 UINT32 = "<u4"
diff --git a/mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py b/mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py
index 330e51471bb..3017c06e4ed 100644
--- a/mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 import pickle
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
 from mne.io.kit import read_mrk
diff --git a/mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py b/mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py
index 8cf530d9deb..6e9543ac0bd 100644
--- a/mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py
+++ b/mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py
@@ -5,28 +5,28 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
+import scipy.io
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
 )
-import pytest
 from scipy import linalg
-import scipy.io
 
 import mne
-from mne import pick_types, Epochs, find_events, read_events
-from mne.datasets.testing import requires_testing_data
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans
-from mne.utils import assert_dig_allclose
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_raw_kit, read_epochs_kit
+from mne import Epochs, find_events, pick_types, read_events
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.io.kit.kit import get_kit_info
-from mne.io.kit.coreg import read_sns
+from mne.datasets.testing import requires_testing_data
+from mne.io import read_epochs_kit, read_raw_fif, read_raw_kit
 from mne.io.kit.constants import KIT
+from mne.io.kit.coreg import read_sns
+from mne.io.kit.kit import get_kit_info
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.surface import _get_ico_surface
+from mne.transforms import apply_trans
+from mne.utils import assert_dig_allclose
 
 data_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 sqd_path = data_dir / "test.sqd"
diff --git a/mne/io/nedf/nedf.py b/mne/io/nedf/nedf.py
index 3b87986cf51..8d8b85ba80b 100644
--- a/mne/io/nedf/nedf.py
+++ b/mne/io/nedf/nedf.py
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 
 from copy import deepcopy
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from defusedxml import ElementTree
 
 import numpy as np
+from defusedxml import ElementTree
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
-from ...utils import warn, verbose, _check_fname
+from ...utils import _check_fname, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 
 
 def _getsubnodetext(node, name):
diff --git a/mne/io/nedf/tests/test_nedf.py b/mne/io/nedf/tests/test_nedf.py
index 1ed733d658c..8b436d5017f 100644
--- a/mne/io/nedf/tests/test_nedf.py
+++ b/mne/io/nedf/tests/test_nedf.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 
 from mne import find_events
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.io.nedf import read_raw_nedf, _parse_nedf_header
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io.nedf import _parse_nedf_header, read_raw_nedf
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 
 eeg_path = testing.data_path(download=False, verbose=True)
diff --git a/mne/io/nicolet/nicolet.py b/mne/io/nicolet/nicolet.py
index f4155dda511..3ed1b75b63d 100644
--- a/mne/io/nicolet/nicolet.py
+++ b/mne/io/nicolet/nicolet.py
@@ -2,16 +2,17 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import numpy as np
-from os import path
-import datetime
 import calendar
+import datetime
+from os import path
+
+import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ...utils import logger, fill_doc
-from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file, _find_channels, _create_chs
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
+from ..._fiff.utils import _create_chs, _find_channels, _read_segments_file
+from ...utils import fill_doc, logger
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/nicolet/tests/test_nicolet.py b/mne/io/nicolet/tests/test_nicolet.py
index 6abc855bb32..19e6e682b6d 100644
--- a/mne/io/nicolet/tests/test_nicolet.py
+++ b/mne/io/nicolet/tests/test_nicolet.py
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import pytest
+
 from mne.io import read_raw_nicolet
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 
-import pytest
-
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 fname_data = base_dir / "test_nicolet_raw.data"
 fname_head = base_dir / "test_nicolet_raw.head"
diff --git a/mne/io/nihon/nihon.py b/mne/io/nihon/nihon.py
index e8b5fc7b195..ab1e476fc5d 100644
--- a/mne/io/nihon/nihon.py
+++ b/mne/io/nihon/nihon.py
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ...utils import fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn, _check_fname
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
-from ...annotations import Annotations
 from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
+from ...annotations import Annotations
+from ...utils import _check_fname, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 
 
 def _ensure_path(fname):
diff --git a/mne/io/nihon/tests/test_nihon.py b/mne/io/nihon/tests/test_nihon.py
index e9b2eb4d035..666f293e820 100644
--- a/mne/io/nihon/tests/test_nihon.py
+++ b/mne/io/nihon/tests/test_nihon.py
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal
 
-from mne.io import read_raw_nihon, read_raw_edf
-from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_raw_edf, read_raw_nihon
+from mne.io.nihon import nihon
 from mne.io.nihon.nihon import (
+    _read_nihon_annotations,
     _read_nihon_header,
     _read_nihon_metadata,
-    _read_nihon_annotations,
 )
-from mne.io.nihon import nihon
+from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 
diff --git a/mne/io/nirx/nirx.py b/mne/io/nirx/nirx.py
index 979b04ec285..f84d6329cb8 100644
--- a/mne/io/nirx/nirx.py
+++ b/mne/io/nirx/nirx.py
@@ -2,34 +2,34 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from configparser import ConfigParser, RawConfigParser
-import glob as glob
-import re as re
-import os.path as op
 import datetime as dt
+import glob as glob
 import json
+import os.path as op
+import re as re
+from configparser import ConfigParser, RawConfigParser
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.io import loadmat
 
-from ._localized_abbr import _localized_abbr
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info, _format_dig_points
-from ...annotations import Annotations
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _format_dig_points, create_info
+from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
 from ..._freesurfer import get_mni_fiducials
-from ...transforms import apply_trans, _get_trans
+from ...annotations import Annotations
+from ...transforms import _get_trans, apply_trans
 from ...utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    fill_doc,
-    warn,
     _check_fname,
-    _validate_type,
     _check_option,
     _mask_to_onsets_offsets,
+    _validate_type,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
+from ..base import BaseRaw
+from ._localized_abbr import _localized_abbr
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py b/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
index 3938a5b690c..83df688cef0 100644
--- a/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
+++ b/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
@@ -2,26 +2,26 @@
 #          Eric Larson <larson.eric.d@gmail.com>
 #          simplified BSD-3 license
 
-import shutil
-import os
 import datetime as dt
-import numpy as np
+import os
+import shutil
 
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import pick_types
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
 from mne.io import read_raw_nirx
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.preprocessing import annotate_nan
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans, _get_trans
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import (
-    source_detector_distances,
-    short_channels,
     _reorder_nirx,
+    short_channels,
+    source_detector_distances,
 )
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.transforms import _get_trans, apply_trans
 
 testing_path = data_path(download=False)
 fname_nirx_15_0 = testing_path / "NIRx" / "nirscout" / "nirx_15_0_recording"
diff --git a/mne/io/nsx/nsx.py b/mne/io/nsx/nsx.py
index 08cd5bc29a6..5d3b2e7a659 100644
--- a/mne/io/nsx/nsx.py
+++ b/mne/io/nsx/nsx.py
@@ -6,14 +6,12 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw, _get_scaling
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
-from ..._fiff.utils import _read_segments_file, _file_size
-
+from ..._fiff.utils import _file_size, _read_segments_file
 from ...annotations import Annotations
-from ...utils import logger, fill_doc, warn
-
+from ...utils import fill_doc, logger, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw, _get_scaling
 
 CH_TYPE_MAPPING = {
     "CC": "SEEG",
diff --git a/mne/io/nsx/tests/test_nsx.py b/mne/io/nsx/tests/test_nsx.py
index 8aa22677552..03b6ebb8606 100644
--- a/mne/io/nsx/tests/test_nsx.py
+++ b/mne/io/nsx/tests/test_nsx.py
@@ -2,19 +2,18 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 import os
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
-from mne.io import read_raw_nsx
-from mne.io.nsx.nsx import _decode_online_filters, _read_header
-from mne._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
+from mne import make_fixed_length_epochs
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.meas_info import _empty_info
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
+from mne.io import read_raw_nsx
+from mne.io.nsx.nsx import _decode_online_filters, _read_header
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
-from mne import make_fixed_length_epochs
-
 
 testing_path = data_path(download=False)
 nsx_21_fname = os.path.join(testing_path, "nsx", "test_NEURALSG_raw.ns3")
diff --git a/mne/io/persyst/persyst.py b/mne/io/persyst/persyst.py
index 3030c1ad1d4..873131ffad3 100644
--- a/mne/io/persyst/persyst.py
+++ b/mne/io/persyst/persyst.py
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
 from ...annotations import Annotations
-from ...utils import logger, verbose, fill_doc, warn, _check_fname
+from ...utils import _check_fname, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py b/mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py
index 88c4c3e2770..ac527157834 100644
--- a/mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py
+++ b/mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 import os
 import shutil
 
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
-import numpy as np
 
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
 from mne.io import read_raw_persyst
diff --git a/mne/io/pick.py b/mne/io/pick.py
index 5ae287de324..7b9b38b8b2d 100644
--- a/mne/io/pick.py
+++ b/mne/io/pick.py
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 
 from .._fiff import _io_dep_getattr
 from .._fiff.pick import (
-    _picks_to_idx,
     _DATA_CH_TYPES_ORDER_DEFAULT,
     _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    _picks_to_idx,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
diff --git a/mne/io/snirf/_snirf.py b/mne/io/snirf/_snirf.py
index 5da8642301f..a0de3550c88 100644
--- a/mne/io/snirf/_snirf.py
+++ b/mne/io/snirf/_snirf.py
@@ -2,20 +2,21 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+import datetime
 import re
+
 import numpy as np
-import datetime
 
-from ..base import BaseRaw
-from ..nirx.nirx import _convert_fnirs_to_head
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import create_info, _format_dig_points
+from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points
+from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import _format_dig_points, create_info
 from ..._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
+from ..._freesurfer import get_mni_fiducials
 from ...annotations import Annotations
-from ...utils import logger, verbose, fill_doc, warn, _check_fname, _import_h5py
-from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ..._fiff._digitization import _make_dig_points
 from ...transforms import _frame_to_str, apply_trans
-from ..._freesurfer import get_mni_fiducials
+from ...utils import _check_fname, _import_h5py, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..base import BaseRaw
+from ..nirx.nirx import _convert_fnirs_to_head
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py b/mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py
index 141e34d00c6..276d003b791 100644
--- a/mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py
+++ b/mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 # Authors: Robert Luke  <mail@robertluke.net>
 #          simplified BSD-3 license
 
-import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_almost_equal, assert_equal
 import shutil
+
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_almost_equal, assert_equal
 
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
-from mne.io import read_raw_snirf, read_raw_nirx
+from mne.io import read_raw_nirx, read_raw_snirf
 from mne.io.tests.test_raw import _test_raw_reader
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import (
-    optical_density,
+    _reorder_nirx,
     beer_lambert_law,
+    optical_density,
     short_channels,
     source_detector_distances,
-    _reorder_nirx,
 )
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans, _get_trans
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.transforms import _get_trans, apply_trans
 from mne.utils import catch_logging
 
-
 testing_path = data_path(download=False)
 # SfNIRS files
 sfnirs_homer_103_wShort = (
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_apply_function.py b/mne/io/tests/test_apply_function.py
index 920dd404dc6..94388ccf86e 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_apply_function.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_apply_function.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 from mne import create_info
 from mne.io import RawArray
-from mne.utils import logger, catch_logging
+from mne.utils import catch_logging, logger
 
 
 def bad_1(x):
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_raw.py b/mne/io/tests/test_raw.py
index 44640427108..362fb293fdf 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_raw.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_raw.py
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from contextlib import redirect_stdout
-from io import StringIO
 import math
 import os
+import re
+from contextlib import redirect_stdout
+from io import StringIO
 from os import path as op
 from pathlib import Path
-import re
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
     assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
@@ -22,26 +22,26 @@
 )
 
 import mne
-from mne import concatenate_raws, create_info, Annotations, pick_types
+from mne import Annotations, concatenate_raws, create_info, pick_types
+from mne._fiff._digitization import DigPoint, _dig_kind_dict
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.meas_info import Info, _get_valid_units, _writing_info_hdf5
+from mne._fiff.pick import _ELECTRODE_CH_TYPES, _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
+from mne._fiff.proj import Projection
+from mne._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.fixes import _numpy_h5py_dep
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray, BaseRaw
+from mne.io import BaseRaw, RawArray, read_raw_fif
 from mne.io.base import _get_scaling
-from mne._fiff.meas_info import Info, _writing_info_hdf5, _get_valid_units
-from mne._fiff._digitization import _dig_kind_dict, DigPoint
-from mne._fiff.pick import _ELECTRODE_CH_TYPES, _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
 from mne.utils import (
-    _TempDir,
-    catch_logging,
+    _import_h5io_funcs,
     _raw_annot,
     _stamp_to_dt,
-    object_diff,
+    _TempDir,
+    catch_logging,
     check_version,
-    _import_h5io_funcs,
+    object_diff,
 )
-from mne._fiff.proj import Projection
-from mne._fiff.utils import _mult_cal_one
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 
 raw_fname = op.join(
     op.dirname(__file__), "..", "..", "io", "tests", "data", "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_read_raw.py b/mne/io/tests/test_read_raw.py
index db9244dee5a..4f44b9c7473 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_read_raw.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_read_raw.py
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
 
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw
-from mne.io._read_raw import split_name_ext, _get_readers
-
+from mne.io._read_raw import _get_readers, split_name_ext
 
 base = Path(__file__).parent.parent
 test_base = Path(testing.data_path(download=False))
diff --git a/mne/label.py b/mne/label.py
index 19eb21ffdc7..58db1379068 100644
--- a/mne/label.py
+++ b/mne/label.py
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from collections import defaultdict
-from colorsys import hsv_to_rgb, rgb_to_hsv
 import copy as cp
 import os
 import os.path as op
 import re
+from collections import defaultdict
+from colorsys import hsv_to_rgb, rgb_to_hsv
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg, sparse
@@ -25,30 +25,30 @@
     spatial_src_adjacency,
 )
 from .source_space._source_space import (
-    add_source_space_distances,
     SourceSpaces,
     _ensure_src,
+    add_source_space_distances,
 )
 from .stats.cluster_level import _find_clusters, _get_components
 from .surface import (
+    _mesh_borders,
     complete_surface_info,
-    read_surface,
     fast_cross_3d,
-    _mesh_borders,
-    mesh_edges,
     mesh_dist,
+    mesh_edges,
+    read_surface,
 )
 from .utils import (
-    get_subjects_dir,
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
     _check_subject,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_random_state,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
     logger,
     verbose,
     warn,
-    check_random_state,
-    _validate_type,
-    fill_doc,
-    _check_option,
-    _check_fname,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/__init__.pyi b/mne/minimum_norm/__init__.pyi
index bf8e3fc90ca..fb800479383 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/__init__.pyi
@@ -22,29 +22,29 @@ __all__ = [
     "write_inverse_operator",
 ]
 from .inverse import (
+    INVERSE_METHODS,
     InverseOperator,
-    read_inverse_operator,
     apply_inverse,
-    apply_inverse_raw,
-    make_inverse_operator,
+    apply_inverse_cov,
     apply_inverse_epochs,
+    apply_inverse_raw,
     apply_inverse_tfr_epochs,
-    write_inverse_operator,
     compute_rank_inverse,
-    prepare_inverse_operator,
     estimate_snr,
-    apply_inverse_cov,
-    INVERSE_METHODS,
-)
-from .time_frequency import (
-    source_band_induced_power,
-    source_induced_power,
-    compute_source_psd,
-    compute_source_psd_epochs,
+    make_inverse_operator,
+    prepare_inverse_operator,
+    read_inverse_operator,
+    write_inverse_operator,
 )
 from .resolution_matrix import (
-    make_inverse_resolution_matrix,
-    get_point_spread,
     get_cross_talk,
+    get_point_spread,
+    make_inverse_resolution_matrix,
 )
 from .spatial_resolution import resolution_metrics
+from .time_frequency import (
+    compute_source_psd,
+    compute_source_psd_epochs,
+    source_band_induced_power,
+    source_induced_power,
+)
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/_eloreta.py b/mne/minimum_norm/_eloreta.py
index ec534503f79..0e497536825 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/_eloreta.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/_eloreta.py
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 from functools import partial
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from ..defaults import _handle_default
 from ..fixes import _safe_svd
-from ..utils import warn, logger, sqrtm_sym, eigh
-
+from ..utils import eigh, logger, sqrtm_sym, warn
 
 # For the reference implementation of eLORETA (force_equal=False),
 # 0 < loose <= 1 all produce solutions that are (more or less)
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 def _compute_eloreta(inv, lambda2, options):
     """Compute the eLORETA solution."""
-    from .inverse import compute_rank_inverse, _compute_reginv
+    from .inverse import _compute_reginv, compute_rank_inverse
 
     options = _handle_default("eloreta_options", options)
     eps, max_iter = options["eps"], options["max_iter"]
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/inverse.py b/mne/minimum_norm/inverse.py
index 7b23d137858..b8f1cdc11bd 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/inverse.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/inverse.py
@@ -11,77 +11,75 @@
 from scipy import linalg
 from scipy.stats import chi2
 
-from ._eloreta import _compute_eloreta
-from ..fixes import _safe_svd
-from ..io import BaseRaw
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from .._fiff.tag import find_tag
 from .._fiff.matrix import (
     _read_named_matrix,
     _transpose_named_matrix,
     write_named_matrix,
 )
+from .._fiff.open import fiff_open
+from .._fiff.pick import channel_type, pick_channels, pick_info, pick_types
 from .._fiff.proj import (
+    _electrode_types,
+    _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj,
     _read_proj,
-    make_projector,
     _write_proj,
-    _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj,
-    _electrode_types,
+    make_projector,
 )
+from .._fiff.tag import find_tag
 from .._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from .._fiff.write import (
-    write_int,
-    write_float_matrix,
+    end_block,
     start_and_end_file,
     start_block,
-    end_block,
-    write_float,
     write_coord_trans,
+    write_float,
+    write_float_matrix,
+    write_int,
     write_string,
 )
-
-from .._fiff.pick import channel_type, pick_info, pick_types, pick_channels
-from ..cov import compute_whitener, _read_cov, _write_cov, Covariance, prepare_noise_cov
+from ..cov import Covariance, _read_cov, _write_cov, compute_whitener, prepare_noise_cov
 from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, EpochsArray
-from ..evoked import EvokedArray, Evoked
+from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
+from ..fixes import _safe_svd
 from ..forward import (
-    compute_depth_prior,
     _read_forward_meas_info,
-    is_fixed_orient,
+    _select_orient_forward,
+    compute_depth_prior,
     compute_orient_prior,
     convert_forward_solution,
-    _select_orient_forward,
+    is_fixed_orient,
 )
-from ..forward.forward import write_forward_meas_info, _triage_loose
+from ..forward.forward import _triage_loose, write_forward_meas_info
 from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
+from ..io import BaseRaw
+from ..source_estimate import _get_src_type, _make_stc
 from ..source_space._source_space import (
-    _read_source_spaces_from_tree,
     _get_src_nn,
-    find_source_space_hemi,
     _get_vertno,
+    _read_source_spaces_from_tree,
     _write_source_spaces_to_fid,
+    find_source_space_hemi,
     label_src_vertno_sel,
 )
 from ..surface import _normal_orth
-from ..transforms import _ensure_trans, transform_surface_to
 from ..time_frequency.tfr import _check_tfr_complex
-from ..source_estimate import _make_stc, _get_src_type
+from ..transforms import _ensure_trans, transform_surface_to
 from ..utils import (
-    check_fname,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
-    _validate_type,
     _check_compensation_grade,
-    _check_option,
-    repr_html,
     _check_depth,
-    _check_src_normal,
     _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
+    _check_src_normal,
+    _validate_type,
     _verbose_safe_false,
+    check_fname,
+    logger,
+    repr_html,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-
+from ._eloreta import _compute_eloreta
 
 INVERSE_METHODS = ("MNE", "dSPM", "sLORETA", "eLORETA")
 
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/resolution_matrix.py b/mne/minimum_norm/resolution_matrix.py
index a01ece26ccb..2d419c11484 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/resolution_matrix.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/resolution_matrix.py
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@
 
 from mne.minimum_norm.inverse import InverseOperator
 
-from .inverse import apply_inverse
-from ..evoked import EvokedArray
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels_forward
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _validate_type
-from ..forward.forward import convert_forward_solution, Forward
-from ..source_estimate import _prepare_label_extraction, _make_stc, _get_src_type
-from ..source_space._source_space import SourceSpaces, _get_vertno
+from ..evoked import EvokedArray
+from ..forward.forward import Forward, convert_forward_solution
 from ..label import Label
+from ..source_estimate import _get_src_type, _make_stc, _prepare_label_extraction
+from ..source_space._source_space import SourceSpaces, _get_vertno
+from ..utils import _validate_type, logger, verbose
+from .inverse import apply_inverse
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/spatial_resolution.py b/mne/minimum_norm/spatial_resolution.py
index b075529120d..b72e3cebdfd 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/spatial_resolution.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/spatial_resolution.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _check_option
+from ..utils import _check_option, logger, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
index 0bfb60fe0b1..bf9537306e1 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
@@ -1,61 +1,60 @@
+import copy
 import re
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
-    assert_equal,
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_array_less,
+    assert_equal,
 )
 from scipy import sparse
 
-import pytest
-import copy
-
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.label import read_label, label_sign_flip
-from mne.event import read_events
-from mne.epochs import Epochs, EpochsArray, make_fixed_length_epochs
-from mne.forward import restrict_forward_to_stc, apply_forward, is_fixed_orient
-from mne.source_estimate import read_source_estimate, VolSourceEstimate
-from mne.source_space._source_space import _get_src_nn
-from mne.surface import _normal_orth
 from mne import (
-    read_cov,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    read_evokeds,
-    pick_types,
-    pick_types_forward,
-    make_forward_solution,
-    EvokedArray,
-    convert_forward_solution,
     Covariance,
-    combine_evoked,
+    EvokedArray,
     SourceEstimate,
-    make_sphere_model,
+    combine_evoked,
+    compute_raw_covariance,
+    convert_forward_solution,
     make_ad_hoc_cov,
+    make_forward_solution,
+    make_sphere_model,
     pick_channels_forward,
-    compute_raw_covariance,
+    pick_types,
+    pick_types_forward,
+    read_cov,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_forward_solution,
 )
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_info
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.epochs import Epochs, EpochsArray, make_fixed_length_epochs
+from mne.event import read_events
+from mne.forward import apply_forward, is_fixed_orient, restrict_forward_to_stc
+from mne.io import read_info, read_raw_fif
+from mne.label import label_sign_flip, read_label
 from mne.minimum_norm import (
+    INVERSE_METHODS,
     apply_inverse,
-    read_inverse_operator,
-    apply_inverse_raw,
+    apply_inverse_cov,
     apply_inverse_epochs,
+    apply_inverse_raw,
     apply_inverse_tfr_epochs,
+    compute_rank_inverse,
     make_inverse_operator,
-    apply_inverse_cov,
-    write_inverse_operator,
     prepare_inverse_operator,
-    compute_rank_inverse,
-    INVERSE_METHODS,
+    read_inverse_operator,
+    write_inverse_operator,
 )
+from mne.source_estimate import VolSourceEstimate, read_source_estimate
+from mne.source_space._source_space import _get_src_nn
+from mne.surface import _normal_orth
 from mne.time_frequency import EpochsTFR
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 
 test_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 s_path = test_path / "MEG" / "sample"
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_resolution_matrix.py b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_resolution_matrix.py
index f976a59ec8e..6b2d56fd522 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_resolution_matrix.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_resolution_matrix.py
@@ -5,17 +5,18 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 from contextlib import nullcontext
+
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.minimum_norm.resolution_matrix import (
-    make_inverse_resolution_matrix,
+    _vertices_for_get_psf_ctf,
     get_cross_talk,
     get_point_spread,
-    _vertices_for_get_psf_ctf,
+    make_inverse_resolution_matrix,
 )
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_resolution_metrics.py b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_resolution_metrics.py
index 700b9243ba0..72afd2eb406 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_resolution_metrics.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_resolution_metrics.py
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.minimum_norm.resolution_matrix import make_inverse_resolution_matrix
 from mne.minimum_norm.spatial_resolution import (
-    resolution_metrics,
     _rectify_resolution_matrix,
+    resolution_metrics,
 )
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py
index bfd4d1ed001..92d8132dcce 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
 
 import os
 from os import path as op
+
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 from mne import read_evokeds
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator, estimate_snr
-
+from mne.minimum_norm import estimate_snr, read_inverse_operator
 from mne.utils import requires_mne, run_subprocess
 
 s_path = op.join(testing.data_path(download=False), "MEG", "sample")
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_time_frequency.py b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_time_frequency.py
index 82c73d6c575..e581b4ae694 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_time_frequency.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_time_frequency.py
@@ -1,26 +1,24 @@
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
+from mne import Epochs, find_events, pick_types
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne import find_events, Epochs, pick_types
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.label import read_label
 from mne.minimum_norm import (
-    read_inverse_operator,
+    INVERSE_METHODS,
     apply_inverse_epochs,
     prepare_inverse_operator,
-    INVERSE_METHODS,
+    read_inverse_operator,
 )
 from mne.minimum_norm.time_frequency import (
-    source_band_induced_power,
-    source_induced_power,
     compute_source_psd,
     compute_source_psd_epochs,
+    source_band_induced_power,
+    source_induced_power,
 )
-
-
 from mne.time_frequency.multitaper import psd_array_multitaper
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/time_frequency.py b/mne/minimum_norm/time_frequency.py
index aee85601d16..3c037c67085 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/time_frequency.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/time_frequency.py
@@ -5,32 +5,32 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_info
+from ..baseline import _log_rescale, rescale
 from ..epochs import Epochs
 from ..event import make_fixed_length_events
 from ..evoked import EvokedArray
 from ..fixes import _safe_svd
-from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_info
+from ..parallel import parallel_func
 from ..source_estimate import _make_stc
-from ..time_frequency.tfr import cwt, morlet
 from ..time_frequency.multitaper import (
-    _psd_from_mt,
     _compute_mt_params,
-    _psd_from_mt_adaptive,
     _mt_spectra,
+    _psd_from_mt,
+    _psd_from_mt_adaptive,
 )
-from ..baseline import rescale, _log_rescale
+from ..time_frequency.tfr import cwt, morlet
+from ..utils import ProgressBar, _check_option, logger, verbose
 from .inverse import (
-    combine_xyz,
-    _check_or_prepare,
-    _assemble_kernel,
-    _pick_channels_inverse_operator,
     INVERSE_METHODS,
+    _assemble_kernel,
+    _check_or_prepare,
     _check_ori,
+    _pick_channels_inverse_operator,
     _subject_from_inverse,
+    combine_xyz,
 )
-from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, ProgressBar, _check_option
 
 
 def _prepare_source_params(
diff --git a/mne/morph.py b/mne/morph.py
index e74ed3a8f77..edfa6643c9c 100644
--- a/mne/morph.py
+++ b/mne/morph.py
@@ -15,31 +15,33 @@
 from .morph_map import read_morph_map
 from .parallel import parallel_func
 from .source_estimate import (
+    _BaseSourceEstimate,
     _BaseSurfaceSourceEstimate,
     _BaseVolSourceEstimate,
-    _BaseSourceEstimate,
     _get_ico_tris,
 )
 from .source_space._source_space import SourceSpaces, _ensure_src, _grid_interp
-from .surface import mesh_edges, read_surface, _compute_nearest
+from .surface import _compute_nearest, mesh_edges, read_surface
 from .utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    check_version,
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    warn as warn_,
-    fill_doc,
-    _check_option,
-    _validate_type,
     BunchConst,
+    ProgressBar,
     _check_fname,
-    warn,
+    _check_option,
     _custom_lru_cache,
     _ensure_int,
-    ProgressBar,
-    use_log_level,
-    _import_nibabel,
     _import_h5io_funcs,
+    _import_nibabel,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_version,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    use_log_level,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
+)
+from .utils import (
+    warn as warn_,
 )
 
 
@@ -1026,10 +1028,12 @@ def _get_src_data(src, mri_resolution=True):
 def _triage_output(output):
     _check_option("output", output, ["nifti", "nifti1", "nifti2"])
     if output in ("nifti", "nifti1"):
-        from nibabel import Nifti1Image as NiftiImage, Nifti1Header as NiftiHeader
+        from nibabel import Nifti1Header as NiftiHeader
+        from nibabel import Nifti1Image as NiftiImage
     else:
         assert output == "nifti2"
-        from nibabel import Nifti2Image as NiftiImage, Nifti2Header as NiftiHeader
+        from nibabel import Nifti2Header as NiftiHeader
+        from nibabel import Nifti2Image as NiftiImage
     return NiftiImage, NiftiHeader
 
 
@@ -1140,9 +1144,10 @@ def _interpolate_data(stc, morph, mri_resolution, mri_space, output):
 
 def _compute_morph_sdr(mri_from, mri_to, niter_affine, niter_sdr, zooms):
     """Get a matrix that morphs data from one subject to another."""
-    from .transforms import _compute_volume_registration
     from dipy.align.imaffine import AffineMap
 
+    from .transforms import _compute_volume_registration
+
     pipeline = "all" if niter_sdr else "affines"
     niter = dict(
         translation=niter_affine,
diff --git a/mne/morph_map.py b/mne/morph_map.py
index 83f68715357..b1153123174 100644
--- a/mne/morph_map.py
+++ b/mne/morph_map.py
@@ -18,22 +18,22 @@
 from ._fiff.tag import find_tag
 from ._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from ._fiff.write import (
-    start_block,
     end_block,
-    write_string,
     start_and_end_file,
+    start_block,
     write_float_sparse_rcs,
     write_int,
+    write_string,
 )
 from .surface import (
-    read_surface,
-    _triangle_neighbors,
     _compute_nearest,
-    _normalize_vectors,
-    _get_tri_supp_geom,
     _find_nearest_tri_pts,
+    _get_tri_supp_geom,
+    _normalize_vectors,
+    _triangle_neighbors,
+    read_surface,
 )
-from .utils import get_subjects_dir, warn, logger, verbose
+from .utils import get_subjects_dir, logger, verbose, warn
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/parallel.py b/mne/parallel.py
index 7d314f05718..2598d93ae92 100644
--- a/mne/parallel.py
+++ b/mne/parallel.py
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@
 import os
 
 from .utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
     ProgressBar,
-    _validate_type,
     _ensure_int,
+    _validate_type,
     get_config,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/__init__.pyi b/mne/preprocessing/__init__.pyi
index bd4dd7f44c4..7d0741ab30a 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/__init__.pyi
@@ -47,45 +47,45 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 from . import eyetracking, ieeg, nirs
 from ._annotate_amplitude import annotate_amplitude
-from .maxfilter import apply_maxfilter
-from .ssp import compute_proj_ecg, compute_proj_eog
-from .eog import find_eog_events, create_eog_epochs
-from .ecg import find_ecg_events, create_ecg_epochs
+from ._annotate_nan import annotate_nan
+from ._csd import compute_bridged_electrodes, compute_current_source_density
+from ._css import cortical_signal_suppression
+from ._fine_cal import (
+    compute_fine_calibration,
+    read_fine_calibration,
+    write_fine_calibration,
+)
+from ._peak_finder import peak_finder
+from ._regress import EOGRegression, read_eog_regression, regress_artifact
+from .artifact_detection import (
+    annotate_break,
+    annotate_movement,
+    annotate_muscle_zscore,
+    compute_average_dev_head_t,
+)
+from .ecg import create_ecg_epochs, find_ecg_events
+from .eog import create_eog_epochs, find_eog_events
+from .hfc import compute_proj_hfc
 from .ica import (
     ICA,
-    ica_find_eog_events,
-    ica_find_ecg_events,
+    corrmap,
     get_score_funcs,
+    ica_find_ecg_events,
+    ica_find_eog_events,
     read_ica,
-    corrmap,
     read_ica_eeglab,
 )
-from .otp import oversampled_temporal_projection
-from ._peak_finder import peak_finder
 from .infomax_ import infomax
-from .stim import fix_stim_artifact
+from .interpolate import equalize_bads, interpolate_bridged_electrodes
+from .maxfilter import apply_maxfilter
 from .maxwell import (
-    maxwell_filter,
-    find_bad_channels_maxwell,
     compute_maxwell_basis,
+    find_bad_channels_maxwell,
+    maxwell_filter,
     maxwell_filter_prepare_emptyroom,
 )
+from .otp import oversampled_temporal_projection
 from .realign import realign_raw
+from .ssp import compute_proj_ecg, compute_proj_eog
+from .stim import fix_stim_artifact
 from .xdawn import Xdawn
-from ._csd import compute_current_source_density, compute_bridged_electrodes
-from .artifact_detection import (
-    annotate_movement,
-    compute_average_dev_head_t,
-    annotate_muscle_zscore,
-    annotate_break,
-)
-from ._regress import regress_artifact, EOGRegression, read_eog_regression
-from ._fine_cal import (
-    compute_fine_calibration,
-    read_fine_calibration,
-    write_fine_calibration,
-)
-from ._annotate_nan import annotate_nan
-from .interpolate import equalize_bads, interpolate_bridged_electrodes
-from ._css import cortical_signal_suppression
-from .hfc import compute_proj_hfc
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/_annotate_amplitude.py b/mne/preprocessing/_annotate_amplitude.py
index 1a0a7053cc8..85c796258a2 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/_annotate_amplitude.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/_annotate_amplitude.py
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..fixes import jit
-from ..io import BaseRaw
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_by_type, _picks_to_idx
 from ..annotations import (
     Annotations,
     _adjust_onset_meas_date,
     _annotations_starts_stops,
 )
-from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, _picks_by_type
-from ..utils import _validate_type, verbose, logger, _mask_to_onsets_offsets
+from ..fixes import jit
+from ..io import BaseRaw
+from ..utils import _mask_to_onsets_offsets, _validate_type, logger, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/_csd.py b/mne/preprocessing/_csd.py
index 022c94e8130..27f1481fcc0 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/_csd.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/_csd.py
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@
 #          permission from authors of original GPL code
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy.stats import gaussian_kde
 from scipy.optimize import minimize_scalar
+from scipy.stats import gaussian_kde
 
-from ..utils import _validate_type, _ensure_int, _check_preload, verbose, logger
-from ..io import BaseRaw
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from .._fiff.pick import pick_types
-from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, make_fixed_length_epochs
-from ..evoked import Evoked
 from ..bem import fit_sphere_to_headshape
 from ..channels.interpolation import _calc_g, _calc_h
+from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, make_fixed_length_epochs
+from ..evoked import Evoked
+from ..io import BaseRaw
+from ..utils import _check_preload, _ensure_int, _validate_type, logger, verbose
 
 
 def _prepare_G(G, lambda2):
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/_css.py b/mne/preprocessing/_css.py
index a930d8f2fd2..9132d578331 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/_css.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/_css.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..evoked import Evoked
 from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
-from ..utils import verbose, _validate_type, _ensure_int
+from ..evoked import Evoked
+from ..utils import _ensure_int, _validate_type, verbose
 
 
 def _temp_proj(ref_2, ref_1, raw_data, n_proj=6):
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/_fine_cal.py b/mne/preprocessing/_fine_cal.py
index a3a124c60f9..1b89b758e9a 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/_fine_cal.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/_fine_cal.py
@@ -8,30 +8,29 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.optimize import fmin_cobyla
 
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_info, pick_types
+from .._fiff.tag import _coil_trans_to_loc, _loc_to_coil_trans
 from ..bem import _check_origin
 from ..io import BaseRaw
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_info, pick_types
-from .._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans, _coil_trans_to_loc
 from ..transforms import _find_vector_rotation
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    check_fname,
     _check_fname,
-    _pl,
-    _ensure_int,
     _check_option,
-    _validate_type,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _pl,
     _reg_pinv,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
 )
-
 from .maxwell import (
     _col_norm_pinv,
-    _trans_sss_basis,
-    _prep_mf_coils,
     _get_grad_point_coilsets,
-    _read_cross_talk,
     _prep_fine_cal,
+    _prep_mf_coils,
+    _read_cross_talk,
+    _trans_sss_basis,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/_peak_finder.py b/mne/preprocessing/_peak_finder.py
index a9137d2bb4b..ec43aeb2ff4 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/_peak_finder.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/_peak_finder.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _pl
+from ..utils import _pl, logger, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/_regress.py b/mne/preprocessing/_regress.py
index 4174736e68b..f748f7020be 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/_regress.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/_regress.py
@@ -5,22 +5,22 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..defaults import _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _BORDER_DEFAULT
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from ..defaults import _BORDER_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT
 from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
 from ..evoked import Evoked
-from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
 from ..io import BaseRaw
+from ..minimum_norm.inverse import _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj
 from ..utils import (
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
     _check_preload,
+    _import_h5io_funcs,
     _validate_type,
-    _check_option,
-    verbose,
-    fill_doc,
     copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
-    _check_fname,
-    _import_h5io_funcs,
+    fill_doc,
+    verbose,
 )
-from ..minimum_norm.inverse import _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj
 from ..viz import plot_regression_weights
 
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/artifact_detection.py b/mne/preprocessing/artifact_detection.py
index 12f4a1e1538..2a34401734a 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/artifact_detection.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/artifact_detection.py
@@ -4,27 +4,27 @@
 
 
 import numpy as np
+from scipy.ndimage import distance_transform_edt, label
 from scipy.signal import find_peaks
 from scipy.stats import zscore
-from scipy.ndimage import distance_transform_edt, label
 
-from ..io.base import BaseRaw
 from ..annotations import (
     Annotations,
+    _adjust_onset_meas_date,
     _annotations_starts_stops,
     annotations_from_events,
-    _adjust_onset_meas_date,
 )
+from ..filter import filter_data
+from ..io.base import BaseRaw
 from ..transforms import (
-    quat_to_rot,
-    _average_quats,
+    Transform,
     _angle_between_quats,
-    apply_trans,
+    _average_quats,
     _quat_to_affine,
+    apply_trans,
+    quat_to_rot,
 )
-from ..filter import filter_data
-from ..transforms import Transform
-from ..utils import _mask_to_onsets_offsets, logger, verbose, _validate_type, _pl
+from ..utils import _mask_to_onsets_offsets, _pl, _validate_type, logger, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ecg.py b/mne/preprocessing/ecg.py
index 388fe9e416d..4ba1a4c0d1d 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ecg.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ecg.py
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_channels, pick_types
 from ..annotations import _annotations_starts_stops
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, sum_squared, warn, int_like
+from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, Epochs
+from ..evoked import Evoked
 from ..filter import filter_data
-from ..epochs import Epochs, BaseEpochs
 from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
-from ..evoked import Evoked
-from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info
-from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_types, pick_channels
+from ..utils import int_like, logger, sum_squared, verbose, warn
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/eog.py b/mne/preprocessing/eog.py
index abd10c5ef88..a169ada87f3 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/eog.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/eog.py
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ._peak_finder import peak_finder
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_channels
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _pl, _validate_type
-from ..filter import filter_data
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_types
 from ..epochs import Epochs
+from ..filter import filter_data
+from ..utils import _pl, _validate_type, logger, verbose
+from ._peak_finder import peak_finder
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/_pupillometry.py b/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/_pupillometry.py
index 805b15de41a..859e413ce6a 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/_pupillometry.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/_pupillometry.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ...io import BaseRaw
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ...utils import logger, _check_preload, _validate_type, warn
+from ...io import BaseRaw
+from ...utils import _check_preload, _validate_type, logger, warn
 
 
 def interpolate_blinks(raw, buffer=0.05, match="BAD_blink", interpolate_gaze=False):
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/tests/test_calibration.py b/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/tests/test_calibration.py
index 55caad14cda..26320688ed5 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/tests/test_calibration.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/tests/test_calibration.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import pytest
-
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
+
 from ..calibration import Calibration, read_eyelink_calibration
 
 # for test_read_eylink_calibration
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/tests/test_pupillometry.py b/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/tests/test_pupillometry.py
index 00d3518aa97..5bdd4866a53 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/tests/test_pupillometry.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/tests/test_pupillometry.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 from mne import create_info
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, requires_testing_data
-from mne.io import read_raw_eyelink, RawArray
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_eyelink
 from mne.preprocessing.eyetracking import interpolate_blinks
 
 fname = data_path(download=False) / "eyetrack" / "test_eyelink.asc"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/hfc.py b/mne/preprocessing/hfc.py
index 25084aedc69..71870330dcc 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/hfc.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/hfc.py
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .maxwell import _prep_mf_coils, _sss_basis
 from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_info
 from .._fiff.proj import Projection
 from ..utils import verbose
+from .maxwell import _prep_mf_coils, _sss_basis
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ica.py b/mne/preprocessing/ica.py
index fdb7d920267..c0139427a4a 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ica.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ica.py
@@ -5,102 +5,99 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from inspect import isfunction, signature, Parameter
+import json
+import math
+import warnings
 from collections import namedtuple
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
+from dataclasses import dataclass, is_dataclass
+from inspect import Parameter, isfunction, signature
 from numbers import Integral
 from time import time
-from dataclasses import dataclass, is_dataclass
-from typing import Optional, List, Literal
-import warnings
-
-import math
-import json
+from typing import List, Literal, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg, stats
 from scipy.spatial import distance
 from scipy.special import expit
 
-from .ecg import qrs_detector, _get_ecg_channel_index, _make_ecg, create_ecg_epochs
-from .eog import _find_eog_events, _get_eog_channel_index
-from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
-from .infomax_ import infomax
-
-from ..cov import compute_whitener, Covariance
-from ..evoked import Evoked
-from ..defaults import _BORDER_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT
+from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from .._fiff.meas_info import ContainsMixin, read_meas_info, write_meas_info
+from .._fiff.open import fiff_open
 from .._fiff.pick import (
-    pick_types,
+    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    _contains_ch_type,
+    _picks_by_type,
+    _picks_to_idx,
     pick_channels,
+    pick_channels_regexp,
     pick_info,
-    _picks_to_idx,
-    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    pick_types,
 )
 from .._fiff.proj import make_projector
+from .._fiff.tag import read_tag
+from .._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from .._fiff.write import (
+    end_block,
+    start_and_end_file,
+    start_block,
     write_double_matrix,
-    write_string,
-    write_name_list,
+    write_id,
     write_int,
-    start_block,
-    end_block,
-)
-from .._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
-from .._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from .._fiff.tag import read_tag
-from .._fiff.meas_info import write_meas_info, read_meas_info, ContainsMixin
-from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.write import start_and_end_file, write_id
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels_regexp, _picks_by_type, _contains_ch_type
-from ..io import BaseRaw
-from ..io.eeglab.eeglab import _get_info, _check_load_mat
-
-from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
-from ..viz import (
-    plot_ica_components,
-    plot_ica_scores,
-    plot_ica_sources,
-    plot_ica_overlay,
+    write_name_list,
+    write_string,
 )
-from ..viz.ica import plot_ica_properties
-from ..viz.topomap import _plot_corrmap
-
 from ..channels.layout import _find_topomap_coords
+from ..cov import Covariance, compute_whitener
+from ..defaults import _BORDER_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT
+from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+from ..evoked import Evoked
+from ..filter import filter_data
+from ..fixes import _safe_svd
+from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
+from ..io import BaseRaw
+from ..io.eeglab.eeglab import _check_load_mat, _get_info
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    check_fname,
+    _PCA,
+    Bunch,
+    _check_all_same_channel_names,
+    _check_compensation_grade,
     _check_fname,
-    verbose,
+    _check_on_missing,
+    _check_option,
+    _check_preload,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _get_inst_data,
+    _on_missing,
+    _pl,
     _reject_data_segments,
-    check_random_state,
+    _require_version,
     _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    check_random_state,
     compute_corr,
-    _get_inst_data,
-    _ensure_int,
-    repr_html,
     copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
-    _pl,
-    warn,
-    Bunch,
-    _check_preload,
-    _check_compensation_grade,
     fill_doc,
-    _check_option,
-    _PCA,
     int_like,
-    _require_version,
-    _check_all_same_channel_names,
-    _check_on_missing,
-    _on_missing,
+    logger,
+    repr_html,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-
-from ..fixes import _safe_svd
-from ..filter import filter_data
+from ..viz import (
+    plot_ica_components,
+    plot_ica_overlay,
+    plot_ica_scores,
+    plot_ica_sources,
+)
+from ..viz.ica import plot_ica_properties
+from ..viz.topomap import _plot_corrmap
 from .bads import _find_outliers
 from .ctps_ import ctps
-
+from .ecg import _get_ecg_channel_index, _make_ecg, create_ecg_epochs, qrs_detector
+from .eog import _find_eog_events, _get_eog_channel_index
+from .infomax_ import infomax
 
 __all__ = (
     "ICA",
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/_projection.py b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/_projection.py
index 3df134e6a59..72292dd577d 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/_projection.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/_projection.py
@@ -3,20 +3,21 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 from itertools import combinations
+
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform
 
-from ...channels import make_dig_montage
 from ..._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from ...channels import make_dig_montage
 from ...surface import (
+    _compute_nearest,
     _read_mri_surface,
+    _read_patch,
     fast_cross_3d,
     read_surface,
-    _read_patch,
-    _compute_nearest,
 )
-from ...transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform, _cart_to_sph, _ensure_trans
-from ...utils import verbose, get_subjects_dir, _validate_type, _ensure_int
+from ...transforms import _cart_to_sph, _ensure_trans, apply_trans, invert_transform
+from ...utils import _ensure_int, _validate_type, get_subjects_dir, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/_volume.py b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/_volume.py
index 9a35b802207..0e35e69de6d 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/_volume.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/_volume.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 
 from ...channels import DigMontage, make_dig_montage
 from ...surface import _voxel_neighbors
-from ...transforms import apply_trans, _frame_to_str, Transform
-from ...utils import verbose, warn, _pl, _validate_type, _require_version, _check_option
+from ...transforms import Transform, _frame_to_str, apply_trans
+from ...utils import _check_option, _pl, _require_version, _validate_type, verbose, warn
 
 
 @verbose
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ def warp_montage(montage, moving, static, reg_affine, sdr_morph, verbose=None):
     _require_version("nibabel", "warp montage", "2.1.0")
     _require_version("dipy", "warping points using SDR", "1.6.0")
 
+    from dipy.align.imwarp import DiffeomorphicMap
     from nibabel import MGHImage
     from nibabel.spatialimages import SpatialImage
-    from dipy.align.imwarp import DiffeomorphicMap
 
     _validate_type(moving, SpatialImage, "moving")
     _validate_type(static, SpatialImage, "static")
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_projection.py b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_projection.py
index 45e49e2ad7e..bd1ebffbc06 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_projection.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_projection.py
@@ -5,14 +5,15 @@
 
 import os
 from shutil import copyfile
+
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 import mne
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.preprocessing.ieeg import project_sensors_onto_brain
 from mne.preprocessing.ieeg._projection import _project_sensors_onto_inflated
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.transforms import _get_trans
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_volume.py b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_volume.py
index 5b264e2d023..d08df4ecd30 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_volume.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_volume.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from mne.coreg import get_mni_fiducials
 from mne.channels import make_dig_montage
+from mne.coreg import get_mni_fiducials
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.preprocessing.ieeg import make_montage_volume, warp_montage
 from mne.transforms import apply_trans, compute_volume_registration
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/infomax_.py b/mne/preprocessing/infomax_.py
index f66b7a3df83..556a7b4e4ad 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/infomax_.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/infomax_.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from scipy.special import expit
 from scipy.stats import kurtosis
 
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, check_random_state, random_permutation
+from ..utils import check_random_state, logger, random_permutation, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py b/mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py
index 45cb1d439a7..830f0bfb57a 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.sparse.csgraph import connected_components
 
-from ..utils import _validate_type, _ensure_int
-from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
 from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info
 from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, EpochsArray
 from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
-from ..transforms import _sph_to_cart, _cart_to_sph
+from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
+from ..transforms import _cart_to_sph, _sph_to_cart
+from ..utils import _ensure_int, _validate_type
 
 
 def equalize_bads(insts, interp_thresh=1.0, copy=True):
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/maxfilter.py b/mne/preprocessing/maxfilter.py
index 886e3f13637..54fbaf532e2 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/maxfilter.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/maxfilter.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 from ..bem import fit_sphere_to_headshape
 from ..io import read_raw_fif
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, warn, deprecated
+from ..utils import deprecated, logger, verbose, warn
 
 
 def _mxwarn(msg):
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/maxwell.py b/mne/preprocessing/maxwell.py
index 60af14dbf5a..37521b0abeb 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/maxwell.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/maxwell.py
@@ -16,51 +16,50 @@
 from scipy.special import lpmv, sph_harm
 
 from .. import __version__
+from .._fiff.compensator import make_compensator
+from .._fiff.constants import FIFF, FWD
+from .._fiff.meas_info import Info, _simplify_info
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_info, pick_types
+from .._fiff.proc_history import _read_ctc
+from .._fiff.proj import Projection
+from .._fiff.tag import _coil_trans_to_loc, _loc_to_coil_trans
+from .._fiff.write import DATE_NONE, _generate_meas_id
 from ..annotations import _annotations_starts_stops
 from ..bem import _check_origin
+from ..channels.channels import _get_T1T2_mag_inds, fix_mag_coil_types
+from ..fixes import _safe_svd, bincount
+from ..forward import _concatenate_coils, _create_meg_coils, _prep_meg_channels
+from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
+from ..surface import _normalize_vectors
 from ..transforms import (
-    _str_to_frame,
-    _get_trans,
     Transform,
-    apply_trans,
-    _find_vector_rotation,
+    _average_quats,
     _cart_to_sph,
-    _get_n_moments,
-    _sph_to_cart_partials,
     _deg_ord_idx,
-    _average_quats,
+    _find_vector_rotation,
+    _get_n_moments,
+    _get_trans,
     _sh_complex_to_real,
-    _sh_real_to_complex,
     _sh_negate,
+    _sh_real_to_complex,
+    _sph_to_cart_partials,
+    _str_to_frame,
+    apply_trans,
     quat_to_rot,
     rot_to_quat,
 )
-from ..forward import _concatenate_coils, _prep_meg_channels, _create_meg_coils
-from ..surface import _normalize_vectors
-from .._fiff.compensator import make_compensator
-from .._fiff.constants import FIFF, FWD
-from .._fiff.meas_info import _simplify_info, Info
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_info
-from .._fiff.proj import Projection
-from .._fiff.proc_history import _read_ctc
-from .._fiff.write import _generate_meas_id, DATE_NONE
-from .._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans, _coil_trans_to_loc
-from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
 from ..utils import (
-    verbose,
-    logger,
-    _clean_names,
-    warn,
-    _time_mask,
-    _pl,
     _check_option,
+    _clean_names,
     _ensure_int,
+    _pl,
+    _time_mask,
     _validate_type,
+    logger,
     use_log_level,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..fixes import _safe_svd, bincount
-from ..channels.channels import _get_T1T2_mag_inds, fix_mag_coil_types
-
 
 # Note: MF uses single precision and some algorithms might use
 # truncated versions of constants (e.g., μ0), which could lead to small
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/_beer_lambert_law.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/_beer_lambert_law.py
index 2d66216bf36..52ee73c13e8 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/_beer_lambert_law.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/_beer_lambert_law.py
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 from scipy.io import loadmat
 
-from ...io import BaseRaw
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ...io import BaseRaw
 from ...utils import _validate_type, warn
-from ..nirs import source_detector_distances, _validate_nirs_info
+from ..nirs import _validate_nirs_info, source_detector_distances
 
 
 def beer_lambert_law(raw, ppf=6.0):
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/_optical_density.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/_optical_density.py
index 826a2d8d521..a296ff94dec 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/_optical_density.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/_optical_density.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..nirs import _validate_nirs_info
-from ...io import BaseRaw
 from ..._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ...utils import _validate_type, warn, verbose
+from ...io import BaseRaw
+from ...utils import _validate_type, verbose, warn
+from ..nirs import _validate_nirs_info
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/nirs.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/nirs.py
index 36d73658216..2a1d821b4a6 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/nirs.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/nirs.py
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import re
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from ..._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_types
-from ...utils import fill_doc, _check_option, _validate_type
-
+from ...utils import _check_option, _validate_type, fill_doc
 
 # Standardized fNIRS channel name regexs
 _S_D_F_RE = re.compile(r"S(\d+)_D(\d+) (\d+\.?\d*)")
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
index 440b06590dc..6fe7fd96803 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path
-from mne.io import read_raw_nirx, BaseRaw, read_raw_fif
-from mne.preprocessing.nirs import optical_density, beer_lambert_law
+from mne.io import BaseRaw, read_raw_fif, read_raw_nirx
+from mne.preprocessing.nirs import beer_lambert_law, optical_density
 from mne.utils import _validate_type
-from mne.datasets import testing
 
 testing_path = data_path(download=False)
 fname_nirx_15_0 = testing_path / "NIRx" / "nirscout" / "nirx_15_0_recording"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_nirs.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_nirs.py
index 5536f6cf2f6..43850482c9c 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_nirs.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_nirs.py
@@ -4,30 +4,29 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import create_info
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path
-from mne.io import read_raw_nirx, RawArray
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_nirx
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import (
-    optical_density,
-    beer_lambert_law,
-    _fnirs_spread_bads,
-    _validate_nirs_info,
-    _check_channels_ordered,
-    tddr,
-    _channel_frequencies,
     _channel_chromophore,
+    _channel_frequencies,
+    _check_channels_ordered,
     _fnirs_optode_names,
+    _fnirs_spread_bads,
     _optode_position,
+    _validate_nirs_info,
+    beer_lambert_law,
+    optical_density,
     scalp_coupling_index,
+    tddr,
 )
-from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
-
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 
 fname_nirx_15_0 = (
     data_path(download=False) / "NIRx" / "nirscout" / "nirx_15_0_recording"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_optical_density.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_optical_density.py
index 45f362c1111..b25fcc4a8cc 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_optical_density.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_optical_density.py
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest as pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest as pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path
-from mne.io import read_raw_nirx, BaseRaw
+from mne.io import BaseRaw, read_raw_nirx
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import optical_density
 from mne.utils import _validate_type
-from mne.datasets import testing
 
 fname_nirx = (
     data_path(download=False) / "NIRx" / "nirscout" / "nirx_15_2_recording_w_short"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py
index 3adda7002f4..240b50e8048 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_less
 
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path
 from mne.io import read_raw_nirx
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import (
+    beer_lambert_law,
     optical_density,
     scalp_coupling_index,
-    beer_lambert_law,
 )
-from mne.datasets import testing
 
 fname_nirx_15_0 = (
     data_path(download=False) / "NIRx" / "nirscout" / "nirx_15_0_recording"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py
index c17fa10d5d2..c89d3180908 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.datasets.testing import data_path
 from mne.io import read_raw_nirx
 from mne.preprocessing.nirs import beer_lambert_law, optical_density, tddr
-from mne.datasets import testing
 
 fname_nirx_15_2 = (
     data_path(download=False) / "NIRx" / "nirscout" / "nirx_15_2_recording"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/otp.py b/mne/preprocessing/otp.py
index 5e4adeb9b2b..b110c0903c8 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/otp.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/otp.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .._ola import _COLA, _Storer
 from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from .._ola import _COLA, _Storer
 from ..surface import _normalize_vectors
 from ..utils import logger, verbose
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/realign.py b/mne/preprocessing/realign.py
index e3710fa9d58..396e4ba33e6 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/realign.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/realign.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 from scipy.stats import pearsonr
 
 from ..io import BaseRaw
-from ..utils import _validate_type, warn, logger, verbose
+from ..utils import _validate_type, logger, verbose, warn
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ssp.py b/mne/preprocessing/ssp.py
index 9efc5710b04..82c5b78a741 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ssp.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ssp.py
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..epochs import Epochs
-from ..proj import compute_proj_evoked, compute_proj_epochs
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, warn
 from .._fiff.pick import pick_types
 from .._fiff.reference import make_eeg_average_ref_proj
+from ..epochs import Epochs
+from ..proj import compute_proj_epochs, compute_proj_evoked
+from ..utils import logger, verbose, warn
 from .ecg import find_ecg_events
 from .eog import find_eog_events
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/stim.py b/mne/preprocessing/stim.py
index c027a0d0497..a9d00dd66cc 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/stim.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/stim.py
@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 from scipy.signal.windows import hann
 
-from ..evoked import Evoked
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
 from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
-from ..io import BaseRaw
 from ..event import find_events
-
-from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
-from ..utils import _check_preload, _check_option, fill_doc
+from ..evoked import Evoked
+from ..io import BaseRaw
+from ..utils import _check_option, _check_preload, fill_doc
 
 
 def _get_window(start, end):
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_annotate_amplitude.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_annotate_amplitude.py
index 108438fb7cc..9eb35084b09 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_annotate_amplitude.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_annotate_amplitude.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 import datetime
 import itertools
-from pathlib import Path
 import re
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing import annotate_amplitude
 
-
 date = datetime.datetime(2021, 12, 10, 7, 52, 24, 405305, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
 data_path = Path(testing.data_path(download=False))
 skip_fname = data_path / "misc" / "intervalrecording_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_annotate_nan.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_annotate_nan.py
index c313a581b6d..b5d4ba7b22e 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_annotate_nan.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_annotate_nan.py
@@ -5,13 +5,12 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
 import mne
 from mne.preprocessing import annotate_nan
 
-
 raw_fname = (
     Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data" / "test_raw.fif"
 )
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_artifact_detection.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_artifact_detection.py
index f122714f87a..19094068019 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_artifact_detection.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_artifact_detection.py
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
+
+from mne import Annotations, events_from_annotations
 from mne.chpi import read_head_pos
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing import (
+    annotate_break,
     annotate_movement,
-    compute_average_dev_head_t,
     annotate_muscle_zscore,
-    annotate_break,
+    compute_average_dev_head_t,
 )
-from mne import Annotations, events_from_annotations
 from mne.tests.test_annotations import _assert_annotations_equal
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_csd.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_csd.py
index 3ea6578daca..1387b6b4465 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_csd.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_csd.py
@@ -9,20 +9,18 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
-from scipy.io import loadmat
 from scipy import linalg
+from scipy.io import loadmat
 
-from mne.channels import make_dig_montage
-from mne import create_info, EvokedArray, pick_types, Epochs, find_events, read_epochs
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray
+from mne import Epochs, EvokedArray, create_info, find_events, pick_types, read_epochs
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.utils import object_diff
+from mne.channels import make_dig_montage
 from mne.datasets import testing
-
-from mne.preprocessing import compute_current_source_density, compute_bridged_electrodes
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
+from mne.preprocessing import compute_bridged_electrodes, compute_current_source_density
+from mne.utils import object_diff
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False) / "preprocessing"
 eeg_fname = data_path / "test_eeg.mat"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_css.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_css.py
index 96f01eac95b..88f196ee969 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_css.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_css.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from mne.preprocessing._css import cortical_signal_suppression
 from mne import pick_types, read_evokeds
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.preprocessing._css import cortical_signal_suppression
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_evoked = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis-ave.fif"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ctps.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ctps.py
index 9407c650ea4..ec7918ac72a 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ctps.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ctps.py
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
+from mne.preprocessing.ctps_ import _compute_normalized_phase, _prob_kuiper, ctps
 from mne.time_frequency import morlet
-from mne.preprocessing.ctps_ import ctps, _prob_kuiper, _compute_normalized_phase
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Generate testing signal
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ecg.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ecg.py
index 3b1f2a5aa70..b540f0b2895 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ecg.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ecg.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne import pick_types
-from mne.preprocessing import find_ecg_events, create_ecg_epochs
+from mne.io import read_raw_fif
+from mne.preprocessing import create_ecg_epochs, find_ecg_events
 
 data_path = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = data_path / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_eeglab_infomax.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_eeglab_infomax.py
index b493c633688..dd98fc080da 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_eeglab_infomax.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_eeglab_infomax.py
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal
 import pytest
-
-from scipy.linalg import svd, pinv
 import scipy.io as sio
+from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal
+from scipy.linalg import pinv, svd
 
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne import pick_types
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing.infomax_ import infomax
 from mne.utils import random_permutation
-from mne.datasets import testing
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 testing_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py
index 4e153017548..d4adb0c1280 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py
@@ -3,21 +3,21 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 from mne import pick_types
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing import (
-    read_fine_calibration,
-    write_fine_calibration,
     compute_fine_calibration,
     maxwell_filter,
+    read_fine_calibration,
+    write_fine_calibration,
 )
 from mne.preprocessing.tests.test_maxwell import _assert_shielding
-from mne.transforms import rot_to_quat, _angle_between_quats
+from mne.transforms import _angle_between_quats, rot_to_quat
 from mne.utils import object_diff
 
 # Define fine calibration filepaths
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_hfc.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_hfc.py
index 4e9b727b0cc..46ecc49037f 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_hfc.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_hfc.py
@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 from scipy.io import loadmat
 
+from mne._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_info, pick_types
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_raw_fil, read_info
+from mne.io import read_info, read_raw_fil
 from mne.preprocessing.hfc import compute_proj_hfc
-from mne._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_info, pick_channels
 
 fil_path = testing.data_path(download=False) / "FIL"
 fname_root = "sub-noise_ses-001_task-noise220622_run-001"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
index a9110efea28..4f623e202ff 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
@@ -8,51 +8,53 @@
 from contextlib import nullcontext
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
     assert_equal,
 )
-from scipy import stats, linalg
+from scipy import linalg, stats
 from scipy.io import loadmat, savemat
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 from mne import (
+    Annotations,
     Epochs,
-    Info,
-    read_events,
-    pick_types,
-    create_info,
     EpochsArray,
     EvokedArray,
-    Annotations,
-    pick_channels_regexp,
+    Info,
+    create_info,
     make_ad_hoc_cov,
+    pick_channels_regexp,
+    pick_types,
+    read_events,
 )
+from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT, get_channel_type_constants
 from mne.cov import read_cov
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.event import make_fixed_length_events
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_eeglab, read_raw_fif
+from mne.io.eeglab.eeglab import _check_load_mat
 from mne.preprocessing import (
     ICA as _ICA,
+)
+from mne.preprocessing import (
     ica_find_ecg_events,
     ica_find_eog_events,
     read_ica,
 )
 from mne.preprocessing.ica import (
-    get_score_funcs,
-    corrmap,
-    _sort_components,
     _ica_explained_variance,
+    _sort_components,
+    corrmap,
+    get_score_funcs,
     read_ica_eeglab,
 )
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_eeglab
-from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT, get_channel_type_constants
-from mne.io.eeglab.eeglab import _check_load_mat
 from mne.rank import _compute_rank_int
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings, check_version
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.event import make_fixed_length_events
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging, check_version
 
 data_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = data_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_infomax.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_infomax.py
index 76e23be5e4a..647f3de53fa 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_infomax.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_infomax.py
@@ -4,13 +4,10 @@
 
 # Parts of this code are taken from scikit-learn
 
-import pytest
-
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal
-
-from scipy import stats
-from scipy import linalg
+from scipy import linalg, stats
 
 from mne.preprocessing.infomax_ import infomax
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_interpolate.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_interpolate.py
index 1746251611b..01309dbb250 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_interpolate.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_interpolate.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from mne import create_info, io, pick_types, read_events, Epochs
+from mne import Epochs, create_info, io, pick_types, read_events
 from mne.channels import make_standard_montage
 from mne.preprocessing import equalize_bads, interpolate_bridged_electrodes
 from mne.preprocessing.interpolate import _find_centroid_sphere
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py
index 13a5c4358d7..f6466047f40 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py
@@ -8,53 +8,52 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 from scipy import sparse
 from scipy.special import sph_harm
 
 import mne
-from mne import compute_raw_covariance, pick_types, concatenate_raws, pick_info
+from mne import compute_raw_covariance, concatenate_raws, pick_info, pick_types
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.annotations import _annotations_starts_stops
-from mne.chpi import read_head_pos, filter_chpi
-from mne.forward import _prep_meg_channels
+from mne.chpi import filter_chpi, read_head_pos
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.forward import use_coil_def
+from mne.forward import _prep_meg_channels, use_coil_def
 from mne.io import (
-    read_raw_fif,
+    BaseRaw,
     read_info,
     read_raw_bti,
-    read_raw_kit,
-    BaseRaw,
     read_raw_ctf,
+    read_raw_fif,
+    read_raw_kit,
 )
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.preprocessing import (
-    maxwell_filter,
-    find_bad_channels_maxwell,
     annotate_amplitude,
+    annotate_movement,
     compute_maxwell_basis,
+    find_bad_channels_maxwell,
+    maxwell_filter,
     maxwell_filter_prepare_emptyroom,
-    annotate_movement,
 )
 from mne.preprocessing.maxwell import (
+    _bases_complex_to_real,
+    _bases_real_to_complex,
     _get_n_moments,
-    _sss_basis_basic,
+    _prep_mf_coils,
     _sh_complex_to_real,
-    _sh_real_to_complex,
     _sh_negate,
-    _bases_complex_to_real,
+    _sh_real_to_complex,
+    _sss_basis_basic,
     _trans_sss_basis,
-    _bases_real_to_complex,
-    _prep_mf_coils,
 )
-from mne.rank import _get_rank_sss, _compute_rank_int, compute_rank
+from mne.rank import _compute_rank_int, _get_rank_sss, compute_rank
 from mne.utils import (
+    _record_warnings,
     assert_meg_snr,
+    buggy_mkl_svd,
     catch_logging,
-    _record_warnings,
     object_diff,
-    buggy_mkl_svd,
     use_log_level,
 )
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_otp.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_otp.py
index eccb17bda9b..ae10d683d2e 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_otp.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_otp.py
@@ -2,15 +2,14 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
-
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.fft import rfft, rfftfreq
 
 from mne import create_info
+from mne._fiff.pick import _pick_data_channels
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
-from mne._fiff.pick import _pick_data_channels
 from mne.preprocessing import oversampled_temporal_projection
 from mne.utils import catch_logging
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_peak_finder.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_peak_finder.py
index f474f508a43..0ba97893d67 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_peak_finder.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_peak_finder.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_equal
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
 from mne.preprocessing import peak_finder
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_realign.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_realign.py
index f9a2d7af79a..6ab16276290 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_realign.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_realign.py
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
-import pytest
 
-from mne import create_info, find_events, Epochs, Annotations
+from mne import Annotations, Epochs, create_info, find_events
 from mne.io import RawArray
 from mne.preprocessing import realign_raw
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_regress.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_regress.py
index 290c47bbac5..ab2a640343b 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_regress.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_regress.py
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing import (
-    regress_artifact,
-    create_eog_epochs,
     EOGRegression,
+    create_eog_epochs,
     read_eog_regression,
+    regress_artifact,
 )
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ssp.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ssp.py
index 110f3959d1f..181629541bf 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ssp.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ssp.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal
-import numpy as np
 
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_raw_ctf
-from mne._fiff.proj import make_projector, activate_proj
-from mne.preprocessing.ssp import compute_proj_ecg, compute_proj_eog
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne import pick_types
+from mne._fiff.proj import activate_proj, make_projector
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_raw_ctf, read_raw_fif
+from mne.preprocessing.ssp import compute_proj_ecg, compute_proj_eog
 
 data_path = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = data_path / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_stim.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_stim.py
index 57805bc0679..a639ad5e5d1 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_stim.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_stim.py
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal
 
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-from mne.event import read_events
 from mne.epochs import Epochs
+from mne.event import read_events
+from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing.stim import fix_stim_artifact
 
 data_path = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_xdawn.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_xdawn.py
index 6551eada581..047a35d75dd 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_xdawn.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_xdawn.py
@@ -6,18 +6,17 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
 from scipy import stats
 
 from mne import (
     Epochs,
-    read_events,
-    pick_types,
+    EpochsArray,
     compute_raw_covariance,
     create_info,
-    EpochsArray,
+    pick_types,
+    read_events,
 )
 from mne.decoding import Vectorizer
 from mne.fixes import _safe_svd
@@ -349,11 +348,11 @@ def _simulate_erplike_mixed_data(n_epochs=100, n_channels=10):
 def test_xdawn_decoding_performance():
     """Test decoding performance and extracted pattern on synthetic data."""
     pytest.importorskip("sklearn")
+    from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
+    from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
     from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
     from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
-    from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
     from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
-    from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
 
     n_xdawn_comps = 3
     expected_accuracy = 0.98
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/xdawn.py b/mne/preprocessing/xdawn.py
index f2cb819d563..ab9684cd07d 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/xdawn.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/xdawn.py
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg
 
+from .._fiff.pick import _pick_data_channels, pick_info
 from ..cov import Covariance, _regularized_covariance
-from ..decoding import TransformerMixin, BaseEstimator
+from ..decoding import BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin
 from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
-from ..evoked import EvokedArray, Evoked
+from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
 from ..io import BaseRaw
-from .._fiff.pick import _pick_data_channels, pick_info
-from ..utils import logger, _check_option
+from ..utils import _check_option, logger
 
 
 def _construct_signal_from_epochs(epochs, events, sfreq, tmin):
diff --git a/mne/proj.py b/mne/proj.py
index ff4182bd8a3..e8079d151b9 100644
--- a/mne/proj.py
+++ b/mne/proj.py
@@ -4,33 +4,33 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .epochs import Epochs
-from .fixes import _safe_svd
-from .utils import (
-    check_fname,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    _check_option,
-    _check_fname,
-    _validate_type,
-)
 from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from ._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_types_forward, _picks_to_idx
+from ._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_types, pick_types_forward
 from ._fiff.proj import (
     Projection,
     _has_eeg_average_ref_proj,
     _read_proj,
-    make_projector,
-    make_eeg_average_ref_proj,
     _write_proj,
+    make_eeg_average_ref_proj,
+    make_projector,
 )
 from ._fiff.write import start_and_end_file
+from .cov import _check_n_samples
+from .epochs import Epochs
 from .event import make_fixed_length_events
+from .fixes import _safe_svd
+from .forward import _subject_from_forward, convert_forward_solution, is_fixed_orient
 from .parallel import parallel_func
-from .cov import _check_n_samples
-from .forward import is_fixed_orient, _subject_from_forward, convert_forward_solution
 from .source_estimate import _make_stc
+from .utils import (
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_option,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+)
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/rank.py b/mne/rank.py
index fe4ccf83927..0cab1f3a563 100644
--- a/mne/rank.py
+++ b/mne/rank.py
@@ -6,24 +6,24 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg
 
-from .defaults import _handle_default
-from ._fiff.meas_info import _simplify_info, Info
-from ._fiff.pick import _picks_by_type, pick_info, pick_channels_cov, _picks_to_idx
+from ._fiff.meas_info import Info, _simplify_info
+from ._fiff.pick import _picks_by_type, _picks_to_idx, pick_channels_cov, pick_info
 from ._fiff.proj import make_projector
+from .defaults import _handle_default
 from .utils import (
-    logger,
-    _compute_row_norms,
-    _pl,
-    _validate_type,
     _apply_scaling_cov,
-    _undo_scaling_cov,
-    _scaled_array,
-    warn,
+    _check_on_missing,
     _check_rank,
+    _compute_row_norms,
     _on_missing,
-    verbose,
-    _check_on_missing,
+    _pl,
+    _scaled_array,
+    _undo_scaling_cov,
+    _validate_type,
     fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 
 
@@ -351,9 +351,9 @@ def compute_rank(
     -----
     .. versionadded:: 0.18
     """
-    from .io import BaseRaw
-    from .epochs import BaseEpochs
     from .cov import Covariance
+    from .epochs import BaseEpochs
+    from .io import BaseRaw
 
     rank = _check_rank(rank)
     scalings = _handle_default("scalings_cov_rank", scalings)
diff --git a/mne/report/__init__.pyi b/mne/report/__init__.pyi
index 5f62e1eafbf..fa99d6e3ea1 100644
--- a/mne/report/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/report/__init__.pyi
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 __all__ = ["Report", "_ReportScraper", "open_report"]
-from .report import Report, open_report, _ReportScraper
+from .report import Report, _ReportScraper, open_report
diff --git a/mne/report/js_and_css/bootstrap-icons/gen_css_for_mne.py b/mne/report/js_and_css/bootstrap-icons/gen_css_for_mne.py
index 54fa40b2d09..4b0626ab1e0 100644
--- a/mne/report/js_and_css/bootstrap-icons/gen_css_for_mne.py
+++ b/mne/report/js_and_css/bootstrap-icons/gen_css_for_mne.py
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 
-from pathlib import Path
 import base64
-import rcssmin
+from pathlib import Path
 
+import rcssmin
 
 base_dir = Path(".")
 css_path_in = base_dir / "bootstrap-icons.css"
diff --git a/mne/report/report.py b/mne/report/report.py
index faf12a79bd6..5abee10e1eb 100644
--- a/mne/report/report.py
+++ b/mne/report/report.py
@@ -6,86 +6,85 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import io
-import dataclasses
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from functools import partial
-from typing import Tuple, Optional
-from collections.abc import Sequence
 import base64
-from io import BytesIO, StringIO
+import dataclasses
+import fnmatch
+import io
 import os
 import os.path as op
-from pathlib import Path
-import fnmatch
 import re
-from shutil import copyfile
 import time
 import warnings
 import webbrowser
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import partial
+from io import BytesIO, StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from shutil import copyfile
+from typing import Optional, Tuple
 
 import numpy as np
 
 from .. import __version__ as MNE_VERSION
-from ..evoked import read_evokeds, Evoked
+from .._fiff.meas_info import Info, read_info
+from .._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
+from .._freesurfer import _mri_orientation, _reorient_image
+from ..cov import Covariance, read_cov
+from ..defaults import _handle_default
+from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, read_epochs
 from ..event import read_events
-from ..cov import read_cov, Covariance
+from ..evoked import Evoked, read_evokeds
+from ..forward import Forward, read_forward_solution
 from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
-from ..source_estimate import read_source_estimate, SourceEstimate
-from ..transforms import read_trans, Transform
-from ..utils import sys_info
-from .._fiff.meas_info import Info
-from ..defaults import _handle_default
-from ..io import read_raw, BaseRaw
+from ..io import BaseRaw, read_raw
 from ..io._read_raw import _get_supported as _get_extension_reader_map
-from .._fiff.meas_info import read_info
-from .._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
+from ..minimum_norm import InverseOperator, read_inverse_operator
+from ..parallel import parallel_func
+from ..preprocessing.ica import read_ica
 from ..proj import read_proj
-from .._freesurfer import _reorient_image, _mri_orientation
+from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate, read_source_estimate
+from ..surface import dig_mri_distances
+from ..transforms import Transform, read_trans
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    warn,
-    _ensure_int,
-    fill_doc,
+    _check_ch_locs,
+    _check_fname,
     _check_option,
-    _validate_type,
-    _safe_input,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _import_h5io_funcs,
+    _import_nibabel,
     _path_like,
-    use_log_level,
-    _check_fname,
     _pl,
-    _check_ch_locs,
-    _import_h5io_funcs,
+    _safe_input,
+    _validate_type,
     _verbose_safe_false,
     check_version,
-    _import_nibabel,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    sys_info,
+    use_log_level,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 from ..utils.spectrum import _split_psd_kwargs
 from ..viz import (
-    plot_events,
+    Figure3D,
+    _get_plot_ch_type,
+    create_3d_figure,
+    get_3d_backend,
     plot_alignment,
+    plot_compare_evokeds,
     plot_cov,
+    plot_events,
     plot_projs_topomap,
-    plot_compare_evokeds,
     set_3d_view,
-    get_3d_backend,
-    Figure3D,
     use_browser_backend,
-    _get_plot_ch_type,
-    create_3d_figure,
 )
 from ..viz._brain.view import views_dicts
-from ..viz.misc import _plot_mri_contours, _get_bem_plotting_surfaces
-from ..viz.utils import _ndarray_to_fig
 from ..viz._scraper import _mne_qt_browser_screenshot
-from ..forward import read_forward_solution, Forward
-from ..epochs import read_epochs, BaseEpochs
-from ..preprocessing.ica import read_ica
-from ..surface import dig_mri_distances
-from ..minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator, InverseOperator
-from ..parallel import parallel_func
+from ..viz.misc import _get_bem_plotting_surfaces, _plot_mri_contours
+from ..viz.utils import _ndarray_to_fig
 
 _BEM_VIEWS = ("axial", "sagittal", "coronal")
 
@@ -391,7 +390,7 @@ def _fig_to_img(fig, *, image_format="png", own_figure=True):
         if fig.__class__.__name__ in ("MNEQtBrowser", "PyQtGraphBrowser"):
             img = _mne_qt_browser_screenshot(fig, return_type="ndarray")
         elif isinstance(fig, Figure3D):
-            from ..viz.backends.renderer import backend, MNE_3D_BACKEND_TESTING
+            from ..viz.backends.renderer import MNE_3D_BACKEND_TESTING, backend
 
             backend._check_3d_figure(figure=fig)
             if not MNE_3D_BACKEND_TESTING:
diff --git a/mne/report/tests/test_report.py b/mne/report/tests/test_report.py
index 4ed7ab2e557..7577774e313 100644
--- a/mne/report/tests/test_report.py
+++ b/mne/report/tests/test_report.py
@@ -19,28 +19,27 @@
 
 from mne import (
     Epochs,
+    create_info,
+    pick_channels_cov,
+    read_cov,
     read_events,
     read_evokeds,
-    read_cov,
-    pick_channels_cov,
-    create_info,
 )
+from mne._fiff.write import DATE_NONE
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.epochs import make_metadata
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_info, read_raw_fif
+from mne.preprocessing import ICA
+from mne.report import Report, _ReportScraper, open_report, report
 from mne.report import report as report_mod
 from mne.report.report import (
-    CONTENT_ORDER,
     _ALLOWED_IMAGE_FORMATS,
+    CONTENT_ORDER,
     _webp_supported,
 )
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_info, RawArray
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.report import Report, open_report, _ReportScraper, report
 from mne.utils import Bunch
 from mne.utils._testing import assert_object_equal
 from mne.viz import plot_alignment
-from mne._fiff.write import DATE_NONE
-from mne.preprocessing import ICA
-from mne.epochs import make_metadata
-
 
 data_dir = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_dir / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/simulation/__init__.pyi b/mne/simulation/__init__.pyi
index 1a49e48a882..9e0612f53a8 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/simulation/__init__.pyi
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ __all__ = [
     "simulate_stc",
 ]
 from . import metrics
-from .evoked import simulate_evoked, add_noise
-from .raw import simulate_raw, add_ecg, add_eog, add_chpi
+from .evoked import add_noise, simulate_evoked
+from .raw import add_chpi, add_ecg, add_eog, simulate_raw
 from .source import (
+    SourceSimulator,
     select_source_in_label,
-    simulate_stc,
     simulate_sparse_stc,
-    SourceSimulator,
+    simulate_stc,
 )
diff --git a/mne/simulation/evoked.py b/mne/simulation/evoked.py
index d66c8dc9759..53112df695e 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/evoked.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/evoked.py
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.signal import lfilter
 
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_info
 from ..cov import Covariance, compute_whitener
 from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
 from ..evoked import Evoked
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_info
 from ..forward import apply_forward
 from ..io import BaseRaw
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, check_random_state, _check_preload, _validate_type
+from ..utils import _check_preload, _validate_type, check_random_state, logger, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/simulation/metrics/metrics.py b/mne/simulation/metrics/metrics.py
index 41630029880..4d904623b2e 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/metrics/metrics.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/metrics/metrics.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from ...utils import _check_option, fill_doc, _validate_type
+from ...utils import _check_option, _validate_type, fill_doc
 
 
 def _check_stc(stc1, stc2):
diff --git a/mne/simulation/metrics/tests/test_metrics.py b/mne/simulation/metrics/tests/test_metrics.py
index 908b8069f1c..a9abcd9ffad 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/metrics/tests/test_metrics.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/metrics/tests/test_metrics.py
@@ -5,22 +5,21 @@
 
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 from scipy.linalg import norm
 
-from mne import SourceEstimate
-from mne import read_source_spaces
+from mne import SourceEstimate, read_source_spaces
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.simulation import metrics
 from mne.simulation.metrics import (
     cosine_score,
-    region_localization_error,
+    f1_score,
+    peak_position_error,
     precision_score,
     recall_score,
-    f1_score,
+    region_localization_error,
     roc_auc_score,
-    peak_position_error,
     spatial_deviation_error,
 )
 
diff --git a/mne/simulation/raw.py b/mne/simulation/raw.py
index 4de9c8f0704..37b15aa1dbc 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/raw.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/raw.py
@@ -10,47 +10,47 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..event import _get_stim_channel
-from .._ola import _Interp2
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from .._fiff.meas_info import Info
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_info, pick_channels, pick_channels_forward
-from ..cov import make_ad_hoc_cov, read_cov, Covariance
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_channels_forward, pick_info, pick_types
+from .._ola import _Interp2
 from ..bem import fit_sphere_to_headshape, make_sphere_model, read_bem_solution
-from ..io import RawArray, BaseRaw
 from ..chpi import (
-    read_head_pos,
-    head_pos_to_trans_rot_t,
-    get_chpi_info,
     _get_hpi_initial_fit,
+    get_chpi_info,
+    head_pos_to_trans_rot_t,
+    read_head_pos,
 )
+from ..cov import Covariance, make_ad_hoc_cov, read_cov
+from ..event import _get_stim_channel
 from ..forward import (
+    _compute_forwards,
     _magnetic_dipole_field_vec,
     _merge_fwds,
-    _stc_src_sel,
-    convert_forward_solution,
+    _prep_meg_channels,
     _prepare_for_forward,
-    _transform_orig_meg_coils,
-    _compute_forwards,
+    _stc_src_sel,
     _to_forward_dict,
+    _transform_orig_meg_coils,
+    convert_forward_solution,
     restrict_forward_to_stc,
-    _prep_meg_channels,
 )
-from ..transforms import _get_trans, transform_surface_to
+from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
+from ..source_estimate import _BaseSourceEstimate
 from ..source_space._source_space import (
     _ensure_src,
     _set_source_space_vertices,
     setup_volume_source_space,
 )
-from ..source_estimate import _BaseSourceEstimate
 from ..surface import _CheckInside
+from ..transforms import _get_trans, transform_surface_to
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    check_random_state,
+    _check_preload,
     _pl,
     _validate_type,
-    _check_preload,
+    check_random_state,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
 )
 from .source import SourceSimulator
 
diff --git a/mne/simulation/source.py b/mne/simulation/source.py
index d103b5c0374..62f14ebe67c 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/source.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/source.py
@@ -10,19 +10,19 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ..fixes import rng_uniform
+from ..label import Label
 from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate, VolSourceEstimate
 from ..source_space._source_space import _ensure_src
-from ..fixes import rng_uniform
+from ..surface import _compute_nearest
 from ..utils import (
-    check_random_state,
-    warn,
     _check_option,
-    fill_doc,
-    _ensure_int,
     _ensure_events,
+    _ensure_int,
+    check_random_state,
+    fill_doc,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..label import Label
-from ..surface import _compute_nearest
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/simulation/tests/test_evoked.py b/mne/simulation/tests/test_evoked.py
index 179f613c732..3fb21933fdb 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/tests/test_evoked.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/tests/test_evoked.py
@@ -5,30 +5,30 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
 )
-import pytest
 
 from mne import (
-    read_cov,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    convert_forward_solution,
-    pick_types_forward,
-    read_evokeds,
-    pick_types,
     EpochsArray,
     compute_covariance,
     compute_raw_covariance,
+    convert_forward_solution,
     pick_channels_cov,
+    pick_types,
+    pick_types_forward,
+    read_cov,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_forward_solution,
 )
+from mne.cov import regularize, whiten_evoked
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.simulation import simulate_sparse_stc, simulate_evoked, add_noise
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-from mne.cov import regularize, whiten_evoked
+from mne.simulation import add_noise, simulate_evoked, simulate_sparse_stc
 from mne.utils import catch_logging
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/simulation/tests/test_metrics.py b/mne/simulation/tests/test_metrics.py
index c4c31393951..d5902660b5f 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/tests/test_metrics.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/tests/test_metrics.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 from mne import read_source_spaces
 from mne.datasets import testing
diff --git a/mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py b/mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py
index df2f0be1119..3fa07537956 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py
@@ -8,54 +8,54 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    read_source_spaces,
-    pick_types,
-    read_trans,
-    read_cov,
-    make_sphere_model,
+    Epochs,
+    SourceEstimate,
+    VolSourceEstimate,
+    convert_forward_solution,
     create_info,
-    setup_volume_source_space,
     find_events,
-    Epochs,
     fit_dipole,
-    transform_surface_to,
     make_ad_hoc_cov,
-    SourceEstimate,
-    setup_source_space,
-    read_bem_solution,
-    make_forward_solution,
-    convert_forward_solution,
-    VolSourceEstimate,
     make_bem_solution,
+    make_forward_solution,
+    make_sphere_model,
+    pick_types,
+    read_bem_solution,
+    read_cov,
+    read_source_spaces,
+    read_trans,
+    setup_source_space,
+    setup_volume_source_space,
+    transform_surface_to,
 )
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.bem import _surfaces_to_bem
 from mne.chpi import (
-    read_head_pos,
     compute_chpi_amplitudes,
     compute_chpi_locs,
     compute_head_pos,
     get_chpi_info,
+    read_head_pos,
 )
-from mne.tests.test_chpi import _assert_quats
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
+from mne.label import Label
 from mne.simulation import (
-    simulate_sparse_stc,
-    simulate_raw,
-    add_eog,
-    add_ecg,
     add_chpi,
+    add_ecg,
+    add_eog,
     add_noise,
+    simulate_raw,
+    simulate_sparse_stc,
 )
-from mne.source_space._source_space import _compare_source_spaces
 from mne.simulation.source import SourceSimulator
-from mne.label import Label
+from mne.source_space._source_space import _compare_source_spaces
 from mne.surface import _get_ico_surface
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.tests.test_chpi import _assert_quats
 from mne.utils import catch_logging
 
 raw_fname_short = (
diff --git a/mne/simulation/tests/test_source.py b/mne/simulation/tests/test_source.py
index aa86b8a539b..96ae9d7630e 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/tests/test_source.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/tests/test_source.py
@@ -4,19 +4,18 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne import (
-    read_label,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    pick_types_forward,
     convert_forward_solution,
+    pick_types_forward,
+    read_forward_solution,
+    read_label,
 )
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.label import Label
-from mne.simulation import simulate_stc, simulate_sparse_stc, SourceSimulator
-
+from mne.simulation import SourceSimulator, simulate_sparse_stc, simulate_stc
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 fname_fwd = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc-meg-eeg-oct-6-fwd.fif"
diff --git a/mne/source_estimate.py b/mne/source_estimate.py
index 211d109222c..afdb5085c6e 100644
--- a/mne/source_estimate.py
+++ b/mne/source_estimate.py
@@ -14,58 +14,58 @@
 from scipy import sparse
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist, pdist
 
+from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from ._fiff.meas_info import Info
+from ._fiff.pick import pick_types
+from ._freesurfer import _get_atlas_values, _get_mri_info_data, read_freesurfer_lut
 from .baseline import rescale
 from .cov import Covariance
 from .evoked import _get_peak
 from .filter import resample
 from .fixes import _safe_svd
-from ._freesurfer import _get_mri_info_data, _get_atlas_values, read_freesurfer_lut
-from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from ._fiff.pick import pick_types
-from .surface import read_surface, _get_ico_surface, mesh_edges, _project_onto_surface
 from .source_space._source_space import (
+    SourceSpaces,
+    _check_volume_labels,
     _ensure_src,
-    _get_morph_src_reordering,
     _ensure_src_subject,
-    SourceSpaces,
+    _get_morph_src_reordering,
     _get_src_nn,
-    _check_volume_labels,
 )
+from .surface import _get_ico_surface, _project_onto_surface, mesh_edges, read_surface
 from .transforms import _get_trans, apply_trans
 from .utils import (
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    _check_subject,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    _pl,
-    _time_mask,
-    warn,
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
-    fill_doc,
+    TimeMixin,
+    _build_data_frame,
+    _check_fname,
     _check_option,
-    _validate_type,
+    _check_pandas_index_arguments,
+    _check_pandas_installed,
     _check_src_normal,
     _check_stc_units,
-    _check_pandas_installed,
-    _import_nibabel,
-    _check_pandas_index_arguments,
+    _check_subject,
+    _check_time_format,
     _convert_times,
     _ensure_int,
-    _build_data_frame,
-    _check_time_format,
+    _import_h5io_funcs,
+    _import_nibabel,
     _path_like,
-    sizeof_fmt,
+    _pl,
+    _time_mask,
+    _validate_type,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
     object_size,
-    _check_fname,
-    _import_h5io_funcs,
-    TimeMixin,
+    sizeof_fmt,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 from .viz import (
     plot_source_estimates,
     plot_vector_source_estimates,
     plot_volume_source_estimates,
 )
-from ._fiff.meas_info import Info
 
 
 def _read_stc(filename):
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ def in_label(self, label):
             The source estimate restricted to the given label.
         """
         # make sure label and stc are compatible
-        from .label import Label, BiHemiLabel
+        from .label import BiHemiLabel, Label
 
         _validate_type(label, (Label, BiHemiLabel), "label")
         if (
@@ -1853,7 +1853,7 @@ def estimate_snr(self, info, fwd, cov, verbose=None):
         ----------
         .. footbibliography::
         """
-        from .forward import convert_forward_solution, Forward
+        from .forward import Forward, convert_forward_solution
         from .minimum_norm.inverse import _prepare_forward
 
         _validate_type(fwd, Forward, "fwd")
@@ -3283,7 +3283,7 @@ def _prepare_label_extraction(stc, labels, src, mode, allow_empty, use_sparse):
     # of vol src space.
     # If stc=None (i.e. no activation time courses provided) and mode='mean',
     # only computes vertex indices and label_flip will be list of None.
-    from .label import label_sign_flip, Label, BiHemiLabel
+    from .label import BiHemiLabel, Label, label_sign_flip
 
     # if source estimate provided in stc, get vertices from source space and
     # check that they are the same as in the stcs
diff --git a/mne/source_space/__init__.pyi b/mne/source_space/__init__.pyi
index fab90945882..aeb7657bd33 100644
--- a/mne/source_space/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/source_space/__init__.pyi
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 from . import _source_space
 from ._source_space import (
+    SourceSpaces,
+    add_source_space_distances,
     compute_distance_to_sensors,
     get_decimated_surfaces,
-    SourceSpaces,
     read_source_spaces,
-    write_source_spaces,
     setup_source_space,
     setup_volume_source_space,
-    add_source_space_distances,
+    write_source_spaces,
 )
diff --git a/mne/source_space/_source_space.py b/mne/source_space/_source_space.py
index 653645a59ed..7368cf4a0d5 100644
--- a/mne/source_space/_source_space.py
+++ b/mne/source_space/_source_space.py
@@ -6,95 +6,94 @@
 # Many of the computations in this code were derived from Matti Hämäläinen's
 # C code.
 
-from copy import deepcopy
-from functools import partial
 import os
 import os.path as op
+from copy import deepcopy
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix, triu
 from scipy.sparse.csgraph import dijkstra
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from ..bem import read_bem_surfaces, ConductorModel
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info, Info
+from .._fiff.meas_info import Info, create_info
 from .._fiff.open import fiff_open
-from .._fiff.pick import channel_type, _picks_to_idx
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, channel_type
 from .._fiff.tag import find_tag, read_tag
 from .._fiff.tree import dir_tree_find
 from .._fiff.write import (
-    start_block,
-    start_and_end_file,
     end_block,
+    start_and_end_file,
+    start_block,
+    write_coord_trans,
+    write_float_matrix,
+    write_float_sparse_rcs,
     write_id,
     write_int,
-    write_float_sparse_rcs,
-    write_string,
-    write_float_matrix,
     write_int_matrix,
-    write_coord_trans,
+    write_string,
+)
+
+# Remove get_mni_fiducials in 1.6 (deprecated)
+from .._freesurfer import (
+    _check_mri,
+    _get_atlas_values,
+    _get_mri_info_data,
+    get_mni_fiducials,  # noqa: F401
+    get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
+    read_freesurfer_lut,
 )
+from ..bem import ConductorModel, read_bem_surfaces
 from ..fixes import _get_img_fdata
+from ..parallel import parallel_func
 from ..surface import (
-    read_surface,
+    _CheckInside,
+    _compute_nearest,
     _create_surf_spacing,
     _get_ico_surface,
-    _tessellate_sphere_surf,
     _get_surf_neighbors,
     _normalize_vectors,
+    _tessellate_sphere_surf,
     _triangle_neighbors,
-    mesh_dist,
     complete_surface_info,
-    _compute_nearest,
     fast_cross_3d,
-    _CheckInside,
+    mesh_dist,
+    read_surface,
 )
-from ..viz import plot_alignment
-
-# Remove get_mni_fiducials in 1.6 (deprecated)
-from .._freesurfer import (
-    _get_mri_info_data,
-    _get_atlas_values,
-    read_freesurfer_lut,
-    get_mni_fiducials,  # noqa: F401
-    get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
-    _check_mri,
+from ..transforms import (
+    Transform,
+    _coord_frame_name,
+    _ensure_trans,
+    _get_trans,
+    _print_coord_trans,
+    _str_to_frame,
+    apply_trans,
+    combine_transforms,
+    invert_transform,
 )
 from ..utils import (
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    check_fname,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    fill_doc,
-    _ensure_int,
-    _get_call_line,
-    warn,
-    object_size,
-    sizeof_fmt,
     _check_fname,
-    _path_like,
+    _check_option,
     _check_sphere,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _get_call_line,
     _import_nibabel,
-    _validate_type,
-    _check_option,
     _is_numeric,
+    _path_like,
     _pl,
     _suggest,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    object_size,
+    sizeof_fmt,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..transforms import (
-    invert_transform,
-    apply_trans,
-    _print_coord_trans,
-    combine_transforms,
-    _get_trans,
-    _coord_frame_name,
-    Transform,
-    _str_to_frame,
-    _ensure_trans,
-)
-
+from ..viz import plot_alignment
 
 _src_kind_dict = {
     "vol": "volume",
@@ -3093,11 +3092,11 @@ def _compare_source_spaces(src0, src1, mode="exact", nearest=True, dist_tol=1.5e
     Note: this function is also used by forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
     """
     from numpy.testing import (
+        assert_,
         assert_allclose,
         assert_array_equal,
-        assert_equal,
-        assert_,
         assert_array_less,
+        assert_equal,
     )
 
     if mode != "exact" and "approx" not in mode:  # 'nointerp' can be appended
diff --git a/mne/source_space/tests/test_source_space.py b/mne/source_space/tests/test_source_space.py
index b29751aa08f..a0fe8dde4a1 100644
--- a/mne/source_space/tests/test_source_space.py
+++ b/mne/source_space/tests/test_source_space.py
@@ -6,44 +6,45 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 from shutil import copytree
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_equal,
     assert_allclose,
-    assert_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
     assert_array_less,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-from mne.datasets import testing
+
 import mne
 from mne import (
-    read_source_spaces,
-    write_source_spaces,
-    setup_source_space,
-    setup_volume_source_space,
-    add_source_space_distances,
-    read_bem_surfaces,
-    morph_source_spaces,
     SourceEstimate,
-    make_sphere_model,
+    add_source_space_distances,
     compute_source_morph,
+    get_volume_labels_from_src,
+    make_sphere_model,
+    morph_source_spaces,
     pick_types,
     read_bem_solution,
+    read_bem_surfaces,
     read_freesurfer_lut,
+    read_source_spaces,
     read_trans,
-    get_volume_labels_from_src,
+    setup_source_space,
+    setup_volume_source_space,
+    write_source_spaces,
 )
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.fixes import _get_img_fdata
-from mne.utils import run_subprocess, _record_warnings, requires_mne
-from mne.surface import _accumulate_normals, _triangle_neighbors
 from mne.source_estimate import _get_src_type
-from mne.source_space._source_space import _compare_source_spaces
 from mne.source_space import (
-    get_decimated_surfaces,
     compute_distance_to_sensors,
+    get_decimated_surfaces,
 )
-from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.source_space._source_space import _compare_source_spaces
+from mne.surface import _accumulate_normals, _triangle_neighbors
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, requires_mne, run_subprocess
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/stats/__init__.pyi b/mne/stats/__init__.pyi
index ac47d6c3680..5d15a0462be 100644
--- a/mne/stats/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/stats/__init__.pyi
@@ -20,23 +20,23 @@ __all__ = [
     "ttest_1samp_no_p",
     "ttest_ind_no_p",
 ]
+from ._adjacency import combine_adjacency
+from .cluster_level import (
+    _st_mask_from_s_inds,
+    permutation_cluster_1samp_test,
+    permutation_cluster_test,
+    spatio_temporal_cluster_1samp_test,
+    spatio_temporal_cluster_test,
+    summarize_clusters_stc,
+)
+from .multi_comp import bonferroni_correction, fdr_correction
 from .parametric import (
-    f_threshold_mway_rm,
+    _parametric_ci,
     f_mway_rm,
     f_oneway,
-    _parametric_ci,
+    f_threshold_mway_rm,
     ttest_1samp_no_p,
     ttest_ind_no_p,
 )
-from .permutations import permutation_t_test, _ci, bootstrap_confidence_interval
-from .cluster_level import (
-    permutation_cluster_test,
-    permutation_cluster_1samp_test,
-    spatio_temporal_cluster_test,
-    spatio_temporal_cluster_1samp_test,
-    _st_mask_from_s_inds,
-    summarize_clusters_stc,
-)
-from .multi_comp import fdr_correction, bonferroni_correction
+from .permutations import _ci, bootstrap_confidence_interval, permutation_t_test
 from .regression import linear_regression, linear_regression_raw
-from ._adjacency import combine_adjacency
diff --git a/mne/stats/_adjacency.py b/mne/stats/_adjacency.py
index ccae2062a29..516733c8aed 100644
--- a/mne/stats/_adjacency.py
+++ b/mne/stats/_adjacency.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import sparse
 
-from ..utils import _validate_type, _check_option
+from ..utils import _check_option, _validate_type
 from ..utils.check import int_like
 
 
diff --git a/mne/stats/cluster_level.py b/mne/stats/cluster_level.py
index 94159c351e6..d428df8cef8 100644
--- a/mne/stats/cluster_level.py
+++ b/mne/stats/cluster_level.py
@@ -12,25 +12,25 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import ndimage, sparse
 from scipy.sparse.csgraph import connected_components
-from scipy.stats import t as tstat, f as fstat
+from scipy.stats import f as fstat
+from scipy.stats import t as tstat
 
-
-from .parametric import f_oneway, ttest_1samp_no_p
+from ..fixes import has_numba, jit
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..fixes import jit, has_numba
+from ..source_estimate import MixedSourceEstimate, SourceEstimate, VolSourceEstimate
+from ..source_space import SourceSpaces
 from ..utils import (
-    split_list,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
     ProgressBar,
-    warn,
-    _pl,
-    check_random_state,
     _check_option,
+    _pl,
     _validate_type,
+    check_random_state,
+    logger,
+    split_list,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate, VolSourceEstimate, MixedSourceEstimate
-from ..source_space import SourceSpaces
+from .parametric import f_oneway, ttest_1samp_no_p
 
 
 def _get_buddies_fallback(r, s, neighbors, indices=None):
diff --git a/mne/stats/parametric.py b/mne/stats/parametric.py
index 6de66fe6dc0..68e424e1a2f 100644
--- a/mne/stats/parametric.py
+++ b/mne/stats/parametric.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 from string import ascii_uppercase
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy.signal import detrend
 from scipy import stats
+from scipy.signal import detrend
 
 from ..utils import _check_option
 
diff --git a/mne/stats/permutations.py b/mne/stats/permutations.py
index 53a75686102..ac983208670 100644
--- a/mne/stats/permutations.py
+++ b/mne/stats/permutations.py
@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
 from math import sqrt
+
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..utils import check_random_state, verbose, logger
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
+from ..utils import check_random_state, logger, verbose
 
 
 def _max_stat(X, X2, perms, dof_scaling):
diff --git a/mne/stats/regression.py b/mne/stats/regression.py
index d32853f1420..e005832824b 100644
--- a/mne/stats/regression.py
+++ b/mne/stats/regression.py
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from inspect import isgenerator
 from collections import namedtuple
+from inspect import isgenerator
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg, sparse, stats
 
-from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_info, pick_types
 from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
 from ..evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray
-from ..utils import logger, _reject_data_segments, warn, fill_doc
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_info, _picks_to_idx
+from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate
+from ..utils import _reject_data_segments, fill_doc, logger, warn
 
 
 def linear_regression(inst, design_matrix, names=None):
diff --git a/mne/stats/tests/test_adjacency.py b/mne/stats/tests/test_adjacency.py
index c0f4a08a001..9c3ec8a3133 100644
--- a/mne/stats/tests/test_adjacency.py
+++ b/mne/stats/tests/test_adjacency.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
 from mne.stats import combine_adjacency
diff --git a/mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py b/mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py
index 5623c706bbc..7f185042329 100644
--- a/mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py
+++ b/mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py
@@ -3,32 +3,31 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from functools import partial
 import os
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy import sparse, linalg, stats
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_equal,
-    assert_array_equal,
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-import pytest
+from scipy import linalg, sparse, stats
 
-from mne import SourceEstimate, VolSourceEstimate, MixedSourceEstimate, SourceSpaces
-from mne.stats import ttest_ind_no_p, combine_adjacency
+from mne import MixedSourceEstimate, SourceEstimate, SourceSpaces, VolSourceEstimate
+from mne.stats import combine_adjacency, ttest_ind_no_p
 from mne.stats.cluster_level import (
-    permutation_cluster_test,
     f_oneway,
     permutation_cluster_1samp_test,
-    spatio_temporal_cluster_test,
+    permutation_cluster_test,
     spatio_temporal_cluster_1samp_test,
-    ttest_1samp_no_p,
+    spatio_temporal_cluster_test,
     summarize_clusters_stc,
+    ttest_1samp_no_p,
 )
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
-
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 
 n_space = 50
 
diff --git a/mne/stats/tests/test_multi_comp.py b/mne/stats/tests/test_multi_comp.py
index 84470e0fdf1..6bd2edd4f2a 100644
--- a/mne/stats/tests/test_multi_comp.py
+++ b/mne/stats/tests/test_multi_comp.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal, assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
-from scipy import stats
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
+from scipy import stats
 
-from mne.stats import fdr_correction, bonferroni_correction
+from mne.stats import bonferroni_correction, fdr_correction
 
 
 def test_bonferroni_pval_clip():
diff --git a/mne/stats/tests/test_parametric.py b/mne/stats/tests/test_parametric.py
index c945626b22e..698a4b9271e 100644
--- a/mne/stats/tests/test_parametric.py
+++ b/mne/stats/tests/test_parametric.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from functools import partial
 from itertools import product
 
-import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose, assert_array_less
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 import scipy.stats
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_less
 
 import mne
-from mne.stats.parametric import f_mway_rm, f_threshold_mway_rm, _map_effects
+from mne.stats.parametric import _map_effects, f_mway_rm, f_threshold_mway_rm
 
 # hardcoded external test results, manually transferred
 test_external = {
diff --git a/mne/stats/tests/test_permutations.py b/mne/stats/tests/test_permutations.py
index 245ac140182..891b0fa8529 100644
--- a/mne/stats/tests/test_permutations.py
+++ b/mne/stats/tests/test_permutations.py
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
 import numpy as np
-from scipy import stats, sparse
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
+from scipy import sparse, stats
 
 from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_1samp_test
 from mne.stats.permutations import (
-    permutation_t_test,
     _ci,
     bootstrap_confidence_interval,
+    permutation_t_test,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/stats/tests/test_regression.py b/mne/stats/tests/test_regression.py
index 1e9f8f8384f..190e3ceff87 100644
--- a/mne/stats/tests/test_regression.py
+++ b/mne/stats/tests/test_regression.py
@@ -5,16 +5,15 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose, assert_equal
 import pytest
-
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 from scipy.signal.windows import hann
 
 import mne
 from mne import read_source_estimate
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.stats.regression import linear_regression, linear_regression_raw
 from mne.io import RawArray
+from mne.stats.regression import linear_regression, linear_regression_raw
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 stc_fname = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_trunc-meg-lh.stc"
diff --git a/mne/surface.py b/mne/surface.py
index 1f75a764aaf..b042361305a 100644
--- a/mne/surface.py
+++ b/mne/surface.py
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 # Many of the computations in this code were derived from Matti Hämäläinen's
 # C code.
 
-from copy import deepcopy
-from functools import partial, lru_cache
+import time
+import warnings
 from collections import OrderedDict
+from copy import deepcopy
+from functools import lru_cache, partial
 from glob import glob
 from os import path as op
-import time
-import warnings
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.ndimage import binary_dilation
@@ -22,37 +22,36 @@
 from scipy.spatial import ConvexHull, Delaunay
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from .fixes import jit, prange, bincount
 from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ._fiff.pick import pick_types
+from .fixes import bincount, jit, prange
 from .parallel import parallel_func
 from .transforms import (
-    transform_surface_to,
-    _pol_to_cart,
+    Transform,
     _cart_to_sph,
     _get_trans,
+    _pol_to_cart,
     apply_trans,
-    Transform,
+    transform_surface_to,
 )
 from .utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    warn,
     _check_fname,
+    _check_freesurfer_home,
     _check_option,
     _ensure_int,
-    _TempDir,
-    run_subprocess,
-    _check_freesurfer_home,
     _hashable_ndarray,
-    fill_doc,
-    _validate_type,
-    _pl,
     _import_nibabel,
+    _pl,
+    _TempDir,
+    _validate_type,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    run_subprocess,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 
-
 ###############################################################################
 # AUTOMATED SURFACE FINDING
 
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ def get_meg_helmet_surf(info, trans=None, verbose=None):
     A built-in helmet is loaded if possible. If not, a helmet surface
     will be approximated based on the sensor locations.
     """
-    from .bem import read_bem_surfaces, _fit_sphere
+    from .bem import _fit_sphere, read_bem_surfaces
     from .channels.channels import _get_meg_system
 
     system, have_helmet = _get_meg_system(info)
@@ -1332,8 +1331,8 @@ def _decimate_surface_vtk(points, triangles, n_triangles):
     """Aux function."""
     try:
         from vtkmodules.util.numpy_support import numpy_to_vtk, numpy_to_vtkIdTypeArray
-        from vtkmodules.vtkCommonDataModel import vtkPolyData, vtkCellArray
         from vtkmodules.vtkCommonCore import vtkPoints
+        from vtkmodules.vtkCommonDataModel import vtkCellArray, vtkPolyData
         from vtkmodules.vtkFiltersCore import vtkQuadricDecimation
     except ImportError:
         raise ValueError("This function requires the VTK package to be " "installed")
@@ -1882,14 +1881,14 @@ def _marching_cubes(image, level, smooth=0, fill_hole_size=None, use_flying_edge
     # Also vtkDiscreteFlyingEdges3D should be faster.
     # If we ever want not-discrete (continuous/float) marching cubes,
     # we should probably use vtkFlyingEdges3D rather than vtkMarchingCubes.
-    from vtkmodules.vtkCommonDataModel import vtkImageData, vtkDataSetAttributes
+    from vtkmodules.util.numpy_support import numpy_to_vtk, vtk_to_numpy
+    from vtkmodules.vtkCommonDataModel import vtkDataSetAttributes, vtkImageData
     from vtkmodules.vtkFiltersCore import vtkThreshold
     from vtkmodules.vtkFiltersGeneral import (
         vtkDiscreteFlyingEdges3D,
         vtkDiscreteMarchingCubes,
     )
     from vtkmodules.vtkFiltersGeometry import vtkGeometryFilter
-    from vtkmodules.util.numpy_support import vtk_to_numpy, numpy_to_vtk
 
     if image.ndim != 3:
         raise ValueError(f"3D data must be supplied, got {image.shape}")
@@ -2033,8 +2032,8 @@ def get_montage_volume_labels(
     colors : dict
         The Freesurfer lookup table colors for the labels.
     """
+    from ._freesurfer import _get_aseg, read_freesurfer_lut
     from .channels import DigMontage
-    from ._freesurfer import read_freesurfer_lut, _get_aseg
 
     _validate_type(montage, DigMontage, "montage")
     _validate_type(dist, (int, float), "dist")
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_annotations.py b/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
index be1082575a9..10325544fcc 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
@@ -5,46 +5,46 @@
 
 import sys
 from collections import OrderedDict
-from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from itertools import repeat
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from pytest import approx
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_equal,
-    assert_array_equal,
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-
-import numpy as np
+from pytest import approx
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
-    create_info,
-    read_annotations,
+    Annotations,
+    Epochs,
     annotations_from_events,
-    events_from_annotations,
     count_annotations,
+    create_info,
+    events_from_annotations,
+    read_annotations,
 )
-from mne import Epochs, Annotations
-from mne.utils import (
-    catch_logging,
-    assert_and_remove_boundary_annot,
-    _raw_annot,
-    _dt_to_stamp,
-    _stamp_to_dt,
-    check_version,
-    _record_warnings,
-)
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray, concatenate_raws
 from mne.annotations import (
-    _sync_onset,
     _handle_meas_date,
     _read_annotations_txt_parse_header,
+    _sync_onset,
 )
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import RawArray, concatenate_raws, read_raw_fif
+from mne.utils import (
+    _dt_to_stamp,
+    _raw_annot,
+    _record_warnings,
+    _stamp_to_dt,
+    assert_and_remove_boundary_annot,
+    catch_logging,
+    check_version,
+)
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 data_dir = data_path / "MEG" / "sample"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_bem.py b/mne/tests/test_bem.py
index e99bbda260e..82c40553622 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_bem.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_bem.py
@@ -10,40 +10,40 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_allclose
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_equal
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
+    Info,
+    Transform,
     make_bem_model,
-    read_bem_surfaces,
-    write_bem_surfaces,
     make_bem_solution,
+    make_sphere_model,
     read_bem_solution,
+    read_bem_surfaces,
     write_bem_solution,
-    make_sphere_model,
-    Transform,
-    Info,
-    write_surface,
+    write_bem_surfaces,
     write_head_bem,
+    write_surface,
 )
-from mne.preprocessing.maxfilter import fit_sphere_to_headshape
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.transforms import translation
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, check_version
 from mne.bem import (
-    _ico_downsample,
-    _get_ico_map,
-    _order_surfaces,
     _assert_complete_surface,
     _assert_inside,
-    _check_surface_size,
     _bem_find_surface,
-    make_scalp_surfaces,
+    _check_surface_size,
+    _get_ico_map,
+    _ico_downsample,
+    _order_surfaces,
     distance_to_bem,
+    make_scalp_surfaces,
 )
-from mne.surface import read_surface, _get_ico_surface
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_info
+from mne.preprocessing.maxfilter import fit_sphere_to_headshape
+from mne.surface import _get_ico_surface, read_surface
+from mne.transforms import translation
+from mne.utils import catch_logging, check_version
 
 fname_raw = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data" / "test_raw.fif"
 subjects_dir = testing.data_path(download=False) / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_chpi.py b/mne/tests/test_chpi.py
index 1e9b249ce02..21145445ed9 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_chpi.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_chpi.py
@@ -5,44 +5,44 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_less, assert_array_equal
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
-import pytest
 
-from mne import pick_types, pick_info
-from mne.forward._compute_forward import _MAG_FACTOR
-from mne.io import (
-    read_raw_fif,
-    read_raw_artemis123,
-    read_raw_ctf,
-    read_info,
-    RawArray,
-    read_raw_kit,
-)
+from mne import pick_info, pick_types
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.chpi import (
+    _chpi_locs_to_times_dig,
+    _compute_good_distances,
+    _get_hpi_initial_fit,
+    _setup_ext_proj,
     compute_chpi_amplitudes,
     compute_chpi_locs,
     compute_chpi_snr,
     compute_head_pos,
-    _setup_ext_proj,
-    _chpi_locs_to_times_dig,
-    _compute_good_distances,
     extract_chpi_locs_ctf,
-    head_pos_to_trans_rot_t,
-    read_head_pos,
-    write_head_pos,
+    extract_chpi_locs_kit,
     filter_chpi,
     get_active_chpi,
     get_chpi_info,
-    _get_hpi_initial_fit,
-    extract_chpi_locs_kit,
+    head_pos_to_trans_rot_t,
+    read_head_pos,
+    write_head_pos,
 )
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.forward._compute_forward import _MAG_FACTOR
+from mne.io import (
+    RawArray,
+    read_info,
+    read_raw_artemis123,
+    read_raw_ctf,
+    read_raw_fif,
+    read_raw_kit,
+)
 from mne.simulation import add_chpi
-from mne.transforms import rot_to_quat, _angle_between_quats
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, assert_meg_snr, verbose, object_diff
+from mne.transforms import _angle_between_quats, rot_to_quat
+from mne.utils import assert_meg_snr, catch_logging, object_diff, verbose
 from mne.viz import plot_head_positions
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_coreg.py b/mne/tests/test_coreg.py
index fa80eff9dd7..b106b14c4b2 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_coreg.py
@@ -3,44 +3,44 @@
 from glob import glob
 from shutil import copyfile
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_array_less,
 )
 
 import mne
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.channels import DigMontage
+from mne.coreg import (
+    Coregistration,
+    _is_mri_subject,
+    coregister_fiducials,
+    create_default_subject,
+    fit_matched_points,
+    get_mni_fiducials,
+    scale_labels,
+    scale_mri,
+    scale_source_space,
+)
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_fiducials, read_info
+from mne.source_space import write_source_spaces
 from mne.transforms import (
     Transform,
+    _angle_between_quats,
     apply_trans,
-    rotation,
-    translation,
-    scaling,
+    invert_transform,
     read_trans,
-    _angle_between_quats,
     rot_to_quat,
-    invert_transform,
-)
-from mne.coreg import (
-    fit_matched_points,
-    create_default_subject,
-    scale_mri,
-    _is_mri_subject,
-    scale_labels,
-    scale_source_space,
-    coregister_fiducials,
-    get_mni_fiducials,
-    Coregistration,
+    rotation,
+    scaling,
+    translation,
 )
-from mne.io import read_fiducials, read_info
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.utils import catch_logging
-from mne.source_space import write_source_spaces
-from mne.channels import DigMontage
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_cov.py b/mne/tests/test_cov.py
index 2a87f94d666..f7dd2ffce9e 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_cov.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_cov.py
@@ -8,50 +8,49 @@
 from inspect import signature
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
-)
-import pytest
-import numpy as np
-
-from mne.cov import (
-    regularize,
-    whiten_evoked,
-    _auto_low_rank_model,
-    prepare_noise_cov,
-    compute_whitener,
-    _regularized_covariance,
 )
 
 from mne import (
-    read_cov,
-    write_cov,
     Epochs,
-    merge_events,
-    find_events,
-    compute_raw_covariance,
     compute_covariance,
-    read_evokeds,
     compute_proj_raw,
-    pick_channels_cov,
-    pick_types,
+    compute_rank,
+    compute_raw_covariance,
+    create_info,
+    find_events,
     make_ad_hoc_cov,
     make_fixed_length_events,
-    create_info,
+    merge_events,
+    pick_channels_cov,
     pick_info,
-    compute_rank,
+    pick_types,
+    read_cov,
+    read_evokeds,
+    write_cov,
 )
+from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
 from mne.channels import equalize_channels
+from mne.cov import (
+    _auto_low_rank_model,
+    _regularized_covariance,
+    compute_whitener,
+    prepare_noise_cov,
+    regularize,
+    whiten_evoked,
+)
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.fixes import _safe_svd
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray, read_raw_ctf, read_info
-from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_info, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing import maxwell_filter
 from mne.rank import _compute_rank_int
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, assert_snr, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, assert_snr, catch_logging
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 cov_fname = base_dir / "test-cov.fif"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_defaults.py b/mne/tests/test_defaults.py
index 58d5979fff3..235f8457623 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_defaults.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_defaults.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
+
 from mne.defaults import _handle_default
 from mne.io.base import _get_scaling
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_dipole.py b/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
index f5750a2bd44..26cde7a3ea4 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
@@ -4,47 +4,45 @@
 
 import os
 
-import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
 
 from mne import (
-    read_dipole,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    convert_forward_solution,
-    read_evokeds,
-    read_cov,
-    SourceEstimate,
-    write_evokeds,
-    fit_dipole,
-    transform_surface_to,
-    make_sphere_model,
-    pick_types,
-    pick_info,
-    EvokedArray,
-    read_source_spaces,
-    make_ad_hoc_cov,
-    make_forward_solution,
     Dipole,
     DipoleFixed,
     Epochs,
-    make_fixed_length_events,
     Evoked,
+    EvokedArray,
+    SourceEstimate,
+    convert_forward_solution,
+    fit_dipole,
     head_to_mni,
+    make_ad_hoc_cov,
+    make_fixed_length_events,
+    make_forward_solution,
+    make_sphere_model,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
+    read_cov,
+    read_dipole,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_forward_solution,
+    read_source_spaces,
+    transform_surface_to,
+    write_evokeds,
 )
-from mne.dipole import get_phantom_dipoles, _BDIP_ERROR_KEYS
-from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.bem import _bem_find_surface, read_bem_solution
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.utils import requires_mne, run_subprocess, _record_warnings
+from mne.dipole import _BDIP_ERROR_KEYS, get_phantom_dipoles
+from mne.io import read_raw_ctf, read_raw_fif
 from mne.proj import make_eeg_average_ref_proj
-
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_raw_ctf
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-
+from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked
 from mne.surface import _compute_nearest
-from mne.bem import _bem_find_surface, read_bem_solution
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans, _get_trans
+from mne.transforms import _get_trans, apply_trans
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, requires_mne, run_subprocess
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 meg_path = data_path / "MEG" / "sample"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_docstring_parameters.py b/mne/tests/test_docstring_parameters.py
index d18d9672c48..181a757d0d2 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_docstring_parameters.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_docstring_parameters.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 
 import importlib
 import inspect
+import re
 from pathlib import Path
 from pkgutil import walk_packages
-import re
 
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 3a7f0a7451e..9f72be1803a 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -11,62 +11,62 @@
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
 import pytest
+import scipy.signal
+from numpy.fft import rfft, rfftfreq
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_equal,
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_allclose,
-    assert_equal,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
     assert_array_less,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-import numpy as np
-from numpy.fft import rfft, rfftfreq
-import scipy.signal
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
-    Epochs,
     Annotations,
-    read_events,
-    pick_events,
-    read_epochs,
+    Epochs,
+    combine_evoked,
+    create_info,
     equalize_channels,
-    pick_types,
+    make_fixed_length_epochs,
+    make_fixed_length_events,
     pick_channels,
+    pick_events,
+    pick_types,
+    read_epochs,
+    read_events,
     read_evokeds,
     write_evokeds,
-    create_info,
-    make_fixed_length_events,
-    make_fixed_length_epochs,
-    combine_evoked,
 )
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
+from mne._fiff.write import INT32_MAX, _get_split_size, write_float, write_int
 from mne.annotations import _handle_meas_date
 from mne.baseline import rescale
+from mne.chpi import head_pos_to_trans_rot_t, read_head_pos
 from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.chpi import read_head_pos, head_pos_to_trans_rot_t
-from mne.event import merge_events
-from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
-from mne._fiff.write import write_int, INT32_MAX, _get_split_size, write_float
-from mne.preprocessing import maxwell_filter
 from mne.epochs import (
+    BaseEpochs,
+    EpochsArray,
+    _handle_event_repeated,
+    average_movements,
     bootstrap,
-    equalize_epoch_counts,
     combine_event_ids,
-    EpochsArray,
     concatenate_epochs,
-    BaseEpochs,
-    average_movements,
-    _handle_event_repeated,
+    equalize_epoch_counts,
     make_metadata,
 )
+from mne.event import merge_events
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
+from mne.preprocessing import maxwell_filter
 from mne.utils import (
+    _dt_to_stamp,
+    assert_meg_snr,
+    catch_logging,
     object_diff,
     use_log_level,
-    catch_logging,
-    assert_meg_snr,
-    _dt_to_stamp,
 )
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_event.py b/mne/tests/test_event.py
index 212bc8a9d98..3f2b8137345 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_event.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_event.py
@@ -6,38 +6,38 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
     assert_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
 )
-import pytest
 
 from mne import (
-    read_events,
-    write_events,
-    make_fixed_length_events,
+    Annotations,
+    Epochs,
+    compute_raw_covariance,
+    count_events,
+    create_info,
     find_events,
-    pick_events,
     find_stim_steps,
+    make_fixed_length_events,
     pick_channels,
+    pick_events,
+    read_events,
     read_evokeds,
-    Epochs,
-    create_info,
-    compute_raw_covariance,
-    Annotations,
-    count_events,
+    write_events,
 )
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.event import (
+    AcqParserFIF,
     define_target_events,
+    match_event_names,
     merge_events,
-    AcqParserFIF,
     shift_time_events,
-    match_event_names,
 )
-from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 fname = base_dir / "test-eve.fif"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_evoked.py b/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
index 040978c9ff9..9820dcdb5e3 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
@@ -10,29 +10,29 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy import fftpack
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
-    assert_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-import pytest
+from scipy import fftpack
 
 from mne import (
+    Epochs,
+    EpochsArray,
+    combine_evoked,
+    create_info,
     equalize_channels,
     pick_types,
+    read_events,
     read_evokeds,
     write_evokeds,
-    combine_evoked,
-    create_info,
-    read_events,
-    Epochs,
-    EpochsArray,
 )
-from mne.evoked import _get_peak, Evoked, EvokedArray
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.evoked import Evoked, EvokedArray, _get_peak
+from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.utils import grand_average
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_filter.py b/mne/tests/test_filter.py
index b3770abb7c4..552489f45d1 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_filter.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_filter.py
@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from numpy.fft import fft, fftfreq
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_less,
 )
-import pytest
-from scipy.signal import resample as sp_resample, butter, freqz, sosfreqz
+from scipy.signal import butter, freqz, sosfreqz
+from scipy.signal import resample as sp_resample
 
-from mne import create_info, Epochs
-from numpy.fft import fft, fftfreq
-from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
+from mne import Epochs, create_info
 from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
 from mne.filter import (
-    filter_data,
-    resample,
-    _resample_stim_channels,
-    construct_iir_filter,
-    notch_filter,
-    detrend,
+    _length_factors,
     _overlap_add_filter,
+    _resample_stim_channels,
     _smart_pad,
+    construct_iir_filter,
+    create_filter,
     design_mne_c_filter,
+    detrend,
     estimate_ringing_samples,
-    create_filter,
-    _length_factors,
+    filter_data,
+    notch_filter,
+    resample,
 )
-
-from mne.utils import sum_squared, catch_logging, requires_mne, run_subprocess
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
+from mne.utils import catch_logging, requires_mne, run_subprocess, sum_squared
 
 
 def test_filter_array():
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py b/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
index 30c8e39d5dd..f60993bddf1 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
@@ -6,20 +6,20 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
-    vertex_to_mni,
+    get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
     head_to_mni,
-    read_talxfm,
     read_freesurfer_lut,
-    get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
+    read_talxfm,
+    vertex_to_mni,
 )
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne._freesurfer import (
-    _get_mgz_header,
     _check_subject_dir,
-    read_lta,
     _estimate_talxfm_rigid,
+    _get_mgz_header,
+    read_lta,
 )
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans, _get_trans, rot_to_quat, _angle_between_quats
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.transforms import _angle_between_quats, _get_trans, apply_trans, rot_to_quat
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_import_nesting.py b/mne/tests/test_import_nesting.py
index f52a2bf837b..f4fe63d1469 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_import_nesting.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_import_nesting.py
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 import ast
 import glob
 import os
-from pathlib import Path
 import sys
+from pathlib import Path
 from types import ModuleType
+
 import pytest
 
 import mne
-from mne.utils import run_subprocess, logger, _pl
-
+from mne.utils import _pl, logger, run_subprocess
 
 # To avoid circular import issues, we have a defined order of submodule
 # priority. A submodule should nest an import from another submodule if and
@@ -141,12 +141,12 @@ def generic_visit(self, node):
         ("mne/utils/docs.py", "    import mne", "non-relative mne import"),
         (
             "mne/io/_read_raw.py",
-            "    from . import read_raw_edf, read_raw_bdf, read_raw_gdf, read_raw_brainvision, read_raw_fif, read_raw_eeglab, read_raw_cnt, read_raw_egi, read_raw_eximia, read_raw_nirx, read_raw_fieldtrip, read_raw_artemis123, read_raw_nicolet, read_raw_kit, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_boxy, read_raw_snirf, read_raw_fil, read_raw_nihon, read_raw_curry, read_raw_nedf",  # noqa: E501
+            "    from . import read_raw_artemis123, read_raw_bdf, read_raw_boxy, read_raw_brainvision, read_raw_cnt, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_curry, read_raw_edf, read_raw_eeglab, read_raw_egi, read_raw_eximia, read_raw_fieldtrip, read_raw_fif, read_raw_fil, read_raw_gdf, read_raw_kit, read_raw_nedf, read_raw_nicolet, read_raw_nihon, read_raw_nirx, read_raw_snirf",  # noqa: E501
             "non-explicit relative import",
         ),
         (
             "mne/datasets/utils.py",
-            "    from . import eegbci, sleep_physionet, limo, fetch_fsaverage, fetch_infant_template, fetch_hcp_mmp_parcellation, fetch_phantom",  # noqa: E501
+            "    from . import eegbci, fetch_fsaverage, fetch_hcp_mmp_parcellation, fetch_infant_template, fetch_phantom, limo, sleep_physionet",  # noqa: E501
             "non-explicit relative import",
         ),
         (
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_label.py b/mne/tests/test_label.py
index a7126401997..a3b4f74435c 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_label.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_label.py
@@ -10,48 +10,46 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy import sparse
-
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_equal,
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
-    assert_equal,
     assert_allclose,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
     assert_array_less,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-import pytest
+from scipy import sparse
 
-from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne import (
+    grow_labels,
+    labels_to_stc,
+    morph_labels,
+    random_parcellation,
     read_label,
-    stc_to_label,
+    read_labels_from_annot,
     read_source_estimate,
     read_source_spaces,
-    grow_labels,
-    read_labels_from_annot,
-    write_labels_to_annot,
-    split_label,
-    spatial_tris_adjacency,
     read_surface,
-    random_parcellation,
-    morph_labels,
-    labels_to_stc,
+    spatial_tris_adjacency,
+    split_label,
+    stc_to_label,
+    write_labels_to_annot,
 )
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.label import (
     Label,
     _blend_colors,
-    label_sign_flip,
     _load_vert_pos,
-    select_sources,
     _n_colors,
     _read_annot,
     _read_annot_cands,
+    label_sign_flip,
+    select_sources,
 )
-from mne.source_space import SourceSpaces
 from mne.source_estimate import mesh_edges
+from mne.source_space import SourceSpaces
 from mne.surface import _mesh_borders
-from mne.utils import get_subjects_dir, _record_warnings
-
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, get_subjects_dir
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_line_endings.py b/mne/tests/test_line_endings.py
index bc5744c4e8f..6dcacf554a2 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_line_endings.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_line_endings.py
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import os
-from os import path as op
 import sys
+from os import path as op
 
 import pytest
 
 from mne.utils import _get_root_dir
 
-
 skip_files = (
     # known crlf
     "FreeSurferColorLUT.txt",
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_morph.py b/mne/tests/test_morph.py
index 0dc6ae2e086..f26da4ca6b2 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_morph.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_morph.py
@@ -3,39 +3,40 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 from inspect import signature
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_less, assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
+from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix
+from scipy.sparse import eye as speye
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
-from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix, eye as speye
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
     SourceEstimate,
-    VolSourceEstimate,
-    VectorSourceEstimate,
-    read_evokeds,
     SourceMorph,
+    VectorSourceEstimate,
+    VolSourceEstimate,
+    VolVectorSourceEstimate,
     compute_source_morph,
-    read_source_morph,
-    read_source_estimate,
-    read_forward_solution,
+    get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
     grade_to_vertices,
-    setup_volume_source_space,
+    make_ad_hoc_cov,
     make_forward_solution,
     make_sphere_model,
-    make_ad_hoc_cov,
-    VolVectorSourceEstimate,
-    get_volume_labels_from_aseg,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_forward_solution,
     read_freesurfer_lut,
+    read_source_estimate,
+    read_source_morph,
+    setup_volume_source_space,
 )
+from mne._freesurfer import _get_atlas_values, _get_mri_info_data
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.fixes import _get_img_fdata
-from mne._freesurfer import _get_mri_info_data, _get_atlas_values
-from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator, make_inverse_operator
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator, read_inverse_operator
 from mne.source_space._source_space import _add_interpolator, _grid_interp
 from mne.transforms import quat_to_rot
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 
 # Setup paths
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_morph_map.py b/mne/tests/test_morph_map.py
index 036b7fa17b7..a5dfe563027 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_morph_map.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_morph_map.py
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 import os
 from shutil import copyfile
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 from scipy import sparse
 
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
 from mne import read_morph_map
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_ola.py b/mne/tests/test_ola.py
index a364c534518..ab8935added 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_ola.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_ola.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 from mne._ola import _COLA, _Interp2, _Storer
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_parallel.py b/mne/tests/test_parallel.py
index 80d60a02f7c..6f90e12de1b 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_parallel.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_parallel.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from contextlib import nullcontext
 import multiprocessing
 import os
+from contextlib import nullcontext
 
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_proj.py b/mne/tests/test_proj.py
index 7f4a79ae723..562d4e846f6 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_proj.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_proj.py
@@ -2,40 +2,40 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose, assert_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_equal
 from scipy import linalg
 
 from mne import (
+    Epochs,
     compute_proj_epochs,
     compute_proj_evoked,
     compute_proj_raw,
-    pick_types,
-    read_events,
-    Epochs,
-    sensitivity_map,
-    read_source_estimate,
     compute_raw_covariance,
+    convert_forward_solution,
     create_info,
+    pick_types,
+    read_events,
     read_forward_solution,
-    convert_forward_solution,
+    read_source_estimate,
+    sensitivity_map,
 )
-from mne.cov import regularize, compute_whitener
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray
 from mne._fiff.proj import (
-    make_projector,
+    _EEG_AVREF_PICK_DICT,
+    _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj,
     activate_proj,
+    make_projector,
     setup_proj,
-    _needs_eeg_average_ref_proj,
-    _EEG_AVREF_PICK_DICT,
 )
+from mne.cov import compute_whitener, regularize
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing import maxwell_filter
 from mne.proj import (
+    _has_eeg_average_ref_proj,
+    make_eeg_average_ref_proj,
     read_proj,
     write_proj,
-    make_eeg_average_ref_proj,
-    _has_eeg_average_ref_proj,
 )
 from mne.rank import _compute_rank_int
 from mne.utils import _record_warnings
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_rank.py b/mne/tests/test_rank.py
index 4a513975684..f88dd68e282 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_rank.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_rank.py
@@ -1,27 +1,25 @@
 import itertools
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 import numpy as np
-
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
-from mne import read_evokeds, read_cov, compute_raw_covariance, pick_types, pick_info
+from mne import compute_raw_covariance, pick_info, pick_types, read_cov, read_evokeds
+from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_by_type
+from mne._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
 from mne.cov import prepare_noise_cov
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_by_type
-from mne._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
 from mne.proj import compute_proj_raw
 from mne.rank import (
-    estimate_rank,
-    compute_rank,
-    _get_rank_sss,
     _compute_rank_int,
     _estimate_rank_raw,
+    _get_rank_sss,
+    compute_rank,
+    estimate_rank,
 )
 
-
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 cov_fname = base_dir / "test-cov.fif"
 raw_fname = base_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
index 9b78113127c..2bfba7ce5fb 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
@@ -9,76 +9,75 @@
 from shutil import copyfile
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.fft import fft
 from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_allclose,
     assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_equal,
-    assert_allclose,
-    assert_equal,
     assert_array_less,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-import pytest
 from scipy import sparse
 from scipy.optimize import fmin_cobyla
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
-    stats,
+    Epochs,
+    EvokedArray,
+    Label,
+    MixedSourceEstimate,
+    MixedVectorSourceEstimate,
     SourceEstimate,
+    SourceSpaces,
     VectorSourceEstimate,
     VolSourceEstimate,
-    Label,
-    read_source_spaces,
-    read_evokeds,
-    MixedSourceEstimate,
-    find_events,
-    Epochs,
-    read_source_estimate,
+    VolVectorSourceEstimate,
+    compute_source_morph,
+    convert_forward_solution,
     extract_label_time_course,
-    spatio_temporal_tris_adjacency,
-    stc_near_sensors,
-    spatio_temporal_src_adjacency,
-    read_cov,
-    EvokedArray,
-    spatial_inter_hemi_adjacency,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    spatial_src_adjacency,
-    spatial_tris_adjacency,
+    find_events,
+    labels_to_stc,
     pick_info,
-    SourceSpaces,
-    VolVectorSourceEstimate,
-    read_trans,
     pick_types,
-    MixedVectorSourceEstimate,
-    setup_volume_source_space,
-    convert_forward_solution,
     pick_types_forward,
-    compute_source_morph,
-    labels_to_stc,
+    read_cov,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_forward_solution,
+    read_source_estimate,
+    read_source_spaces,
+    read_trans,
     scale_mri,
+    setup_volume_source_space,
+    spatial_inter_hemi_adjacency,
+    spatial_src_adjacency,
+    spatial_tris_adjacency,
+    spatio_temporal_src_adjacency,
+    spatio_temporal_tris_adjacency,
+    stats,
+    stc_near_sensors,
     write_source_spaces,
 )
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.fixes import _get_img_fdata
-from mne.io import read_info
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.morph_map import _make_morph_map_hemi
-from mne.source_estimate import grade_to_tris, _get_vol_mask
-from mne.source_space._source_space import _get_src_nn
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform, transform_surface_to
+from mne.io import read_info, read_raw_fif
+from mne.label import label_sign_flip, read_labels_from_annot
 from mne.minimum_norm import (
-    read_inverse_operator,
     apply_inverse,
     apply_inverse_epochs,
     make_inverse_operator,
+    read_inverse_operator,
 )
-from mne.label import read_labels_from_annot, label_sign_flip
+from mne.morph_map import _make_morph_map_hemi
+from mne.source_estimate import _get_vol_mask, grade_to_tris
+from mne.source_space._source_space import _get_src_nn
+from mne.transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform, transform_surface_to
 from mne.utils import (
-    catch_logging,
     _record_warnings,
+    catch_logging,
 )
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_surface.py b/mne/tests/test_surface.py
index 066632904d6..60b9fed5a17 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_surface.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_surface.py
@@ -4,38 +4,38 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose, assert_equal
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    read_surface,
-    write_surface,
     decimate_surface,
-    pick_types,
     dig_mri_distances,
     get_montage_volume_labels,
+    pick_types,
+    read_surface,
+    write_surface,
 )
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.channels import make_dig_montage
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_info
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from mne.surface import (
     _compute_nearest,
+    _get_ico_surface,
+    _marching_cubes,
+    _normal_orth,
+    _project_onto_surface,
+    _read_patch,
     _tessellate_sphere,
+    _voxel_neighbors,
     fast_cross_3d,
     get_head_surf,
-    read_curvature,
     get_meg_helmet_surf,
-    _normal_orth,
-    _read_patch,
-    _marching_cubes,
-    _voxel_neighbors,
-    _project_onto_surface,
-    _get_ico_surface,
+    read_curvature,
 )
 from mne.transforms import _get_trans
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, object_diff, requires_freesurfer, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging, object_diff, requires_freesurfer
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_transforms.py b/mne/tests/test_transforms.py
index 4a533d9bf38..a09071d571b 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_transforms.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_transforms.py
@@ -6,52 +6,54 @@
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_equal,
-    assert_equal,
     assert_allclose,
-    assert_array_less,
     assert_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal,
+    assert_array_less,
+    assert_equal,
 )
 
 import mne
+from mne import read_trans, write_trans
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.fixes import _get_img_fdata
-from mne import read_trans, write_trans
 from mne.io import read_info
 from mne.transforms import (
-    invert_transform,
-    _get_trans,
-    rotation,
-    rotation3d,
-    rotation_angles,
+    _angle_between_quats,
+    _average_quats,
+    _cart_to_sph,
+    _compute_r2,
+    _euler_to_quat,
     _find_trans,
-    combine_transforms,
+    _find_vector_rotation,
+    _fit_matched_points,
+    _get_trans,
+    _pol_to_cart,
+    _quat_real,
+    _quat_to_affine,
+    _quat_to_euler,
+    _read_fs_xfm,
+    _sph_to_cart,
+    _topo_to_sph,
+    _validate_pipeline,
+    _write_fs_xfm,
     apply_trans,
-    translation,
+    combine_transforms,
     get_ras_to_neuromag_trans,
-    _pol_to_cart,
+    invert_transform,
     quat_to_rot,
     rot_to_quat,
-    _angle_between_quats,
-    _find_vector_rotation,
-    _sph_to_cart,
-    _cart_to_sph,
-    _topo_to_sph,
-    _average_quats,
-    _SphericalSurfaceWarp as SphericalSurfaceWarp,
+    rotation,
+    rotation3d,
     rotation3d_align_z_axis,
-    _read_fs_xfm,
-    _write_fs_xfm,
-    _quat_real,
-    _fit_matched_points,
-    _quat_to_euler,
-    _euler_to_quat,
-    _quat_to_affine,
-    _compute_r2,
-    _validate_pipeline,
+    rotation_angles,
+    translation,
+)
+from mne.transforms import (
+    _SphericalSurfaceWarp as SphericalSurfaceWarp,
 )
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/__init__.pyi b/mne/time_frequency/__init__.pyi
index 258fa5ef96c..9fc0c271cc4 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/__init__.pyi
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ from .spectrum import (
     read_spectrum,
 )
 from .tfr import (
-    _BaseTFR,
     AverageTFR,
     EpochsTFR,
+    _BaseTFR,
     fwhm,
     morlet,
     read_tfrs,
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/_stockwell.py b/mne/time_frequency/_stockwell.py
index 6196ae59c92..e8c94be08ad 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/_stockwell.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/_stockwell.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 from scipy.fft import fft, fftfreq, ifft
 
 from .._fiff.pick import _pick_data_channels, pick_info
-from ..utils import verbose, logger, fill_doc, _validate_type
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
+from ..utils import _validate_type, fill_doc, logger, verbose
 from .tfr import AverageTFR, _get_data
 
 
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/ar.py b/mne/time_frequency/ar.py
index ab3110f23d2..0baccac31f0 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/ar.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/ar.py
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg
 
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_by_type, _picks_to_idx, pick_info
 from ..defaults import _handle_default
-from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, _picks_by_type, pick_info
-from ..utils import verbose, _apply_scaling_array
+from ..utils import _apply_scaling_array, verbose
 
 
 def _yule_walker(X, order=1):
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/csd.py b/mne/time_frequency/csd.py
index 1adf684950e..78ff9d95bcc 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/csd.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/csd.py
@@ -10,26 +10,26 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.fft import rfftfreq
 
-from .tfr import _cwt_array, morlet, _get_nfft, EpochsTFR
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, _picks_to_idx
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_channels
+from ..parallel import parallel_func
+from ..time_frequency.multitaper import (
+    _compute_mt_params,
+    _csd_from_mt,
+    _mt_spectra,
+    _psd_from_mt_adaptive,
+)
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
     ProgressBar,
     _check_fname,
     _import_h5io_funcs,
     _validate_type,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 from ..viz.misc import plot_csd
-from ..time_frequency.multitaper import (
-    _compute_mt_params,
-    _mt_spectra,
-    _csd_from_mt,
-    _psd_from_mt_adaptive,
-)
-from ..parallel import parallel_func
+from .tfr import EpochsTFR, _cwt_array, _get_nfft, morlet
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/multitaper.py b/mne/time_frequency/multitaper.py
index 8810926f817..5cb42e7b9b7 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/multitaper.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/multitaper.py
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@
 from scipy.signal import get_window
 from scipy.signal.windows import dpss as sp_dpss
 
-
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..utils import warn, verbose, logger, _check_option
+from ..utils import _check_option, logger, verbose, warn
 
 
 def dpss_windows(N, half_nbw, Kmax, *, sym=True, norm=None, low_bias=True):
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/psd.py b/mne/time_frequency/psd.py
index 2c88e1adafe..79b269b645e 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/psd.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/psd.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 from scipy.signal import spectrogram
 
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
-from ..utils import logger, verbose, _check_option, _ensure_int
+from ..utils import _check_option, _ensure_int, logger, verbose
 
 
 # adapted from SciPy
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/spectrum.py b/mne/time_frequency/spectrum.py
index 1fc2c6ce2bd..3d6acbc3914 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/spectrum.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/spectrum.py
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from .._fiff.meas_info import ContainsMixin, Info
+from .._fiff.pick import _pick_data_channels, _picks_to_idx, pick_info
 from ..channels.channels import UpdateChannelsMixin
 from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data, find_layout
 from ..defaults import (
@@ -19,8 +21,6 @@
     _handle_default,
 )
 from ..html_templates import _get_html_template
-from .._fiff.meas_info import ContainsMixin, Info
-from .._fiff.pick import _pick_data_channels, _picks_to_idx, pick_info
 from ..utils import (
     GetEpochsMixin,
     _build_data_frame,
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@
 from ..viz.topomap import _make_head_outlines, _prepare_topomap_plot, plot_psds_topomap
 from ..viz.utils import (
     _format_units_psd,
+    _get_plot_ch_type,
     _plot_psd,
     _prepare_sensor_names,
     plt_show,
-    _get_plot_ch_type,
 )
 from .multitaper import psd_array_multitaper
-from .psd import psd_array_welch, _check_nfft
+from .psd import _check_nfft, psd_array_welch
 
 
 def _identity_function(x):
@@ -658,8 +658,8 @@ def plot(
         """
         # Must nest this _mpl_figure import because of the BACKEND global
         # stuff
-        from .multitaper import _psd_from_mt
         from ..viz._mpl_figure import _line_figure, _split_picks_by_type
+        from .multitaper import _psd_from_mt
 
         # arg checking
         ci = _check_ci(ci)
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_ar.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_ar.py
index e5bcaa2b049..7d1d06d46dc 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_ar.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_ar.py
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal
 from scipy.signal import lfilter
 
 from mne import io
 from mne.time_frequency.ar import _yule_walker, fit_iir_model_raw
 
-
 raw_fname = (
     Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data" / "test_raw.fif"
 )
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py
index 0c3aef6014c..6c306188699 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py
@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
+import pickle
+from itertools import product
+from os import path as op
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 from pytest import raises
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
-from os import path as op
-import pickle
-from itertools import product
 
 import mne
 from mne.channels import equalize_channels
-from mne.utils import sum_squared
+from mne.proj import Projection
 from mne.time_frequency import (
-    csd_fourier,
-    csd_multitaper,
-    csd_morlet,
+    CrossSpectralDensity,
     csd_array_fourier,
-    csd_array_multitaper,
     csd_array_morlet,
-    tfr_morlet,
+    csd_array_multitaper,
+    csd_fourier,
+    csd_morlet,
+    csd_multitaper,
     csd_tfr,
-    CrossSpectralDensity,
-    read_csd,
     pick_channels_csd,
+    read_csd,
+    tfr_morlet,
 )
 from mne.time_frequency.csd import _sym_mat_to_vector, _vector_to_sym_mat
-from mne.proj import Projection
+from mne.utils import sum_squared
 
 base_dir = op.join(op.dirname(__file__), "..", "..", "io", "tests", "data")
 raw_fname = op.join(base_dir, "test_raw.fif")
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_psd.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_psd.py
index b39fd431fd0..3631363083d 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_psd.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_psd.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
-from scipy.signal import welch
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
+from scipy.signal import welch
 
-from mne.utils import catch_logging
-from mne.time_frequency import psd_array_welch, psd_array_multitaper
+from mne.time_frequency import psd_array_multitaper, psd_array_welch
 from mne.time_frequency.multitaper import _psd_from_mt
 from mne.time_frequency.psd import _median_biases
+from mne.utils import catch_logging
 
 
 def test_psd_nan():
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_spectrum.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_spectrum.py
index 6a296808b20..7aaa5b40ea6 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_spectrum.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_spectrum.py
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 from contextlib import nullcontext
 from functools import partial
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 
-from mne import create_info, make_fixed_length_epochs
+from mne import Annotations, create_info, make_fixed_length_epochs
 from mne.io import RawArray
-from mne import Annotations
 from mne.time_frequency import read_spectrum
 from mne.time_frequency.multitaper import _psd_from_mt
-from mne.time_frequency.spectrum import SpectrumArray, EpochsSpectrumArray
+from mne.time_frequency.spectrum import EpochsSpectrumArray, SpectrumArray
 
 
 def test_compute_psd_errors(raw):
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_stft.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_stft.py
index 7609b5c45cb..4829d975aad 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_stft.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_stft.py
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 #
 # License : BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
-from scipy import linalg
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal
+from scipy import linalg
 
-from mne.time_frequency import stft, istft, stftfreq
+from mne.time_frequency import istft, stft, stftfreq
 from mne.time_frequency._stft import stft_norm2
 
 
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_stockwell.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_stockwell.py
index 77f2e88383b..dcb202a959a 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_stockwell.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_stockwell.py
@@ -5,28 +5,26 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import (
-    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_allclose,
-    assert_equal,
+    assert_array_almost_equal,
     assert_array_less,
+    assert_equal,
 )
-
 from scipy import fftpack
 
-from mne import read_events, Epochs, make_fixed_length_events
+from mne import Epochs, make_fixed_length_events, read_events
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
+from mne.time_frequency import AverageTFR, tfr_array_stockwell
 from mne.time_frequency._stockwell import (
-    tfr_stockwell,
-    _st,
-    _precompute_st_windows,
     _check_input_st,
+    _precompute_st_windows,
+    _st,
     _st_power_itc,
+    tfr_stockwell,
 )
-
-from mne.time_frequency import AverageTFR, tfr_array_stockwell
 from mne.utils import _record_warnings
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py
index b96cb11e567..58943b10e48 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py
@@ -3,41 +3,41 @@
 from itertools import product
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_equal, assert_allclose
 import pytest
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 from scipy.signal import morlet2
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
     Epochs,
-    read_events,
-    pick_types,
-    create_info,
     EpochsArray,
     Info,
     Transform,
+    create_info,
+    pick_types,
+    read_events,
 )
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-from mne.utils import grand_average, catch_logging
+from mne.tests.test_epochs import assert_metadata_equal
+from mne.time_frequency import tfr_array_morlet, tfr_array_multitaper
 from mne.time_frequency.tfr import (
-    morlet,
-    tfr_morlet,
-    _make_dpss,
-    tfr_multitaper,
     AverageTFR,
-    read_tfrs,
-    write_tfrs,
+    EpochsTFR,
+    _compute_tfr,
+    _make_dpss,
     combine_tfr,
     cwt,
-    _compute_tfr,
-    EpochsTFR,
     fwhm,
+    morlet,
+    read_tfrs,
+    tfr_morlet,
+    tfr_multitaper,
+    write_tfrs,
 )
-from mne.time_frequency import tfr_array_multitaper, tfr_array_morlet
+from mne.utils import catch_logging, grand_average
 from mne.viz.utils import _fake_click, _fake_keypress, _fake_scroll
-from mne.tests.test_epochs import assert_metadata_equal
 
 data_path = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = data_path / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tfr.py b/mne/time_frequency/tfr.py
index 83445a64690..09745e9a1b1 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tfr.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tfr.py
@@ -16,65 +16,64 @@
 from scipy.fft import fft, ifft
 from scipy.signal import argrelmax
 
-from .multitaper import dpss_windows
-
-from ..baseline import rescale, _check_baseline
+from .._fiff.meas_info import ContainsMixin, Info
+from .._fiff.pick import (
+    _picks_to_idx,
+    channel_type,
+    pick_info,
+)
+from ..baseline import _check_baseline, rescale
+from ..channels.channels import UpdateChannelsMixin
+from ..channels.layout import _find_topomap_coords, _merge_ch_data, _pair_grad_sensors
+from ..defaults import _BORDER_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT
 from ..filter import next_fast_len
 from ..parallel import parallel_func
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    _time_mask,
-    _freq_mask,
-    check_fname,
-    sizeof_fmt,
-    GetEpochsMixin,
     ExtendedTimeMixin,
-    _prepare_read_metadata,
-    fill_doc,
-    _prepare_write_metadata,
-    _check_event_id,
-    _gen_events,
+    GetEpochsMixin,
     SizeMixin,
-    _is_numeric,
-    _check_option,
-    _validate_type,
+    _build_data_frame,
     _check_combine,
-    _check_pandas_installed,
+    _check_event_id,
+    _check_option,
     _check_pandas_index_arguments,
+    _check_pandas_installed,
     _check_time_format,
     _convert_times,
-    _build_data_frame,
-    warn,
+    _freq_mask,
+    _gen_events,
     _import_h5io_funcs,
+    _is_numeric,
+    _prepare_read_metadata,
+    _prepare_write_metadata,
+    _time_mask,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
     copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    fill_doc,
+    logger,
+    sizeof_fmt,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..channels.channels import UpdateChannelsMixin
-from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data, _pair_grad_sensors, _find_topomap_coords
-from ..defaults import _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _BORDER_DEFAULT
-from .._fiff.pick import (
-    pick_info,
-    _picks_to_idx,
-    channel_type,
-)
-from .._fiff.meas_info import Info, ContainsMixin
-from ..viz.topo import _imshow_tfr, _plot_topo, _imshow_tfr_unified
+from ..viz.topo import _imshow_tfr, _imshow_tfr_unified, _plot_topo
 from ..viz.topomap import (
-    _set_contour_locator,
-    plot_topomap,
+    _add_colorbar,
     _get_pos_outlines,
+    _set_contour_locator,
     plot_tfr_topomap,
-    _add_colorbar,
+    plot_topomap,
 )
 from ..viz.utils import (
-    figure_nobar,
-    plt_show,
-    _setup_cmap,
     _prepare_joint_axes,
-    _setup_vmin_vmax,
     _set_title_multiple_electrodes,
+    _setup_cmap,
+    _setup_vmin_vmax,
     add_background_image,
+    figure_nobar,
+    plt_show,
 )
+from .multitaper import dpss_windows
 
 
 @fill_doc
diff --git a/mne/transforms.py b/mne/transforms.py
index 58f88450c56..f8a4c813025 100644
--- a/mne/transforms.py
+++ b/mne/transforms.py
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import os
 import glob
+import os
 from copy import deepcopy
 from pathlib import Path
 
@@ -15,29 +15,28 @@
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 from scipy.special import sph_harm
 
-from .fixes import jit, _get_img_fdata
 from ._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from ._fiff.open import fiff_open
 from ._fiff.tag import read_tag
 from ._fiff.write import start_and_end_file, write_coord_trans
 from .defaults import _handle_default
+from .fixes import _get_img_fdata, jit
 from .utils import (
-    check_fname,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    _ensure_int,
-    _validate_type,
-    _path_like,
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    fill_doc,
     _check_fname,
     _check_option,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _import_nibabel,
+    _path_like,
     _require_version,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
     wrapped_stdout,
-    _import_nibabel,
 )
 
-
 # transformation from anterior/left/superior coordinate system to
 # right/anterior/superior:
 als_ras_trans = np.array([[0, -1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1]])
@@ -1783,16 +1782,16 @@ def _compute_volume_registration(
     nib = _import_nibabel("SDR morph")
     _require_version("dipy", "SDR morph", "0.10.1")
     with np.testing.suppress_warnings():
-        from dipy.align.imaffine import AffineMap
         from dipy.align import (
+            affine,
             affine_registration,
             center_of_mass,
-            translation,
-            rigid,
-            affine,
             imwarp,
             metrics,
+            rigid,
+            translation,
         )
+        from dipy.align.imaffine import AffineMap
 
     # input validation
     _validate_type(moving, nib.spatialimages.SpatialImage, "moving")
@@ -1927,9 +1926,9 @@ def apply_volume_registration(
     """
     _require_version("dipy", "SDR morph", "0.10.1")
     _import_nibabel("SDR morph")
-    from nibabel.spatialimages import SpatialImage
-    from dipy.align.imwarp import DiffeomorphicMap
     from dipy.align.imaffine import AffineMap
+    from dipy.align.imwarp import DiffeomorphicMap
+    from nibabel.spatialimages import SpatialImage
 
     _validate_type(moving, SpatialImage, "moving")
     _validate_type(static, SpatialImage, "static")
@@ -2001,9 +2000,9 @@ def apply_volume_registration_points(
     from .channels import compute_native_head_t, make_dig_montage
 
     _require_version("nibabel", "volume registration", "2.1.0")
+    from dipy.align.imwarp import DiffeomorphicMap
     from nibabel import MGHImage
     from nibabel.spatialimages import SpatialImage
-    from dipy.align.imwarp import DiffeomorphicMap
 
     _validate_type(moving, SpatialImage, "moving")
     _validate_type(static, SpatialImage, "static")
diff --git a/mne/utils/__init__.pyi b/mne/utils/__init__.pyi
index 8dfc4a6bdc4..b2c611f7d1c 100644
--- a/mne/utils/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/utils/__init__.pyi
@@ -183,202 +183,202 @@ __all__ = [
     "wrapped_stdout",
 ]
 from ._bunch import Bunch, BunchConst, BunchConstNamed
+from ._logging import (
+    ClosingStringIO,
+    _get_call_line,
+    _parse_verbose,
+    _record_warnings,
+    _verbose_safe_false,
+    catch_logging,
+    filter_out_warnings,
+    logger,
+    set_log_file,
+    set_log_level,
+    use_log_level,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
+    wrapped_stdout,
+)
+from ._testing import (
+    ArgvSetter,
+    SilenceStdout,
+    _click_ch_name,
+    _raw_annot,
+    _TempDir,
+    assert_and_remove_boundary_annot,
+    assert_dig_allclose,
+    assert_meg_snr,
+    assert_object_equal,
+    assert_snr,
+    assert_stcs_equal,
+    buggy_mkl_svd,
+    has_freesurfer,
+    has_mne_c,
+    requires_freesurfer,
+    requires_good_network,
+    requires_mne,
+    requires_mne_mark,
+    requires_openmeeg_mark,
+    run_command_if_main,
+)
 from .check import (
-    check_fname,
-    check_version,
-    check_random_state,
-    _check_fname,
-    _check_subject,
-    _check_pandas_installed,
-    _check_pandas_index_arguments,
-    _check_event_id,
+    _check_all_same_channel_names,
     _check_ch_locs,
+    _check_channels_spatial_filter,
+    _check_combine,
     _check_compensation_grade,
+    _check_depth,
+    _check_dict_keys,
+    _check_edflib_installed,
+    _check_eeglabio_installed,
+    _check_event_id,
+    _check_fname,
+    _check_freesurfer_home,
+    _check_head_radius,
     _check_if_nan,
-    _is_numeric,
-    _ensure_int,
+    _check_info_inv,
     _check_integer_or_list,
+    _check_on_missing,
+    _check_one_ch_type,
+    _check_option,
+    _check_pandas_index_arguments,
+    _check_pandas_installed,
     _check_preload,
-    _validate_type,
+    _check_pybv_installed,
+    _check_pymatreader_installed,
+    _check_qt_version,
     _check_range,
-    _check_info_inv,
-    _check_channels_spatial_filter,
-    _check_one_ch_type,
     _check_rank,
-    _check_option,
-    _check_depth,
-    _check_combine,
-    _path_like,
+    _check_sphere,
     _check_src_normal,
     _check_stc_units,
-    _check_qt_version,
-    _check_sphere,
+    _check_subject,
     _check_time_format,
-    _check_freesurfer_home,
-    _suggest,
-    _require_version,
-    _on_missing,
-    _check_on_missing,
-    int_like,
-    _safe_input,
-    _check_all_same_channel_names,
-    path_like,
     _ensure_events,
-    _check_eeglabio_installed,
-    _check_pybv_installed,
-    _check_edflib_installed,
-    _to_rgb,
-    _soft_import,
-    _check_dict_keys,
-    _check_pymatreader_installed,
-    _import_h5py,
+    _ensure_int,
     _import_h5io_funcs,
+    _import_h5py,
     _import_nibabel,
     _import_pymatreader_funcs,
-    _check_head_radius,
+    _is_numeric,
+    _on_missing,
+    _path_like,
+    _require_version,
+    _safe_input,
+    _soft_import,
+    _suggest,
+    _to_rgb,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    check_random_state,
+    check_version,
+    int_like,
+    path_like,
 )
 from .config import (
-    set_config,
+    _get_extra_data_path,
+    _get_numpy_libs,
+    _get_root_dir,
+    _get_stim_channel,
     get_config,
     get_config_path,
+    get_subjects_dir,
     set_cache_dir,
+    set_config,
     set_memmap_min_size,
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    _get_stim_channel,
     sys_info,
-    _get_extra_data_path,
-    _get_root_dir,
-    _get_numpy_libs,
+)
+from .dataframe import (
+    _build_data_frame,
+    _convert_times,
+    _scale_dataframe_data,
+    _set_pandas_dtype,
 )
 from .docs import (
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    _doc_special_members,
+    copy_base_doc_to_subclass_doc,
     copy_doc,
-    linkcode_resolve,
-    open_docs,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
     deprecated,
-    fill_doc,
     deprecated_alias,
+    fill_doc,
     legacy,
-    copy_base_doc_to_subclass_doc,
-    _doc_special_members,
+    linkcode_resolve,
+    open_docs,
 )
 from .fetching import _url_to_local_path
-from ._logging import (
-    verbose,
-    logger,
-    set_log_level,
-    set_log_file,
-    use_log_level,
-    catch_logging,
-    warn,
-    filter_out_warnings,
-    wrapped_stdout,
-    _get_call_line,
-    _record_warnings,
-    ClosingStringIO,
-    _verbose_safe_false,
-    _parse_verbose,
+from .linalg import (
+    _get_blas_funcs,
+    _repeated_svd,
+    _svd_lwork,
+    _sym_mat_pow,
+    eigh,
+    sqrtm_sym,
 )
 from .misc import (
-    run_subprocess,
-    _pl,
+    _assert_no_instances,
+    _auto_weakref,
     _clean_names,
-    pformat,
-    _file_like,
+    _DefaultEventParser,
     _empty_hash,
     _explain_exception,
+    _file_like,
     _get_argvalues,
-    sizeof_fmt,
-    running_subprocess,
-    _DefaultEventParser,
-    _assert_no_instances,
+    _pl,
     _resource_path,
+    pformat,
     repr_html,
-    _auto_weakref,
+    run_subprocess,
+    running_subprocess,
+    sizeof_fmt,
 )
-from .progressbar import ProgressBar
-from ._testing import (
-    run_command_if_main,
-    requires_mne,
-    requires_good_network,
-    ArgvSetter,
-    SilenceStdout,
-    has_freesurfer,
-    has_mne_c,
-    _TempDir,
-    buggy_mkl_svd,
-    requires_freesurfer,
-    requires_mne_mark,
-    assert_object_equal,
-    assert_and_remove_boundary_annot,
-    _raw_annot,
-    assert_dig_allclose,
-    assert_meg_snr,
-    assert_snr,
-    assert_stcs_equal,
-    _click_ch_name,
-    requires_openmeeg_mark,
+from .mixin import (
+    ExtendedTimeMixin,
+    GetEpochsMixin,
+    SizeMixin,
+    TimeMixin,
+    _check_decim,
+    _prepare_read_metadata,
+    _prepare_write_metadata,
 )
 from .numerics import (
-    hashfunc,
+    _PCA,
+    _apply_scaling_array,
+    _apply_scaling_cov,
+    _arange_div,
+    _array_equal_nan,
+    _cal_to_julian,
+    _check_dt,
     _compute_row_norms,
+    _custom_lru_cache,
+    _dt_to_julian,
+    _dt_to_stamp,
+    _freq_mask,
+    _gen_events,
+    _get_inst_data,
+    _hashable_ndarray,
+    _julian_to_cal,
+    _julian_to_dt,
+    _mask_to_onsets_offsets,
     _reg_pinv,
-    random_permutation,
     _reject_data_segments,
-    compute_corr,
-    _get_inst_data,
+    _replace_md5,
+    _ReuseCycle,
+    _scaled_array,
+    _stamp_to_dt,
+    _time_mask,
+    _undo_scaling_array,
+    _undo_scaling_cov,
     array_split_idx,
-    sum_squared,
-    split_list,
-    _gen_events,
+    compute_corr,
     create_slices,
-    _time_mask,
-    _freq_mask,
     grand_average,
+    hashfunc,
     object_diff,
     object_hash,
     object_size,
-    _apply_scaling_cov,
-    _undo_scaling_cov,
-    _apply_scaling_array,
-    _undo_scaling_array,
-    _scaled_array,
-    _replace_md5,
-    _PCA,
-    _mask_to_onsets_offsets,
-    _array_equal_nan,
-    _julian_to_cal,
-    _cal_to_julian,
-    _dt_to_julian,
-    _julian_to_dt,
-    _dt_to_stamp,
-    _stamp_to_dt,
-    _check_dt,
-    _ReuseCycle,
-    _arange_div,
-    _hashable_ndarray,
-    _custom_lru_cache,
-)
-from .mixin import (
-    SizeMixin,
-    GetEpochsMixin,
-    TimeMixin,
-    ExtendedTimeMixin,
-    _prepare_read_metadata,
-    _prepare_write_metadata,
-    _check_decim,
-)
-from .linalg import (
-    _svd_lwork,
-    _repeated_svd,
-    _sym_mat_pow,
-    sqrtm_sym,
-    eigh,
-    _get_blas_funcs,
-)
-from .dataframe import (
-    _set_pandas_dtype,
-    _scale_dataframe_data,
-    _convert_times,
-    _build_data_frame,
+    random_permutation,
+    split_list,
+    sum_squared,
 )
+from .progressbar import ProgressBar
diff --git a/mne/utils/_bunch.py b/mne/utils/_bunch.py
index 3ede4290111..9b9af35a7ad 100644
--- a/mne/utils/_bunch.py
+++ b/mne/utils/_bunch.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 from copy import deepcopy
 
-
 ###############################################################################
 # Create a Bunch class that acts like a struct (mybunch.key = val)
 
diff --git a/mne/utils/_logging.py b/mne/utils/_logging.py
index 9cec6f4c7be..84c8bcb2e69 100644
--- a/mne/utils/_logging.py
+++ b/mne/utils/_logging.py
@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import contextlib
-from decorator import FunctionMaker
 import importlib
 import inspect
-from io import StringIO
-import re
-import sys
 import logging
 import os.path as op
+import re
+import sys
 import warnings
+from io import StringIO
 from typing import Any, Callable, TypeVar
 
-from .docs import fill_doc
+from decorator import FunctionMaker
 
+from .docs import fill_doc
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("mne")  # one selection here used across mne-python
 logger.propagate = False  # don't propagate (in case of multiple imports)
@@ -220,8 +220,8 @@ def set_log_level(verbose=None, return_old_level=False, add_frames=None):
 
 
 def _parse_verbose(verbose):
-    from .config import get_config
     from .check import _check_option, _validate_type
+    from .config import get_config
 
     _validate_type(verbose, (bool, str, int, None), "verbose")
     if verbose is None:
diff --git a/mne/utils/_testing.py b/mne/utils/_testing.py
index da907bb52c9..4f1a2eaf9b5 100644
--- a/mne/utils/_testing.py
+++ b/mne/utils/_testing.py
@@ -3,21 +3,21 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from functools import wraps
-import os
 import inspect
-from io import StringIO
-from shutil import rmtree
+import os
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import traceback
+from functools import wraps
+from io import StringIO
+from shutil import rmtree
 from unittest import SkipTest
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 from scipy import linalg
 
-from ._logging import warn, ClosingStringIO
+from ._logging import ClosingStringIO, warn
 from .check import check_version
 from .misc import run_subprocess
 from .numerics import object_diff
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ def _dig_sort_key(dig):
 
 def assert_dig_allclose(info_py, info_bin, limit=None):
     """Assert dig allclose."""
-    from ..bem import fit_sphere_to_headshape
     from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
     from .._fiff.meas_info import Info
+    from ..bem import fit_sphere_to_headshape
     from ..channels.montage import DigMontage
 
     # test dig positions
diff --git a/mne/utils/check.py b/mne/utils/check.py
index d13f2d1a1f1..a26495106e4 100644
--- a/mne/utils/check.py
+++ b/mne/utils/check.py
@@ -3,23 +3,23 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+import numbers
+import operator
+import os
+import re
 from builtins import input  # no-op here but facilitates testing
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from difflib import get_close_matches
 from importlib import import_module
 from importlib.metadata import version
-import operator
-import os
-from packaging.version import parse
 from pathlib import Path
-import re
-import numbers
 
 import numpy as np
+from packaging.version import parse
 
-from ..defaults import _handle_default, HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
-from ..fixes import _median_complex, _compare_version
-from ._logging import warn, logger, verbose, _record_warnings, _verbose_safe_false
+from ..defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT, _handle_default
+from ..fixes import _compare_version, _median_complex
+from ._logging import _record_warnings, _verbose_safe_false, logger, verbose, warn
 
 
 def _ensure_int(x, name="unknown", must_be="an int", *, extra=""):
@@ -316,9 +316,9 @@ def _check_preload(inst, msg):
 
 def _check_compensation_grade(info1, info2, name1, name2="data", ch_names=None):
     """Ensure that objects have same compensation_grade."""
+    from .._fiff.compensator import get_current_comp
     from .._fiff.meas_info import Info
     from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_info
-    from .._fiff.compensator import get_current_comp
 
     for t_info in (info1, info2):
         if t_info is None:
@@ -754,9 +754,9 @@ def _check_rank(rank):
 
 def _check_one_ch_type(method, info, forward, data_cov=None, noise_cov=None):
     """Check number of sensor types and presence of noise covariance matrix."""
-    from ..cov import make_ad_hoc_cov, Covariance
+    from .._fiff.pick import _contains_ch_type, pick_info
+    from ..cov import Covariance, make_ad_hoc_cov
     from ..time_frequency.csd import CrossSpectralDensity
-    from .._fiff.pick import pick_info, _contains_ch_type
 
     if isinstance(data_cov, CrossSpectralDensity):
         _validate_type(noise_cov, [None, CrossSpectralDensity], "noise_cov")
@@ -946,7 +946,8 @@ def _check_qt_version(*, return_api=False, check_usable_display=True):
     from ..viz.backends._utils import _init_mne_qtapp
 
     try:
-        from qtpy import QtCore, API_NAME as api
+        from qtpy import API_NAME as api
+        from qtpy import QtCore
     except Exception:
         api = version = None
     else:
@@ -969,7 +970,7 @@ def _check_qt_version(*, return_api=False, check_usable_display=True):
 
 
 def _check_sphere(sphere, info=None, sphere_units="m"):
-    from ..bem import fit_sphere_to_headshape, ConductorModel, get_fitting_dig
+    from ..bem import ConductorModel, fit_sphere_to_headshape, get_fitting_dig
 
     if sphere is None:
         sphere = HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
diff --git a/mne/utils/config.py b/mne/utils/config.py
index 47a26e8109d..aa4e0b9dd90 100644
--- a/mne/utils/config.py
+++ b/mne/utils/config.py
@@ -18,11 +18,10 @@
 from importlib import import_module
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from .check import _validate_type, _check_qt_version, _check_option, _check_fname
+from ._logging import logger, warn
+from .check import _check_fname, _check_option, _check_qt_version, _validate_type
 from .docs import fill_doc
 from .misc import _pl
-from ._logging import warn, logger
-
 
 _temp_home_dir = None
 
diff --git a/mne/utils/dataframe.py b/mne/utils/dataframe.py
index a6d262bf8ee..2c9cbad78af 100644
--- a/mne/utils/dataframe.py
+++ b/mne/utils/dataframe.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ._logging import logger, verbose
 from ..defaults import _handle_default
+from ._logging import logger, verbose
 
 
 @verbose
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ def _build_data_frame(
     """Build DataFrame from MNE-object-derived data array."""
     # private function; pandas already checked in calling function
     from pandas import DataFrame
+
     from ..source_estimate import _BaseSourceEstimate
 
     # build DataFrame
diff --git a/mne/utils/docs.py b/mne/utils/docs.py
index ef311f30a71..9e72685e738 100644
--- a/mne/utils/docs.py
+++ b/mne/utils/docs.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 from ..defaults import HEAD_SIZE_DEFAULT
 from ._bunch import BunchConst
 
-
 # # # WARNING # # #
 # This list must also be updated in doc/_templates/autosummary/class.rst if it
 # is changed here!
diff --git a/mne/utils/misc.py b/mne/utils/misc.py
index 79a23e9a0e6..470caf671f2 100644
--- a/mne/utils/misc.py
+++ b/mne/utils/misc.py
@@ -3,27 +3,27 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager, ExitStack
 import fnmatch
 import gc
 import hashlib
 import inspect
-from math import log
 import os
-from queue import Queue, Empty
-from string import Formatter
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from textwrap import dedent
-from threading import Thread
 import traceback
 import weakref
+from contextlib import ExitStack, contextmanager
+from math import log
+from queue import Empty, Queue
+from string import Formatter
+from textwrap import dedent
+from threading import Thread
 
 import numpy as np
 from decorator import FunctionMaker
 
-from .check import _check_option, _validate_type
 from ._logging import logger, verbose, warn
+from .check import _check_option, _validate_type
 
 # TODO: remove try/except when our min version is py 3.9
 try:
diff --git a/mne/utils/mixin.py b/mne/utils/mixin.py
index 8f4adc43d15..e9f30116454 100644
--- a/mne/utils/mixin.py
+++ b/mne/utils/mixin.py
@@ -3,17 +3,16 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
+import json
+import logging
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from copy import deepcopy
-import logging
-import json
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ._logging import verbose, warn
 from .check import _check_pandas_installed, _check_preload, _validate_type
-from ._logging import warn, verbose
-from .numerics import object_size, object_hash, _time_mask
-
+from .numerics import _time_mask, object_hash, object_size
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("mne")  # one selection here used across mne-python
 logger.propagate = False  # don't propagate (in case of multiple imports)
@@ -59,9 +58,9 @@ def __hash__(self):
         hash : int
             The hash
         """
-        from ..io import BaseRaw
         from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
         from ..evoked import Evoked
+        from ..io import BaseRaw
 
         if isinstance(self, Evoked):
             return object_hash(dict(info=self.info, data=self.data))
@@ -672,9 +671,9 @@ def decimate(self, decim, offset=0, *, verbose=None):
         # if epochs have frequencies, they are not in time (EpochsTFR)
         # and so do not need to be checked whether they have been
         # appropriately filtered to avoid aliasing
-        from ..evoked import Evoked
         from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
-        from ..time_frequency import EpochsTFR, AverageTFR
+        from ..evoked import Evoked
+        from ..time_frequency import AverageTFR, EpochsTFR
 
         # This should be the list of classes that inherit
         _validate_type(self, (BaseEpochs, Evoked, EpochsTFR, AverageTFR), "inst")
@@ -736,8 +735,8 @@ def shift_time(self, tshift, relative=True):
 
     def _update_first_last(self):
         """Update self.first and self.last (sample indices)."""
-        from ..evoked import Evoked
         from ..dipole import DipoleFixed
+        from ..evoked import Evoked
 
         if isinstance(self, (Evoked, DipoleFixed)):
             self.first = int(round(self.times[0] * self.info["sfreq"]))
diff --git a/mne/utils/numerics.py b/mne/utils/numerics.py
index 67a15d789e4..44cf8210771 100644
--- a/mne/utils/numerics.py
+++ b/mne/utils/numerics.py
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy import sparse
 
-from ._logging import logger, warn, verbose
-from .check import check_random_state, _ensure_int, _validate_type
-from .misc import _empty_hash
 from ..fixes import (
     _infer_dimension_,
-    svd_flip,
-    stable_cumsum,
     _safe_svd,
-    jit,
     has_numba,
+    jit,
+    stable_cumsum,
+    svd_flip,
 )
+from ._logging import logger, verbose, warn
+from .check import _ensure_int, _validate_type, check_random_state
 from .docs import fill_doc
+from .misc import _empty_hash
 
 
 def split_list(v, n, idx=False):
@@ -209,8 +209,8 @@ def _gen_events(n_epochs):
 
 def _reject_data_segments(data, reject, flat, decim, info, tstep):
     """Reject data segments using peak-to-peak amplitude."""
-    from ..epochs import _is_good
     from .._fiff.pick import channel_indices_by_type
+    from ..epochs import _is_good
 
     data_clean = np.empty_like(data)
     idx_by_type = channel_indices_by_type(info)
@@ -251,9 +251,9 @@ def _reject_data_segments(data, reject, flat, decim, info, tstep):
 
 def _get_inst_data(inst):
     """Get data view from MNE object instance like Raw, Epochs or Evoked."""
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
     from ..evoked import Evoked
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..time_frequency.tfr import _BaseTFR
 
     _validate_type(inst, (BaseRaw, BaseEpochs, Evoked, _BaseTFR), "Instance")
@@ -576,9 +576,9 @@ def grand_average(all_inst, interpolate_bads=True, drop_bads=True):
     .. versionadded:: 0.11.0
     """
     # check if all elements in the given list are evoked data
+    from ..channels.channels import equalize_channels
     from ..evoked import Evoked
     from ..time_frequency import AverageTFR
-    from ..channels.channels import equalize_channels
 
     if not all_inst:
         raise ValueError("Please pass a list of Evoked or AverageTFR objects.")
diff --git a/mne/utils/progressbar.py b/mne/utils/progressbar.py
index a47c2e340d0..220a103a2b3 100644
--- a/mne/utils/progressbar.py
+++ b/mne/utils/progressbar.py
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from collections.abc import Iterable
+import logging
 import os
 import os.path as op
-import logging
 import tempfile
-from threading import Thread
 import time
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from threading import Thread
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from ._logging import logger
 from .check import _check_option
 from .config import get_config
-from ._logging import logger
 
 
 class ProgressBar:
diff --git a/mne/utils/spectrum.py b/mne/utils/spectrum.py
index 0b0fffc9e5a..2ea3b058c58 100644
--- a/mne/utils/spectrum.py
+++ b/mne/utils/spectrum.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from inspect import currentframe, getargvalues, signature
+
 from ..utils import warn
 
 
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_bunch.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_bunch.py
index 757fa8e3072..93d87387c55 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_bunch.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_bunch.py
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import pickle
+
 from mne.utils import BunchConstNamed
-from mne.utils._bunch import NamedInt, NamedFloat
+from mne.utils._bunch import NamedFloat, NamedInt
 
 
 def test_pickle():
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
index 9ad25d9843a..2856d9ea37b 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
@@ -6,32 +6,32 @@
 
 import os
 import sys
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from pathlib import Path
 
 import mne
-from mne import read_vectorview_selection, pick_channels_cov
-from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne import pick_channels_cov, read_vectorview_selection
 from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.utils import (
-    check_random_state,
+    Bunch,
+    _check_ch_locs,
     _check_fname,
-    check_fname,
-    _suggest,
-    _check_subject,
     _check_info_inv,
     _check_option,
-    Bunch,
-    check_version,
-    _path_like,
-    _validate_type,
+    _check_range,
+    _check_sphere,
+    _check_subject,
     _on_missing,
+    _path_like,
     _safe_input,
-    _check_ch_locs,
-    _check_sphere,
-    _check_range,
+    _suggest,
+    _validate_type,
+    check_fname,
+    check_random_state,
+    check_version,
 )
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_config.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_config.py
index 07f555df157..d29aa43feda 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_config.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_config.py
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 import os
 import platform
-import pytest
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import pytest
+
 from mne.utils import (
-    set_config,
+    ClosingStringIO,
+    _get_stim_channel,
     get_config,
     get_config_path,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    set_config,
     set_memmap_min_size,
-    _get_stim_channel,
     sys_info,
-    ClosingStringIO,
-    get_subjects_dir,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_docs.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_docs.py
index a89e266c53a..7e744202e95 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_docs.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_docs.py
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
+import webbrowser
+
 import pytest
 
-from mne import open_docs, grade_to_tris
+from mne import grade_to_tris, open_docs
 from mne.utils import (
-    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
+    catch_logging,
     copy_doc,
-    linkcode_resolve,
+    copy_function_doc_to_method_doc,
     deprecated,
     deprecated_alias,
     legacy,
-    catch_logging,
+    linkcode_resolve,
 )
-import webbrowser
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("obj", (grade_to_tris,))
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_linalg.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_linalg.py
index 45e05bba94f..3a470c3073b 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_linalg.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_linalg.py
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 from scipy import linalg
-import pytest
 
-from mne.utils import _sym_mat_pow, _reg_pinv, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, _reg_pinv, _sym_mat_pow
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", (np.float64, np.complex128))  # real, complex
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
index 9225d3548f9..2b9b6a8aeee 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from mne import read_evokeds, Epochs, create_info
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, RawArray
+from mne import Epochs, create_info, read_evokeds
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_raw_fif
 from mne.utils import (
-    warn,
-    set_log_level,
-    set_log_file,
-    filter_out_warnings,
-    verbose,
     _get_call_line,
-    use_log_level,
     catch_logging,
-    logger,
     check,
+    filter_out_warnings,
+    logger,
+    set_log_file,
+    set_log_level,
+    use_log_level,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 from mne.utils._logging import _frame_info
 
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_misc.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_misc.py
index 1309feafbec..aca5efa5fbc 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_misc.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_misc.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-from contextlib import nullcontext
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
+from contextlib import nullcontext
 
 import pytest
 
 import mne
-from mne.utils import sizeof_fmt, run_subprocess, catch_logging
+from mne.utils import catch_logging, run_subprocess, sizeof_fmt
 
 
 def test_sizeof_fmt():
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_mixin.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_mixin.py
index 23b6a950aa4..32c7abe6a32 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_mixin.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_mixin.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import testing
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py
index 8b87e19a68a..71b1a349cd1 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py
@@ -4,45 +4,44 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 from scipy import sparse
 
-from mne import read_evokeds, read_cov, pick_types
+from mne import pick_types, read_cov, read_evokeds
 from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_by_type
 from mne.epochs import make_fixed_length_epochs
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet
 from mne.utils import (
-    _get_inst_data,
-    hashfunc,
-    sum_squared,
-    compute_corr,
-    create_slices,
-    _time_mask,
-    _freq_mask,
-    random_permutation,
-    _reg_pinv,
-    object_size,
-    object_hash,
-    object_diff,
-    _apply_scaling_cov,
-    _undo_scaling_cov,
-    _apply_scaling_array,
-    _undo_scaling_array,
     _PCA,
+    _apply_scaling_array,
+    _apply_scaling_cov,
     _array_equal_nan,
-    _julian_to_cal,
     _cal_to_julian,
+    _custom_lru_cache,
     _dt_to_julian,
+    _freq_mask,
+    _get_inst_data,
+    _julian_to_cal,
     _julian_to_dt,
-    grand_average,
+    _reg_pinv,
     _ReuseCycle,
+    _time_mask,
+    _undo_scaling_array,
+    _undo_scaling_cov,
+    compute_corr,
+    create_slices,
+    grand_average,
+    hashfunc,
     numerics,
-    _custom_lru_cache,
+    object_diff,
+    object_hash,
+    object_size,
+    random_permutation,
+    sum_squared,
 )
-from mne.utils.numerics import _LRU_CACHES, _LRU_CACHE_MAXSIZES
-
+from mne.utils.numerics import _LRU_CACHE_MAXSIZES, _LRU_CACHES
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 fname_raw = base_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_progressbar.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_progressbar.py
index 6f39f45fcc1..4d2438bb7d5 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_progressbar.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_progressbar.py
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
 from mne.parallel import parallel_func
-from mne.utils import ProgressBar, array_split_idx, use_log_level, catch_logging
+from mne.utils import ProgressBar, array_split_idx, catch_logging, use_log_level
 
 
 def test_progressbar(monkeypatch):
diff --git a/mne/viz/_3d.py b/mne/viz/_3d.py
index 680d52022b5..feb01f9c850 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_3d.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_3d.py
@@ -9,89 +9,89 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from collections import defaultdict
 import os
 import os.path as op
 import warnings
+from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Iterable
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import partial
 from itertools import cycle
-from typing import Optional
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy.stats import rankdata
 from scipy.spatial import ConvexHull, Delaunay
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
+from scipy.stats import rankdata
 
-from ._dipole import _check_concat_dipoles, _plot_dipole_mri_outlines, _plot_dipole_3d
-from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
-from ..fixes import _crop_colorbar, _get_img_fdata
+from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from .._fiff.meas_info import Info, create_info, read_fiducials
+from .._fiff.pick import (
+    _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    _MEG_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    channel_type,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
+)
+from .._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans
 from .._freesurfer import (
-    _read_mri_info,
     _check_mri,
     _get_head_surface,
     _get_skull_surface,
+    _read_mri_info,
     read_freesurfer_lut,
 )
-from .._fiff.tag import _loc_to_coil_trans
-from .._fiff.pick import (
-    pick_types,
-    channel_type,
-    pick_info,
-    _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
-    _MEG_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
-)
-from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.meas_info import read_fiducials, create_info, Info
+from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
+from ..fixes import _crop_colorbar, _get_img_fdata
 from ..surface import (
-    get_meg_helmet_surf,
-    _read_mri_surface,
+    _CheckInside,
     _DistanceQuery,
     _project_onto_surface,
+    _read_mri_surface,
     _reorder_ccw,
-    _CheckInside,
+    get_meg_helmet_surf,
 )
 from ..transforms import (
-    apply_trans,
-    rot_to_quat,
-    combine_transforms,
-    _get_trans,
-    _ensure_trans,
     Transform,
-    rotation,
-    read_ras_mni_t,
-    _print_coord_trans,
+    _ensure_trans,
     _find_trans,
-    transform_surface_to,
     _frame_to_str,
+    _get_trans,
     _get_transforms_to_coord_frame,
+    _print_coord_trans,
+    apply_trans,
+    combine_transforms,
+    read_ras_mni_t,
+    rot_to_quat,
+    rotation,
+    transform_surface_to,
 )
 from ..utils import (
-    get_subjects_dir,
-    logger,
+    _check_option,
     _check_subject,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _import_nibabel,
+    _pl,
+    _to_rgb,
+    _validate_type,
     check_version,
     fill_doc,
-    _pl,
     get_config,
-    _import_nibabel,
-    _ensure_int,
-    _validate_type,
-    _check_option,
-    _to_rgb,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
+from ._dipole import _check_concat_dipoles, _plot_dipole_3d, _plot_dipole_mri_outlines
+from .evoked_field import EvokedField
 from .utils import (
-    _get_color_list,
+    _check_time_unit,
     _get_cmap,
-    plt_show,
+    _get_color_list,
     figure_nobar,
-    _check_time_unit,
+    plt_show,
 )
-from .evoked_field import EvokedField
 
 verbose_dec = verbose
 FIDUCIAL_ORDER = (FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_LPA, FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_NASION, FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_RPA)
@@ -177,9 +177,10 @@ def plot_head_positions(
     fig : instance of matplotlib.figure.Figure
         The figure.
     """
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..chpi import head_pos_to_trans_rot_t
     from ..preprocessing.maxwell import _check_destination
-    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
     _check_option("mode", mode, ["traces", "field"])
     dest_info = dict(dev_head_t=None) if info is None else info
@@ -310,8 +311,8 @@ def plot_head_positions(
 
     else:  # mode == 'field':
         from matplotlib.colors import Normalize
-        from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Line3DCollection
         from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D  # noqa: F401, analysis:ignore
+        from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Line3DCollection
 
         fig, ax = plt.subplots(
             1, subplot_kw=dict(projection="3d"), layout="constrained"
@@ -633,9 +634,9 @@ def plot_alignment(
     .. versionadded:: 0.15
     """
     # Update the backend
-    from .backends.renderer import _get_renderer
     from ..bem import ConductorModel, _bem_find_surface, _ensure_bem_surfaces
     from ..source_space._source_space import _ensure_src
+    from .backends.renderer import _get_renderer
 
     meg, eeg, fnirs, warn_meg = _handle_sensor_types(meg, eeg, fnirs)
     _check_option("interaction", interaction, ["trackball", "terrain"])
@@ -1983,11 +1984,12 @@ def _plot_mpl_stc(
 ):
     """Plot source estimate using mpl."""
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-    from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
-    from matplotlib.widgets import Slider
     import nibabel as nib
+    from matplotlib.widgets import Slider
+    from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
+
     from ..morph import _get_subject_sphere_tris
-    from ..source_space._source_space import _create_surf_spacing, _check_spacing
+    from ..source_space._source_space import _check_spacing, _create_surf_spacing
 
     if hemi not in ["lh", "rh"]:
         raise ValueError(
@@ -2175,7 +2177,7 @@ def link_brains(brains, time=True, camera=False, colorbar=True, picking=False):
 
 
 def _check_volume(stc, src, surface, backend_name):
-    from ..source_estimate import _BaseSurfaceSourceEstimate, _BaseMixedSourceEstimate
+    from ..source_estimate import _BaseMixedSourceEstimate, _BaseSurfaceSourceEstimate
     from ..source_space import SourceSpaces
 
     if isinstance(stc, _BaseSurfaceSourceEstimate):
@@ -2347,8 +2349,8 @@ def plot_source_estimates(
     - https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FreeSurferOccipitalFlattenedPatch
     - https://openwetware.org/wiki/Beauchamp:FreeSurfer
     """  # noqa: E501
-    from .backends.renderer import _get_3d_backend, use_3d_backend
     from ..source_estimate import _BaseSourceEstimate, _check_stc_src
+    from .backends.renderer import _get_3d_backend, use_3d_backend
 
     _check_stc_src(stc, src)
     _validate_type(stc, _BaseSourceEstimate, "stc", "source estimate")
@@ -2436,8 +2438,8 @@ def _plot_stc(
     add_data_kwargs,
     brain_kwargs,
 ):
-    from .backends.renderer import _get_3d_backend, get_brain_class
     from ..source_estimate import _BaseVolSourceEstimate
+    from .backends.renderer import _get_3d_backend, get_brain_class
 
     vec = stc._data_ndim == 3
     subjects_dir = str(get_subjects_dir(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, raise_error=True))
@@ -2709,7 +2711,8 @@ def plot_volume_source_estimates(
     >>> fig = stc_vol_sample.plot(morph)  # doctest: +SKIP
     """  # noqa: E501
     import nibabel as nib
-    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt, colors
+    from matplotlib import colors
+    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
 
     from ..morph import SourceMorph
     from ..source_estimate import VolSourceEstimate
@@ -2718,8 +2721,8 @@ def plot_volume_source_estimates(
     if not check_version("nilearn", "0.4"):
         raise RuntimeError("This function requires nilearn >= 0.4")
 
-    from nilearn.plotting import plot_stat_map, plot_glass_brain
     from nilearn.image import index_img
+    from nilearn.plotting import plot_glass_brain, plot_stat_map
 
     _check_option("mode", mode, ("stat_map", "glass_brain"))
     plot_func = dict(stat_map=plot_stat_map, glass_brain=plot_glass_brain)[mode]
@@ -3050,8 +3053,8 @@ def plot_and_correct(*args, **kwargs):
 
 
 def _check_views(surf, views, hemi, stc=None, backend=None):
-    from ._brain.view import views_dicts
     from ..source_estimate import SourceEstimate
+    from ._brain.view import views_dicts
 
     _validate_type(views, (list, tuple, str), "views")
     views = [views] if isinstance(views, str) else list(views)
diff --git a/mne/viz/_3d_overlay.py b/mne/viz/_3d_overlay.py
index eff5d400035..8eb7c7313f7 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_3d_overlay.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_3d_overlay.py
@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@ def __init__(self, scalars, colormap, rng, opacity, name):
         self._name = name
 
     def to_colors(self):
-        from ._3d import _get_cmap
         from matplotlib.colors import Colormap, ListedColormap
 
+        from ._3d import _get_cmap
+
         if isinstance(self._colormap, str):
             cmap = _get_cmap(self._colormap)
         elif isinstance(self._colormap, Colormap):
diff --git a/mne/viz/__init__.pyi b/mne/viz/__init__.pyi
index b709ebc2a05..dfebec1f5dc 100644
--- a/mne/viz/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mne/viz/__init__.pyi
@@ -86,91 +86,91 @@ __all__ = [
     "use_3d_backend",
     "use_browser_backend",
 ]
-from . import backends, _scraper, ui_events
+from . import _scraper, backends, ui_events
+from ._3d import (
+    link_brains,
+    plot_alignment,
+    plot_brain_colorbar,
+    plot_dipole_locations,
+    plot_evoked_field,
+    plot_head_positions,
+    plot_source_estimates,
+    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
+    plot_vector_source_estimates,
+    plot_volume_source_estimates,
+    set_3d_options,
+    snapshot_brain_montage,
+)
+from ._brain import Brain
+from ._figure import get_browser_backend, set_browser_backend, use_browser_backend
+from ._proj import plot_projs_joint
 from .backends._abstract import Figure3D
 from .backends.renderer import (
-    set_3d_backend,
-    get_3d_backend,
-    use_3d_backend,
-    set_3d_view,
-    set_3d_title,
-    create_3d_figure,
     close_3d_figure,
     close_all_3d_figures,
+    create_3d_figure,
+    get_3d_backend,
     get_brain_class,
+    set_3d_backend,
+    set_3d_title,
+    set_3d_view,
+    use_3d_backend,
 )
 from .circle import circular_layout, plot_channel_labels_circle
-from .epochs import plot_drop_log, plot_epochs, plot_epochs_psd, plot_epochs_image
+from .epochs import plot_drop_log, plot_epochs, plot_epochs_image, plot_epochs_psd
 from .evoked import (
+    plot_compare_evokeds,
     plot_evoked,
     plot_evoked_image,
+    plot_evoked_joint,
+    plot_evoked_topo,
     plot_evoked_white,
     plot_snr_estimate,
-    plot_evoked_topo,
-    plot_evoked_joint,
-    plot_compare_evokeds,
 )
 from .evoked_field import EvokedField
 from .ica import (
-    plot_ica_scores,
-    plot_ica_sources,
-    plot_ica_overlay,
     _plot_sources,
+    plot_ica_overlay,
     plot_ica_properties,
+    plot_ica_scores,
+    plot_ica_sources,
 )
 from .misc import (
+    _get_presser,
+    adjust_axes,
+    plot_bem,
+    plot_chpi_snr,
     plot_cov,
     plot_csd,
-    plot_bem,
-    plot_events,
-    plot_source_spectrogram,
-    _get_presser,
     plot_dipole_amplitudes,
-    plot_ideal_filter,
+    plot_events,
     plot_filter,
-    adjust_axes,
-    plot_chpi_snr,
+    plot_ideal_filter,
+    plot_source_spectrogram,
 )
 from .montage import plot_montage
-from .raw import plot_raw, plot_raw_psd, plot_raw_psd_topo, _RAW_CLIP_DEF
-from .topo import plot_topo_image_epochs, iter_topography
+from .raw import _RAW_CLIP_DEF, plot_raw, plot_raw_psd, plot_raw_psd_topo
+from .topo import iter_topography, plot_topo_image_epochs
 from .topomap import (
-    plot_evoked_topomap,
-    plot_projs_topomap,
     plot_arrowmap,
-    plot_ica_components,
-    plot_tfr_topomap,
-    plot_topomap,
-    plot_epochs_psd_topomap,
-    plot_layout,
     plot_bridged_electrodes,
     plot_ch_adjacency,
+    plot_epochs_psd_topomap,
+    plot_evoked_topomap,
+    plot_ica_components,
+    plot_layout,
+    plot_projs_topomap,
     plot_regression_weights,
+    plot_tfr_topomap,
+    plot_topomap,
 )
 from .utils import (
-    mne_analyze_colormap,
-    compare_fiff,
     ClickableImage,
+    _get_plot_ch_type,
     add_background_image,
-    plot_sensors,
     centers_to_edges,
+    compare_fiff,
     concatenate_images,
-    _get_plot_ch_type,
-)
-from ._3d import (
-    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
-    plot_source_estimates,
-    plot_vector_source_estimates,
-    plot_evoked_field,
-    plot_dipole_locations,
-    snapshot_brain_montage,
-    plot_head_positions,
-    plot_alignment,
-    plot_brain_colorbar,
-    plot_volume_source_estimates,
-    link_brains,
-    set_3d_options,
+    mne_analyze_colormap,
+    plot_sensors,
 )
-from ._brain import Brain
-from ._figure import get_browser_backend, set_browser_backend, use_browser_backend
-from ._proj import plot_projs_joint
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/_brain.py b/mne/viz/_brain/_brain.py
index 4c4aeb531ba..80c9d313924 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/_brain.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/_brain.py
@@ -7,89 +7,87 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from functools import partial
-from io import BytesIO
+import copy
 import os
 import os.path as op
 import time
-import copy
 import traceback
 import warnings
+from functools import partial
+from io import BytesIO
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from .colormap import calculate_lut
-from .surface import _Surface
-from .view import views_dicts, _lh_views_dict
-
-from ..utils import (
-    _show_help_fig,
-    _get_color_list,
-    concatenate_images,
-    _generate_default_filename,
-    _save_ndarray_img,
-    safe_event,
-)
-from .._3d import (
-    _process_clim,
-    _handle_time,
-    _check_views,
-    _handle_sensor_types,
-    _plot_sensors,
-    _plot_forward,
-)
-from .._3d_overlay import _LayeredMesh
-from ...defaults import _handle_default, DEFAULTS
+from ..._fiff.meas_info import Info
+from ..._fiff.pick import pick_types
 from ..._freesurfer import (
-    vertex_to_mni,
-    read_talxfm,
-    read_freesurfer_lut,
+    _estimate_talxfm_rigid,
     _get_head_surface,
     _get_skull_surface,
-    _estimate_talxfm_rigid,
+    read_freesurfer_lut,
+    read_talxfm,
+    vertex_to_mni,
 )
-from ..._fiff.pick import pick_types
-from ..._fiff.meas_info import Info
-from ...surface import mesh_edges, _mesh_borders, _marching_cubes, get_meg_helmet_surf
+from ...defaults import DEFAULTS, _handle_default
+from ...surface import _marching_cubes, _mesh_borders, get_meg_helmet_surf, mesh_edges
 from ...transforms import (
     Transform,
-    apply_trans,
     _frame_to_str,
     _get_trans,
     _get_transforms_to_coord_frame,
+    apply_trans,
 )
 from ...utils import (
-    _check_option,
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    fill_doc,
-    _validate_type,
-    use_log_level,
     Bunch,
-    _ReuseCycle,
-    warn,
-    get_subjects_dir,
+    _auto_weakref,
     _check_fname,
-    _to_rgb,
+    _check_option,
     _ensure_int,
-    _auto_weakref,
     _path_like,
+    _ReuseCycle,
+    _to_rgb,
+    _validate_type,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    use_log_level,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-
+from .._3d import (
+    _check_views,
+    _handle_sensor_types,
+    _handle_time,
+    _plot_forward,
+    _plot_sensors,
+    _process_clim,
+)
+from .._3d_overlay import _LayeredMesh
 from ..ui_events import (
-    publish,
-    subscribe,
-    unsubscribe,
-    TimeChange,
-    PlaybackSpeed,
     ColormapRange,
+    PlaybackSpeed,
+    TimeChange,
     VertexSelect,
-    disable_ui_events,
     _get_event_channel,
+    disable_ui_events,
+    publish,
+    subscribe,
+    unsubscribe,
 )
+from ..utils import (
+    _generate_default_filename,
+    _get_color_list,
+    _save_ndarray_img,
+    _show_help_fig,
+    concatenate_images,
+    safe_event,
+)
+from .colormap import calculate_lut
+from .surface import _Surface
+from .view import _lh_views_dict, views_dicts
 
 
 @fill_doc
@@ -307,7 +305,7 @@ def __init__(
         show=True,
         block=False,
     ):
-        from ..backends.renderer import backend, _get_renderer
+        from ..backends.renderer import _get_renderer, backend
 
         _validate_type(subject, str, "subject")
         self._surf = surf
@@ -987,8 +985,8 @@ def _set_label_mode(mode):
             self.mpl_canvas.update_plot()
             self._renderer._update()
 
-        from ...source_estimate import _get_allowed_label_modes
         from ...label import _read_annot_cands
+        from ...source_estimate import _get_allowed_label_modes
 
         dir_name = op.join(self._subjects_dir, self._subject, "label")
         cands = _read_annot_cands(dir_name, raise_error=False)
@@ -1677,9 +1675,10 @@ def interaction(self, interaction):
 
     def _cortex_colormap(self, cortex):
         """Return the colormap corresponding to the cortex."""
-        from .._3d import _get_cmap
         from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
 
+        from .._3d import _get_cmap
+
         colormap_map = dict(
             classic=dict(colormap="Greys", vmin=-1, vmax=2),
             high_contrast=dict(colormap="Greys", vmin=-0.1, vmax=1.3),
@@ -2053,8 +2052,8 @@ def remove_annotations(self):
         self._renderer._update()
 
     def _add_volume_data(self, hemi, src, volume_options):
-        from ..backends._pyvista import _hide_testing_actor
         from ...source_space import SourceSpaces
+        from ..backends._pyvista import _hide_testing_actor
 
         _validate_type(src, SourceSpaces, "src")
         _check_option("src.kind", src.kind, ("volume",))
@@ -4012,9 +4011,9 @@ def _iter_time(self, time_idx, callback):
 
     def _check_stc(self, hemi, array, vertices):
         from ...source_estimate import (
+            _BaseMixedSourceEstimate,
             _BaseSourceEstimate,
             _BaseSurfaceSourceEstimate,
-            _BaseMixedSourceEstimate,
             _BaseVolSourceEstimate,
         )
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/_linkviewer.py b/mne/viz/_brain/_linkviewer.py
index a69311db003..df2edb79bd2 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/_linkviewer.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/_linkviewer.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 import numpy as np
+
 from ...utils import warn
 from ..ui_events import link
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/_scraper.py b/mne/viz/_brain/_scraper.py
index 8c2aa7ed96f..08ad985e7b5 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/_scraper.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/_scraper.py
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ def __call__(self, block, block_vars, gallery_conf):
             # PyVista and matplotlib scrapers can just do the work
             if (not isinstance(brain, Brain)) or brain._closed:
                 continue
-            from matplotlib import animation, pyplot as plt
+            from matplotlib import animation
+            from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
             from sphinx_gallery.scrapers import matplotlib_scraper
 
             img = brain.screenshot(time_viewer=True)
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/surface.py b/mne/viz/_brain/surface.py
index ce7bb9c974a..919d6f2aa09 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/surface.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/surface.py
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@
 from os import path as path
 
 import numpy as np
-from ...utils import _check_option, get_subjects_dir, _check_fname, _validate_type
-from ...surface import complete_surface_info, read_surface, read_curvature, _read_patch
+
+from ...surface import _read_patch, complete_surface_info, read_curvature, read_surface
+from ...utils import _check_fname, _check_option, _validate_type, get_subjects_dir
 
 
 class _Surface:
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
index e9ea19c748d..9f7f7c1cac5 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
@@ -12,39 +12,38 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 from shutil import copyfile
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from matplotlib import image
+from matplotlib.lines import Line2D
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    read_source_estimate,
-    read_evokeds,
-    read_cov,
-    read_forward_solution,
-    pick_types_forward,
-    SourceEstimate,
+    Dipole,
     MixedSourceEstimate,
-    write_surface,
+    SourceEstimate,
     VolSourceEstimate,
-    vertex_to_mni,
-    Dipole,
     create_info,
+    pick_types_forward,
+    read_cov,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_forward_solution,
+    read_source_estimate,
+    vertex_to_mni,
+    write_surface,
 )
 from mne.channels import make_dig_montage
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_info
+from mne.label import read_label
 from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 from mne.source_estimate import _BaseSourceEstimate
 from mne.source_space import read_source_spaces, setup_volume_source_space
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.io import read_info
 from mne.utils import check_version
-from mne.label import read_label
-from mne.viz._brain import Brain, _LinkViewer, _BrainScraper, _LayeredMesh
+from mne.viz import ui_events
+from mne.viz._brain import Brain, _BrainScraper, _LayeredMesh, _LinkViewer
 from mne.viz._brain.colormap import calculate_lut
 from mne.viz.utils import _get_cmap
-from mne.viz import ui_events
-
-from matplotlib import image
-from matplotlib.lines import Line2D
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subject = "sample"
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_notebook.py b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_notebook.py
index 928f2eded53..f2da02bc467 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_notebook.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_notebook.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 # executed in a separate IPython kernel.
 
 import pytest
+
 from mne.datasets import testing
 
 
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@
 def test_notebook_alignment(renderer_notebook, brain_gc, nbexec):
     """Test plot alignment in a notebook."""
     import pytest
+
     import mne
 
     with pytest.MonkeyPatch().context() as mp:
@@ -39,14 +41,16 @@ def test_notebook_alignment(renderer_notebook, brain_gc, nbexec):
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 def test_notebook_interactive(renderer_notebook, brain_gc, nbexec):
     """Test interactive modes."""
-    from contextlib import contextmanager
-    from pathlib import Path
     import tempfile
     import time
+    from contextlib import contextmanager
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
     import pytest
-    from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
     from ipywidgets import Button
-    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
+
     import mne
     from mne.datasets import testing
 
@@ -128,9 +132,10 @@ def interactive(on):
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 def test_notebook_button_counts(renderer_notebook, brain_gc, nbexec):
     """Test button counts."""
-    import mne
     from ipywidgets import Button
 
+    import mne
+
     mne.viz.set_3d_backend("notebook")
     rend = mne.viz.create_3d_figure(size=(100, 100), scene=False)
     fig = rend.scene()
diff --git a/mne/viz/_dipole.py b/mne/viz/_dipole.py
index 24fc4735f3c..809a7f45876 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_dipole.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_dipole.py
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.spatial import ConvexHull
 
-from .utils import plt_show, _validate_if_list_of_axes
-from .._freesurfer import _get_head_surface, _estimate_talxfm_rigid
+from .._freesurfer import _estimate_talxfm_rigid, _get_head_surface
 from ..surface import read_surface
-from ..transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform, _get_trans
-from ..utils import _validate_type, _check_option, get_subjects_dir
+from ..transforms import _get_trans, apply_trans, invert_transform
+from ..utils import _check_option, _validate_type, get_subjects_dir
+from .utils import _validate_if_list_of_axes, plt_show
 
 
 def _check_concat_dipoles(dipole):
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ def _plot_dipole_mri_outlines(
     surf,
     width,
 ):
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
     from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection, PatchCollection
     from matplotlib.patches import Circle
-    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
     extra = 'when mode is "outlines"'
     trans = _get_trans(trans, fro="head", to="mri")[0]
diff --git a/mne/viz/_figure.py b/mne/viz/_figure.py
index 738bf838ce3..f53e079c6b5 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_figure.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_figure.py
@@ -13,15 +13,21 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .backends._utils import VALID_BROWSE_BACKENDS
-from .utils import _get_color_list, _setup_plot_projector, _show_browser
-
-from ..defaults import _handle_default
-from ..filter import _overlap_add_filter, _iir_filter
-from ..utils import logger, _validate_type, _check_option
 from .._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT
-from ..utils import verbose, get_config, set_config, _get_stim_channel
+from ..defaults import _handle_default
+from ..filter import _iir_filter, _overlap_add_filter
 from ..fixes import _compare_version
+from ..utils import (
+    _check_option,
+    _get_stim_channel,
+    _validate_type,
+    get_config,
+    logger,
+    set_config,
+    verbose,
+)
+from .backends._utils import VALID_BROWSE_BACKENDS
+from .utils import _get_color_list, _setup_plot_projector, _show_browser
 
 MNE_BROWSER_BACKEND = None
 backend = None
@@ -498,8 +504,8 @@ def _create_ica_properties_fig(self, idx):
         """Show ICA properties for the selected component."""
         from mne.viz.ica import (
             _create_properties_layout,
-            _prepare_data_ica_properties,
             _fast_plot_ica_properties,
+            _prepare_data_ica_properties,
         )
 
         ch_name = self.mne.ch_names[idx]
@@ -529,6 +535,7 @@ def _create_ica_properties_fig(self, idx):
     def _create_epoch_image_fig(self, pick):
         """Show epochs image for the selected channel."""
         from matplotlib.gridspec import GridSpec
+
         from mne.viz import plot_epochs_image
 
         ch_name = self.mne.ch_names[pick]
@@ -663,6 +670,7 @@ def _get_browser(show, block, **kwargs):
     # Check mne-qt-browser compatibility
     if backend_name == "qt":
         import mne_qt_browser
+
         from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
 
         is_ica = kwargs.get("ica", False)
diff --git a/mne/viz/_mpl_figure.py b/mne/viz/_mpl_figure.py
index c313bfe1edf..2149aa73d1f 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_mpl_figure.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_mpl_figure.py
@@ -47,30 +47,30 @@
 from matplotlib import get_backend
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 
-from ..fixes import _close_event
 from .._fiff.pick import (
     _DATA_CH_TYPES_ORDER_DEFAULT,
     _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
-    _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
     _EYETRACK_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    _FNIRS_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
     _VALID_CHANNEL_TYPES,
     channel_indices_by_type,
     pick_types,
 )
-from ..utils import Bunch, _click_ch_name, logger, check_version
+from ..fixes import _close_event
+from ..utils import Bunch, _click_ch_name, check_version, logger
 from ._figure import BrowserBase
 from .utils import (
     DraggableLine,
     _events_off,
     _fake_click,
     _fake_keypress,
+    _fake_scroll,
     _merge_annotations,
     _prop_kw,
     _set_window_title,
     _validate_if_list_of_axes,
-    plt_show,
-    _fake_scroll,
     plot_sensors,
+    plt_show,
 )
 
 name = "matplotlib"
@@ -791,6 +791,7 @@ def _keypress(self, event):
     def _buttonpress(self, event):
         """Handle mouse clicks."""
         from matplotlib.collections import PolyCollection
+
         from ..annotations import _sync_onset
 
         butterfly = self.mne.butterfly
diff --git a/mne/viz/_proj.py b/mne/viz/_proj.py
index 0f8f02a3089..0493d0ce8fb 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_proj.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_proj.py
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
+from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
+from ..utils import _pl, _validate_type, verbose, warn
 from .evoked import _plot_evoked
 from .topomap import _plot_projs_topomap
-from .utils import plt_show, _check_type_projs
-from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
-from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx
-from ..utils import _validate_type, warn, _pl, verbose
+from .utils import _check_type_projs, plt_show
 
 
 @verbose
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ def plot_projs_joint(
     .. versionadded:: 1.1
     """
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..evoked import Evoked
 
     _validate_type(evoked, Evoked, "evoked")
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/_abstract.py b/mne/viz/backends/_abstract.py
index e924e7deae9..f6520244c3a 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/_abstract.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/_abstract.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from abc import ABC, abstractmethod, abstractclassmethod
 import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractclassmethod, abstractmethod
 
-from ..ui_events import publish, TimeChange
+from ..ui_events import TimeChange, publish
 
 
 class Figure3D(ABC):
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/_notebook.py b/mne/viz/backends/_notebook.py
index 1c53c968b55..319d294a8a5 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/_notebook.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/_notebook.py
@@ -10,85 +10,83 @@
 import re
 from contextlib import contextmanager, nullcontext
 
-from IPython.display import display, clear_output
+from ipyevents import Event
+from IPython.display import clear_output, display
 from ipywidgets import (
-    Widget,
-    HBox,
-    VBox,
+    HTML,
+    Accordion,
+    BoundedFloatText,
     Button,
+    Checkbox,
     Dropdown,
+    # non-object-based-abstraction-only widgets, deprecate
+    FloatSlider,
+    GridBox,
+    HBox,
+    IntProgress,
     IntSlider,
     IntText,
-    Text,
-    IntProgress,
-    Play,
     Label,
-    HTML,
-    Checkbox,
-    RadioButtons,
-    Accordion,
-    link,
     Layout,
+    Play,
+    RadioButtons,
     Select,
-    GridBox,
-    # non-object-based-abstraction-only widgets, deprecate
-    FloatSlider,
-    BoundedFloatText,
+    Text,
+    VBox,
+    Widget,
     jsdlink,
+    link,
 )
-from ipyevents import Event
 
-from .renderer import _TimeInteraction
+from ...utils import _soft_import, check_version
 from ._abstract import (
+    _AbstractAction,
     _AbstractAppWindow,
-    _AbstractHBoxLayout,
-    _AbstractVBoxLayout,
-    _AbstractGridLayout,
-    _AbstractWidget,
-    _AbstractCanvas,
-    _AbstractPopup,
-    _AbstractLabel,
+    _AbstractBrainMplCanvas,
     _AbstractButton,
-    _AbstractSlider,
+    _AbstractCanvas,
     _AbstractCheckBox,
-    _AbstractSpinBox,
     _AbstractComboBox,
-    _AbstractRadioButtons,
-    _AbstractGroupBox,
-    _AbstractText,
+    _AbstractDialog,
+    _AbstractDock,
     _AbstractFileButton,
+    _AbstractGridLayout,
+    _AbstractGroupBox,
+    _AbstractHBoxLayout,
+    _AbstractKeyPress,
+    _AbstractLabel,
+    _AbstractLayout,
+    _AbstractMenuBar,
+    _AbstractMplCanvas,
+    _AbstractMplInterface,
+    _AbstractPlayback,
     _AbstractPlayMenu,
+    _AbstractPopup,
     _AbstractProgressBar,
-)
-from ._abstract import (
-    _AbstractDock,
-    _AbstractToolBar,
-    _AbstractMenuBar,
+    _AbstractRadioButtons,
+    _AbstractSlider,
+    _AbstractSpinBox,
     _AbstractStatusBar,
-    _AbstractLayout,
+    _AbstractText,
+    _AbstractToolBar,
+    _AbstractVBoxLayout,
     _AbstractWdgt,
-    _AbstractWindow,
-    _AbstractMplCanvas,
-    _AbstractPlayback,
-    _AbstractBrainMplCanvas,
-    _AbstractMplInterface,
+    _AbstractWidget,
     _AbstractWidgetList,
-    _AbstractAction,
-    _AbstractDialog,
-    _AbstractKeyPress,
+    _AbstractWindow,
 )
-from ._pyvista import _PyVistaRenderer, Plotter
 from ._pyvista import (
-    _close_3d_figure,  # noqa: F401
+    Plotter,
     _check_3d_figure,  # noqa: F401
+    _close_3d_figure,  # noqa: F401
     _close_all,  # noqa: F401
-    _set_3d_view,  # noqa: F401
+    _PyVistaRenderer,
     _set_3d_title,  # noqa: F401
+    _set_3d_view,  # noqa: F401
     _take_3d_screenshot,  # noqa: F401
 )
 from ._utils import _notebook_vtk_works
-from ...utils import check_version, _soft_import
-
+from .renderer import _TimeInteraction
 
 # dict values are icon names from: https://fontawesome.com/icons
 _ICON_LUT = dict(
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/_pyvista.py b/mne/viz/backends/_pyvista.py
index 700ff9e6870..b09314462dc 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/_pyvista.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/_pyvista.py
@@ -11,37 +11,36 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from inspect import signature
 import platform
 import re
 import warnings
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from inspect import signature
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ._abstract import _AbstractRenderer, Figure3D
-from ._utils import (
-    _get_colormap_from_array,
-    _alpha_blend_background,
-    ALLOWED_QUIVER_MODES,
-    _init_mne_qtapp,
-)
 from ...fixes import _compare_version
-from ...transforms import apply_trans, _cart_to_sph, _sph_to_cart
+from ...transforms import _cart_to_sph, _sph_to_cart, apply_trans
 from ...utils import (
-    copy_base_doc_to_subclass_doc,
     _check_option,
     _require_version,
     _validate_type,
-    warn,
+    copy_base_doc_to_subclass_doc,
     deprecated,
+    warn,
+)
+from ._abstract import Figure3D, _AbstractRenderer
+from ._utils import (
+    ALLOWED_QUIVER_MODES,
+    _alpha_blend_background,
+    _get_colormap_from_array,
+    _init_mne_qtapp,
 )
-
 
 with warnings.catch_warnings():
     warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=DeprecationWarning)
     import pyvista
-    from pyvista import Plotter, PolyData, Line, close_all, UnstructuredGrid
+    from pyvista import Line, Plotter, PolyData, UnstructuredGrid, close_all
     from pyvistaqt import BackgroundPlotter
 
     try:
@@ -49,36 +48,36 @@
     except Exception:  # PV < 0.40
         from pyvista.plotting.plotting import _ALL_PLOTTERS
 
-from vtkmodules.vtkCommonCore import vtkCommand, vtkLookupTable, VTK_UNSIGNED_CHAR
+from vtkmodules.util.numpy_support import numpy_to_vtk
+from vtkmodules.vtkCommonCore import VTK_UNSIGNED_CHAR, vtkCommand, vtkLookupTable
 from vtkmodules.vtkCommonDataModel import VTK_VERTEX, vtkPiecewiseFunction
 from vtkmodules.vtkCommonTransforms import vtkTransform
 from vtkmodules.vtkFiltersCore import vtkCellDataToPointData, vtkGlyph3D
 from vtkmodules.vtkFiltersGeneral import (
-    vtkTransformPolyDataFilter,
     vtkMarchingContourFilter,
+    vtkTransformPolyDataFilter,
 )
 from vtkmodules.vtkFiltersHybrid import vtkPolyDataSilhouette
 from vtkmodules.vtkFiltersSources import (
-    vtkSphereSource,
+    vtkArrowSource,
     vtkConeSource,
     vtkCylinderSource,
-    vtkArrowSource,
-    vtkPlatonicSolidSource,
     vtkGlyphSource2D,
+    vtkPlatonicSolidSource,
+    vtkSphereSource,
 )
 from vtkmodules.vtkImagingCore import vtkImageReslice
 from vtkmodules.vtkRenderingCore import (
-    vtkMapper,
     vtkActor,
     vtkCellPicker,
     vtkColorTransferFunction,
-    vtkPolyDataMapper,
-    vtkVolume,
     vtkCoordinate,
     vtkDataSetMapper,
+    vtkMapper,
+    vtkPolyDataMapper,
+    vtkVolume,
 )
 from vtkmodules.vtkRenderingVolumeOpenGL2 import vtkSmartVolumeMapper
-from vtkmodules.util.numpy_support import numpy_to_vtk
 
 _FIGURES = dict()
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/_qt.py b/mne/viz/backends/_qt.py
index 5f33920f3b4..7bb87537d10 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/_qt.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/_qt.py
@@ -6,121 +6,121 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
 import os
 import platform
 import sys
 import weakref
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+# importing anything from qtpy forces a Qt API choice as a side effect, which is then
+# used by matplotlib and pyvistaqt
+from qtpy import API_NAME  # noqa: F401, isort: skip
 
 import pyvista
-from pyvistaqt.plotting import FileDialog, MainWindow
-from .renderer import _TimeInteraction
+from matplotlib.backends.backend_qtagg import FigureCanvas
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
-from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt5agg import FigureCanvas
-
+from pyvistaqt.plotting import FileDialog, MainWindow
 from qtpy.QtCore import (
+    QEvent,
+    QLibraryInfo,
+    QLocale,
+    QObject,
     Qt,
     QTimer,
-    QLocale,
-    QLibraryInfo,
-    QEvent,
     # non-object-based-abstraction-only, deprecate
     Signal,
-    QObject,
 )
-from qtpy.QtGui import QIcon, QCursor, QKeyEvent
+from qtpy.QtGui import QCursor, QIcon, QKeyEvent
 from qtpy.QtWidgets import (
+    QButtonGroup,
+    QCheckBox,
     QComboBox,
+    # non-object-based-abstraction-only, deprecate
+    QDockWidget,
+    QDoubleSpinBox,
+    QFileDialog,
+    QGridLayout,
     QGroupBox,
     QHBoxLayout,
     QLabel,
-    QSlider,
-    QDoubleSpinBox,
-    QVBoxLayout,
-    QWidget,
-    QSizePolicy,
-    QProgressBar,
-    QScrollArea,
     QLayout,
-    QCheckBox,
-    QButtonGroup,
-    QRadioButton,
     QLineEdit,
-    QGridLayout,
-    QFileDialog,
-    QPushButton,
-    QMessageBox,
-    # non-object-based-abstraction-only, deprecate
-    QDockWidget,
-    QToolButton,
     QMenuBar,
+    QMessageBox,
+    QProgressBar,
+    QPushButton,
+    QRadioButton,
+    QScrollArea,
+    QSizePolicy,
+    QSlider,
     QSpinBox,
     QStyle,
     QStyleOptionSlider,
+    QToolButton,
+    QVBoxLayout,
+    QWidget,
 )
 
-from ._pyvista import _PyVistaRenderer
-from ._pyvista import (
-    _close_3d_figure,  # noqa: F401
-    _check_3d_figure,  # noqa: F401
-    _close_all,  # noqa: F401
-    _set_3d_view,  # noqa: F401
-    _set_3d_title,  # noqa: F401
-    _take_3d_screenshot,  # noqa: F401
-    _is_mesa,  # noqa: F401
-)
+from ...fixes import _compare_version
+from ...utils import _check_option, get_config
+from ..utils import safe_event
 from ._abstract import (
+    _AbstractAction,
     _AbstractAppWindow,
-    _AbstractHBoxLayout,
-    _AbstractVBoxLayout,
-    _AbstractGridLayout,
-    _AbstractWidget,
-    _AbstractCanvas,
-    _AbstractPopup,
-    _AbstractLabel,
+    _AbstractBrainMplCanvas,
     _AbstractButton,
-    _AbstractSlider,
+    _AbstractCanvas,
     _AbstractCheckBox,
-    _AbstractSpinBox,
     _AbstractComboBox,
-    _AbstractRadioButtons,
-    _AbstractGroupBox,
-    _AbstractText,
+    _AbstractDialog,
+    _AbstractDock,
     _AbstractFileButton,
+    _AbstractGridLayout,
+    _AbstractGroupBox,
+    _AbstractHBoxLayout,
+    _AbstractKeyPress,
+    _AbstractLabel,
+    _AbstractLayout,
+    _AbstractMenuBar,
+    _AbstractMplCanvas,
+    _AbstractMplInterface,
+    _AbstractPlayback,
     _AbstractPlayMenu,
+    _AbstractPopup,
     _AbstractProgressBar,
-)
-from ._abstract import (
-    _AbstractDock,
-    _AbstractToolBar,
-    _AbstractMenuBar,
+    _AbstractRadioButtons,
+    _AbstractSlider,
+    _AbstractSpinBox,
     _AbstractStatusBar,
-    _AbstractLayout,
+    _AbstractText,
+    _AbstractToolBar,
+    _AbstractVBoxLayout,
     _AbstractWdgt,
-    _AbstractWindow,
-    _AbstractMplCanvas,
-    _AbstractPlayback,
-    _AbstractBrainMplCanvas,
-    _AbstractMplInterface,
+    _AbstractWidget,
     _AbstractWidgetList,
-    _AbstractAction,
-    _AbstractDialog,
-    _AbstractKeyPress,
+    _AbstractWindow,
+)
+from ._pyvista import (
+    _check_3d_figure,  # noqa: F401
+    _close_3d_figure,  # noqa: F401
+    _close_all,  # noqa: F401
+    _is_mesa,  # noqa: F401
+    _PyVistaRenderer,
+    _set_3d_title,  # noqa: F401
+    _set_3d_view,  # noqa: F401
+    _take_3d_screenshot,  # noqa: F401
 )
 from ._utils import (
+    _init_mne_qtapp,
+    _qt_app_exec,
+    _qt_detect_theme,
     _qt_disable_paint,
     _qt_get_stylesheet,
     _qt_is_dark,
-    _qt_detect_theme,
     _qt_raise_window,
-    _init_mne_qtapp,
-    _qt_app_exec,
     _qt_safe_window,
 )
-from ..utils import safe_event
-from ...utils import _check_option, get_config
-from ...fixes import _compare_version
-
+from .renderer import _TimeInteraction
 
 # Adapted from matplotlib
 if (
@@ -1416,8 +1416,8 @@ def _playback_initialize(self, func, timeout, value, rng, time_widget, play_widg
 
 class _QtMplInterface(_AbstractMplInterface):
     def _mpl_initialize(self):
-        from qtpy import QtWidgets
         from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt5agg import FigureCanvasQTAgg
+        from qtpy import QtWidgets
 
         self.canvas = FigureCanvasQTAgg(self.fig)
         FigureCanvasQTAgg.setSizePolicy(
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/_utils.py b/mne/viz/backends/_utils.py
index afb66f09213..b114e99e349 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/_utils.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/_utils.py
@@ -5,21 +5,21 @@
 #          Guillaume Favelier <guillaume.favelier@gmail.com>
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
-from ctypes import cdll, c_void_p, c_char_p
 import collections.abc
-from colorsys import rgb_to_hls
-from contextlib import contextmanager
 import functools
 import os
 import platform
 import signal
 import sys
-
+from colorsys import rgb_to_hls
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from ctypes import c_char_p, c_void_p, cdll
 from pathlib import Path
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from ...fixes import _compare_version
-from ...utils import logger, warn, _validate_type, _check_qt_version
+from ...utils import _check_qt_version, _validate_type, logger, warn
 from ..utils import _get_cmap
 
 VALID_BROWSE_BACKENDS = (
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def _init_mne_qtapp(enable_icon=True, pg_app=False, splash=False):
         string.
     """
     from qtpy.QtCore import Qt
-    from qtpy.QtGui import QIcon, QPixmap, QGuiApplication
+    from qtpy.QtGui import QGuiApplication, QIcon, QPixmap
     from qtpy.QtWidgets import QApplication, QSplashScreen
 
     app_name = "MNE-Python"
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/renderer.py b/mne/viz/backends/renderer.py
index 960e32978f3..e0120e5ae70 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/renderer.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/renderer.py
@@ -7,25 +7,25 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from contextlib import contextmanager
 import importlib
-from functools import partial
 import time
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ._utils import VALID_3D_BACKENDS
-from .._3d import _get_3d_option
-from ..utils import safe_event
 from ...utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    get_config,
+    _auto_weakref,
     _check_option,
-    fill_doc,
     _validate_type,
-    _auto_weakref,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_config,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
 )
+from .._3d import _get_3d_option
+from ..utils import safe_event
+from ._utils import VALID_3D_BACKENDS
 
 MNE_3D_BACKEND = None
 MNE_3D_BACKEND_TESTING = False
@@ -398,10 +398,10 @@ def _enable_time_interaction(
         playback_speed_range=[0.01, 0.1],
     ):
         from ..ui_events import (
+            PlaybackSpeed,
+            TimeChange,
             publish,
             subscribe,
-            TimeChange,
-            PlaybackSpeed,
         )
 
         self._fig = fig
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ def _on_playback_speed(self, event):
 
     def _toggle_playback(self, value=None):
         """Toggle time playback."""
-        from ..ui_events import publish, TimeChange
+        from ..ui_events import TimeChange, publish
 
         if value is None:
             self._playback = not self._playback
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ def _toggle_playback(self, value=None):
 
     def _reset_time(self):
         """Reset time and playback speed to initial values."""
-        from ..ui_events import publish, TimeChange, PlaybackSpeed
+        from ..ui_events import PlaybackSpeed, TimeChange, publish
 
         publish(self._fig, TimeChange(time=self._init_time))
         publish(self._fig, PlaybackSpeed(speed=self._init_playback_speed))
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ def _play(self):
                 raise
 
     def _advance(self):
-        from ..ui_events import publish, TimeChange
+        from ..ui_events import TimeChange, publish
 
         this_time = time.time()
         delta = this_time - self._last_tick
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/tests/_utils.py b/mne/viz/backends/tests/_utils.py
index bac1b2a5c70..ca4961e784f 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/tests/_utils.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/tests/_utils.py
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-import pytest
 import warnings
 
+import pytest
+
 
 def has_pyvista():
     """Check that PyVista is installed."""
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_abstract.py b/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_abstract.py
index b5d72f03537..4130611a18a 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_abstract.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_abstract.py
@@ -117,10 +117,12 @@ def test_widget_abstraction_pyvistaqt(renderer_pyvistaqt):
 def test_widget_abstraction_notebook(renderer_notebook, nbexec):
     """Test the GUI widgets abstraction in notebook."""
     from pathlib import Path
+
+    from IPython import get_ipython
+
     from mne.viz import set_3d_backend
     from mne.viz.backends.renderer import _get_backend
     from mne.viz.backends.tests.test_abstract import _do_widget_tests
-    from IPython import get_ipython
 
     set_3d_backend("notebook")
     backend = _get_backend()
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py b/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py
index eef1b7c459f..9de7862a597 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@
 import platform
 import sys
 
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
 from mne.utils import run_subprocess
-from mne.viz import set_3d_backend, get_3d_backend, Figure3D
+from mne.viz import Figure3D, get_3d_backend, set_3d_backend
+from mne.viz.backends._utils import ALLOWED_QUIVER_MODES
 from mne.viz.backends.renderer import _get_renderer
 from mne.viz.backends.tests._utils import skips_if_not_pyvistaqt
-from mne.viz.backends._utils import ALLOWED_QUIVER_MODES
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_utils.py b/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_utils.py
index cfa0c65535f..b5ff72fc584 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -5,27 +5,27 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
+import platform
 from colorsys import rgb_to_hls
 from contextlib import nullcontext
-import platform
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
 from mne import create_info
 from mne.io import RawArray
+from mne.utils import _check_qt_version
 from mne.viz.backends._utils import (
-    _get_colormap_from_array,
     _check_color,
-    _qt_is_dark,
+    _get_colormap_from_array,
     _pixmap_to_ndarray,
+    _qt_is_dark,
 )
-from mne.utils import _check_qt_version
 
 
 def test_get_colormap_from_array():
     """Test setting a colormap."""
-    from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap, LinearSegmentedColormap
+    from matplotlib.colors import LinearSegmentedColormap, ListedColormap
 
     cmap = _get_colormap_from_array()
     assert isinstance(cmap, LinearSegmentedColormap)
diff --git a/mne/viz/circle.py b/mne/viz/circle.py
index 983eef69c5c..2877bebe382 100644
--- a/mne/viz/circle.py
+++ b/mne/viz/circle.py
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
 
-from itertools import cycle
 from functools import partial
+from itertools import cycle
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .utils import plt_show, _get_cmap
 from ..utils import _validate_type
+from .utils import _get_cmap, plt_show
 
 
 def circular_layout(
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ def _plot_connectivity_circle(
     node_linewidth=2.0,
     show=True,
 ):
-    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-    import matplotlib.path as m_path
     import matplotlib.patches as m_patches
+    import matplotlib.path as m_path
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
     from matplotlib.projections.polar import PolarAxes
 
     _validate_type(ax, (None, PolarAxes))
diff --git a/mne/viz/conftest.py b/mne/viz/conftest.py
index ae4f6f5a979..0b46923ffc6 100644
--- a/mne/viz/conftest.py
+++ b/mne/viz/conftest.py
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
-import pytest
-import numpy as np
 import os.path as op
 
-from mne import create_info, EvokedArray, events_from_annotations, Epochs
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from mne import Epochs, EvokedArray, create_info, events_from_annotations
 from mne.channels import make_standard_montage
-from mne.datasets.testing import data_path, _pytest_param
+from mne.datasets.testing import _pytest_param, data_path
 from mne.io import read_raw_nirx
-from mne.preprocessing.nirs import optical_density, beer_lambert_law
-
+from mne.preprocessing.nirs import beer_lambert_law, optical_density
 
 fname_nirx = op.join(
     data_path(download=False), "NIRx", "nirscout", "nirx_15_2_recording_w_overlap"
diff --git a/mne/viz/epochs.py b/mne/viz/epochs.py
index 7bd1785ada9..5918d6d6aec 100644
--- a/mne/viz/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/viz/epochs.py
@@ -17,33 +17,32 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.ndimage import gaussian_filter1d
 
-from .raw import _setup_channel_selections
-from ..fixes import _sharex
-from ..defaults import _handle_default
-from ..utils import legacy, verbose, logger, warn, fill_doc, _check_option
-from ..utils.spectrum import _split_psd_kwargs
 from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info
-
 from .._fiff.pick import (
-    _picks_to_idx,
     _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
     _VALID_CHANNEL_TYPES,
+    _picks_to_idx,
 )
+from ..defaults import _handle_default
+from ..fixes import _sharex
+from ..utils import _check_option, fill_doc, legacy, logger, verbose, warn
+from ..utils.spectrum import _split_psd_kwargs
+from .raw import _setup_channel_selections
 from .utils import (
-    _setup_vmin_vmax,
-    plt_show,
+    DraggableColorbar,
     _check_cov,
-    _handle_precompute,
     _compute_scalings,
-    DraggableColorbar,
-    _setup_cmap,
+    _get_channel_plotting_order,
     _handle_decim,
-    _set_title_multiple_electrodes,
+    _handle_precompute,
     _make_combine_callable,
-    _set_window_title,
     _make_event_color_dict,
-    _get_channel_plotting_order,
+    _set_title_multiple_electrodes,
+    _set_window_title,
+    _setup_cmap,
+    _setup_vmin_vmax,
     _validate_type,
+    plt_show,
 )
 
 
@@ -430,7 +429,7 @@ def plot_epochs_image(
 
 def _validate_fig_and_axes(fig, axes, group_by, evoked, colorbar, clear=False):
     """Check user-provided fig/axes compatibility with plot_epochs_image."""
-    from matplotlib.pyplot import figure, Axes, subplot2grid
+    from matplotlib.pyplot import Axes, figure, subplot2grid
 
     n_axes = 1 + int(evoked) + int(colorbar)
     ax_names = ("image", "evoked", "colorbar")
@@ -711,6 +710,7 @@ def plot_drop_log(
         The figure.
     """
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..epochs import _drop_log_stats
 
     percent = _drop_log_stats(drop_log, ignore)
diff --git a/mne/viz/evoked.py b/mne/viz/evoked.py
index 5886bb26db3..88340295d78 100644
--- a/mne/viz/evoked.py
+++ b/mne/viz/evoked.py
@@ -17,66 +17,65 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..fixes import _is_last_row
 from .._fiff.pick import (
-    channel_type,
-    _VALID_CHANNEL_TYPES,
-    channel_indices_by_type,
     _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
     _PICK_TYPES_DATA_DICT,
+    _VALID_CHANNEL_TYPES,
     _picks_to_idx,
+    channel_indices_by_type,
+    channel_type,
     pick_info,
 )
 from ..defaults import _handle_default
-from .utils import (
-    _draw_proj_checkbox,
-    _check_delayed_ssp,
-    plt_show,
-    _process_times,
-    DraggableColorbar,
-    _setup_cmap,
-    _setup_vmin_vmax,
-    _check_cov,
-    _make_combine_callable,
-    _validate_if_list_of_axes,
-    _triage_rank_sss,
-    _get_color_list,
-    _setup_ax_spines,
-    _setup_plot_projector,
-    _prepare_joint_axes,
-    _check_option,
-    _set_title_multiple_electrodes,
-    _check_time_unit,
-    _plot_masked_image,
-    _trim_ticks,
-    _set_window_title,
-    _prop_kw,
-    _get_cmap,
-)
+from ..fixes import _is_last_row
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
+    _check_ch_locs,
+    _check_if_nan,
     _clean_names,
-    warn,
+    _is_numeric,
     _pl,
-    verbose,
+    _to_rgb,
     _validate_type,
-    _check_if_nan,
-    _check_ch_locs,
     fill_doc,
-    _is_numeric,
-    _to_rgb,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-
 from .topo import _plot_evoked_topo
 from .topomap import (
-    _prepare_topomap_plot,
-    plot_topomap,
-    _get_pos_outlines,
+    _check_sphere,
     _draw_outlines,
+    _get_pos_outlines,
+    _make_head_outlines,
     _prepare_topomap,
+    _prepare_topomap_plot,
     _set_contour_locator,
-    _check_sphere,
-    _make_head_outlines,
+    plot_topomap,
+)
+from .utils import (
+    DraggableColorbar,
+    _check_cov,
+    _check_delayed_ssp,
+    _check_option,
+    _check_time_unit,
+    _draw_proj_checkbox,
+    _get_cmap,
+    _get_color_list,
+    _make_combine_callable,
+    _plot_masked_image,
+    _prepare_joint_axes,
+    _process_times,
+    _prop_kw,
+    _set_title_multiple_electrodes,
+    _set_window_title,
+    _setup_ax_spines,
+    _setup_cmap,
+    _setup_plot_projector,
+    _setup_vmin_vmax,
+    _triage_rank_sss,
+    _trim_ticks,
+    _validate_if_list_of_axes,
+    plt_show,
 )
 
 
@@ -134,6 +133,7 @@ def _line_plot_onselect(
 ):
     """Draw topomaps from the selected area."""
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..channels.layout import _pair_grad_sensors
 
     ch_types = [type_ for type_ in ch_types if type_ in ("eeg", "grad", "mag")]
@@ -607,7 +607,8 @@ def _plot_lines(
     highlight,
 ):
     """Plot data as butterfly plot."""
-    from matplotlib import patheffects, pyplot as plt
+    from matplotlib import patheffects
+    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
     from matplotlib.widgets import SpanSelector
 
     assert len(axes) == len(ch_types_used)
@@ -1569,9 +1570,10 @@ def plot_evoked_white(
            covariance estimation and spatial whitening of MEG and EEG
            signals, vol. 108, 328-342, NeuroImage.
     """
-    from ..cov import whiten_evoked, Covariance, _ensure_cov
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
+    from ..cov import Covariance, _ensure_cov, whiten_evoked
+
     time_unit, times = _check_time_unit(time_unit, evoked.times)
 
     _validate_type(noise_cov, (list, tuple, Covariance, "path-like"))
@@ -1768,6 +1770,7 @@ def plot_snr_estimate(evoked, inv, show=True, axes=None, verbose=None):
     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
     """
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..minimum_norm import estimate_snr
 
     snr, snr_est = estimate_snr(evoked, inv)
@@ -2328,9 +2331,9 @@ def _evoked_sensor_legend(info, picks, ymin, ymax, show_sensors, ax, sphere):
 
 def _draw_colorbar_pce(ax, colors, cmap, colorbar_title, colorbar_ticks):
     """Draw colorbar for plot_compare_evokeds."""
-    from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
     from matplotlib.colorbar import ColorbarBase
     from matplotlib.transforms import Bbox
+    from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
 
     # create colorbar axes
     orig_bbox = ax.get_position()
@@ -2827,6 +2830,7 @@ def plot_compare_evokeds(
     +-------------+----------------+------------------------------------------+
     """
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..evoked import Evoked, _check_evokeds_ch_names_times
 
     # build up evokeds into a dict, if it's not already
@@ -3009,8 +3013,8 @@ def plot_compare_evokeds(
         if np.array(picks).ndim < 2:
             picks = [picks]  # enables zipping w/ axes
     else:
-        from .topo import iter_topography
         from ..channels.layout import find_layout
+        from .topo import iter_topography
 
         fig = plt.figure(figsize=(18, 14), layout=None)  # Not "constrained" for topo
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/evoked_field.py b/mne/viz/evoked_field.py
index 9e314a917ed..3757d2c00dd 100644
--- a/mne/viz/evoked_field.py
+++ b/mne/viz/evoked_field.py
@@ -3,34 +3,30 @@
 author: Marijn van Vliet <w.m.vanvliet@gmail.com>
 """
 from functools import partial
+
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
 
-
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_types
+from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
+from ..utils import (
+    _auto_weakref,
+    _check_option,
+    _ensure_int,
+    _to_rgb,
+    _validate_type,
+    fill_doc,
+)
 from ._3d_overlay import _LayeredMesh
-from .utils import mne_analyze_colormap
-
 from .ui_events import (
-    publish,
-    subscribe,
     ColormapRange,
     Contours,
     TimeChange,
     disable_ui_events,
+    publish,
+    subscribe,
 )
-
-from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
-
-from ..utils import (
-    _ensure_int,
-    _validate_type,
-    _check_option,
-    _to_rgb,
-    _auto_weakref,
-    fill_doc,
-)
-
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types
+from .utils import mne_analyze_colormap
 
 
 @fill_doc
@@ -118,7 +114,7 @@ def __init__(
         time_viewer="auto",
         verbose=None,
     ):
-        from .backends.renderer import _get_renderer, _get_3d_backend
+        from .backends.renderer import _get_3d_backend, _get_renderer
 
         # Setup figure parameters
         self._evoked = evoked
diff --git a/mne/viz/ica.py b/mne/viz/ica.py
index d80ed9aec65..2b16c5f6837 100644
--- a/mne/viz/ica.py
+++ b/mne/viz/ica.py
@@ -7,34 +7,34 @@
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
-from functools import partial
 import warnings
+from functools import partial
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.stats import gaussian_kde
 
-from .utils import (
-    _make_event_color_dict,
-    _get_cmap,
-    plt_show,
-    _convert_psds,
-    _compute_scalings,
-    _handle_precompute,
-    _get_plot_ch_type,
-)
-from .topomap import _plot_ica_topomap
-from .epochs import plot_epochs_image
-from .evoked import _butterfly_on_button_press, _butterfly_onpick
+from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info
+from .._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, pick_types
+from .._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
+from ..defaults import DEFAULTS, _handle_default
 from ..utils import (
+    _reject_data_segments,
     _validate_type,
     fill_doc,
-    _reject_data_segments,
     verbose,
 )
-from ..defaults import _handle_default, DEFAULTS
-from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, _picks_to_idx
-from .._fiff.proj import _has_eeg_average_ref_proj
+from .epochs import plot_epochs_image
+from .evoked import _butterfly_on_button_press, _butterfly_onpick
+from .topomap import _plot_ica_topomap
+from .utils import (
+    _compute_scalings,
+    _convert_psds,
+    _get_cmap,
+    _get_plot_ch_type,
+    _handle_precompute,
+    _make_event_color_dict,
+    plt_show,
+)
 
 
 @fill_doc
@@ -114,9 +114,9 @@ def plot_ica_sources(
 
     .. versionadded:: 0.10.0
     """
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
-    from ..evoked import Evoked
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+    from ..evoked import Evoked
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
 
     exclude = ica.exclude
     picks = _picks_to_idx(ica.n_components_, picks, picks_on="components")
@@ -694,8 +694,8 @@ def _prepare_data_ica_properties(inst, ica, reject_by_annotation=True, reject="a
     data : array of shape (n_epochs, n_ica_sources, n_times)
         A view on epochs ICA sources data.
     """
-    from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+    from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
 
     _validate_type(inst, (BaseRaw, BaseEpochs), "inst", "Raw or Epochs")
     if isinstance(inst, BaseRaw):
@@ -1069,8 +1069,8 @@ def plot_ica_overlay(
         The figure.
     """
     # avoid circular imports
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..evoked import Evoked
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..preprocessing.ica import _check_start_stop
 
     if ica.current_fit == "unfitted":
@@ -1268,9 +1268,9 @@ def _plot_sources(
     overview_mode=None,
 ):
     """Plot the ICA components as a RawArray or EpochsArray."""
+    from ..epochs import BaseEpochs, EpochsArray
+    from ..io import BaseRaw, RawArray
     from ._figure import _get_browser
-    from ..epochs import EpochsArray, BaseEpochs
-    from ..io import RawArray, BaseRaw
 
     # handle defaults / check arg validity
     is_raw = isinstance(inst, BaseRaw)
diff --git a/mne/viz/misc.py b/mne/viz/misc.py
index c903244f9ff..3b20c9cb572 100644
--- a/mne/viz/misc.py
+++ b/mne/viz/misc.py
@@ -20,41 +20,41 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy.signal import freqz, group_delay, lfilter, filtfilt, sosfilt, sosfiltfilt
+from scipy.signal import filtfilt, freqz, group_delay, lfilter, sosfilt, sosfiltfilt
 
-from .._freesurfer import _check_mri, _reorient_image, _read_mri_info, _mri_orientation
-from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
-from ..fixes import _safe_svd
-from ..rank import compute_rank
-from ..surface import read_surface
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from .._fiff.proj import make_projector
 from .._fiff.pick import (
     _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
-    pick_types,
-    pick_info,
-    pick_channels,
     _picks_by_type,
+    pick_channels,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
 )
-from ..transforms import apply_trans, _frame_to_str
+from .._fiff.proj import make_projector
+from .._freesurfer import _check_mri, _mri_orientation, _read_mri_info, _reorient_image
+from ..defaults import DEFAULTS
+from ..filter import estimate_ringing_samples
+from ..fixes import _safe_svd
+from ..rank import compute_rank
+from ..surface import read_surface
+from ..transforms import _frame_to_str, apply_trans
 from ..utils import (
-    logger,
-    verbose,
-    warn,
     _check_option,
-    get_subjects_dir,
     _mask_to_onsets_offsets,
-    _pl,
     _on_missing,
+    _pl,
     fill_doc,
+    get_subjects_dir,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from ..filter import estimate_ringing_samples
 from .utils import (
+    _figure_agg,
     _get_color_list,
     _prepare_trellis,
-    plt_show,
-    _figure_agg,
     _validate_type,
+    plt_show,
 )
 
 
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ def plot_cov(
     """
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
     from matplotlib.colors import Normalize
+
     from ..cov import Covariance
 
     info, C, ch_names, idx_names = _index_info_cov(info, cov, exclude)
@@ -390,6 +391,7 @@ def _plot_mri_contours(
     """
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
     from matplotlib import patheffects
+
     from ..source_space._source_space import _ensure_src
 
     # For ease of plotting, we will do everything in voxel coordinates.
@@ -678,7 +680,7 @@ def plot_bem(
     on top of the midpoint MRI slice with the BEM boundary drawn for that
     slice.
     """
-    from ..source_space import read_source_spaces, SourceSpaces
+    from ..source_space import SourceSpaces, read_source_spaces
 
     subjects_dir = get_subjects_dir(subjects_dir, raise_error=True)
     mri_fname = _check_mri(mri, subject, subjects_dir)
diff --git a/mne/viz/montage.py b/mne/viz/montage.py
index 19cd8c12a1b..afce1ce8dcb 100644
--- a/mne/viz/montage.py
+++ b/mne/viz/montage.py
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from .utils import plot_sensors
 from .._fiff._digitization import _get_fid_coords
 from .._fiff.meas_info import create_info
-from ..utils import logger, _check_option, _validate_type, verbose
+from ..utils import _check_option, _validate_type, logger, verbose
+from .utils import plot_sensors
 
 
 @verbose
diff --git a/mne/viz/raw.py b/mne/viz/raw.py
index b06eaa361f2..ec5c95f57ab 100644
--- a/mne/viz/raw.py
+++ b/mne/viz/raw.py
@@ -10,19 +10,19 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from .._fiff.pick import pick_channels, pick_types
+from ..defaults import _handle_default
 from ..filter import create_filter
-from .._fiff.pick import pick_types, pick_channels
-from ..utils import legacy, verbose, _validate_type, _check_option, _get_stim_channel
+from ..utils import _check_option, _get_stim_channel, _validate_type, legacy, verbose
 from ..utils.spectrum import _split_psd_kwargs
-from ..defaults import _handle_default
 from .utils import (
+    _check_cov,
     _compute_scalings,
+    _get_channel_plotting_order,
     _handle_decim,
-    _check_cov,
-    _shorten_path_from_middle,
     _handle_precompute,
-    _get_channel_plotting_order,
     _make_event_color_dict,
+    _shorten_path_from_middle,
 )
 
 _RAW_CLIP_DEF = 1.5
@@ -230,9 +230,9 @@ def plot_raw(
 
     %(notes_2d_backend)s
     """
+    from ..annotations import _annotations_starts_stops
     from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ._figure import _get_browser
-    from ..annotations import _annotations_starts_stops
 
     info = raw.info.copy()
     sfreq = info["sfreq"]
@@ -559,10 +559,10 @@ def plot_raw_psd_topo(
 def _setup_channel_selections(raw, kind, order):
     """Get dictionary of channel groupings."""
     from ..channels import (
-        read_vectorview_selection,
-        _SELECTIONS,
         _EEG_SELECTIONS,
+        _SELECTIONS,
         _divide_to_regions,
+        read_vectorview_selection,
     )
 
     _check_option("group_by", kind, ("position", "selection"))
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py
index f7993111543..8b02b8e228f 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py
@@ -9,54 +9,53 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
 import pytest
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 from matplotlib.colors import Colormap
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    make_field_map,
-    read_evokeds,
-    read_trans,
-    read_dipole,
+    MixedSourceEstimate,
     SourceEstimate,
+    convert_forward_solution,
+    make_field_map,
     make_sphere_model,
-    use_coil_def,
+    pick_info,
     pick_types,
-    setup_volume_source_space,
+    read_dipole,
+    read_evokeds,
     read_forward_solution,
-    convert_forward_solution,
-    MixedSourceEstimate,
-    pick_info,
+    read_trans,
+    setup_volume_source_space,
+    use_coil_def,
 )
-from mne.source_estimate import _BaseVolSourceEstimate
-from mne.io import read_raw_ctf, read_raw_bti, read_raw_kit, read_info, read_raw_nirx
 from mne._fiff._digitization import write_dig
 from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.bem import read_bem_solution, read_bem_surfaces
+from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import read_info, read_raw_bti, read_raw_ctf, read_raw_kit, read_raw_nirx
 from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse
+from mne.source_estimate import _BaseVolSourceEstimate
+from mne.source_space import read_source_spaces
+from mne.transforms import Transform
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 from mne.viz import (
-    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
-    plot_source_estimates,
-    snapshot_brain_montage,
-    plot_head_positions,
-    plot_alignment,
+    Brain,
+    EvokedField,
     Figure3D,
-    plot_brain_colorbar,
     link_brains,
     mne_analyze_colormap,
-    Brain,
-    EvokedField,
+    plot_alignment,
+    plot_brain_colorbar,
+    plot_head_positions,
+    plot_source_estimates,
+    plot_sparse_source_estimates,
+    snapshot_brain_montage,
 )
-from mne.viz._3d import _process_clim, _linearize_map, _get_map_ticks
+from mne.viz._3d import _get_map_ticks, _linearize_map, _process_clim
 from mne.viz.utils import _fake_click, _fake_keypress, _fake_scroll, _get_cmap
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne.source_space import read_source_spaces
-from mne.transforms import Transform
-from mne.bem import read_bem_solution, read_bem_surfaces
-
 
 data_dir = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_dir / "subjects"
@@ -208,9 +207,10 @@ def test_plot_evoked_field(renderer):
 def test_plot_evoked_field_notebook(renderer_notebook, nbexec):
     """Test plotting the evoked field inside a notebook."""
     import pytest
-    from mne import read_evokeds, make_field_map
+
+    from mne import make_field_map, read_evokeds
     from mne.datasets import testing
-    from mne.viz import set_3d_backend, Brain, EvokedField, Figure3D
+    from mne.viz import Brain, EvokedField, Figure3D, set_3d_backend
 
     set_3d_backend("notebook")
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_3d_mpl.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_3d_mpl.py
index 2060de1ebbe..ae4f72d4dd3 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_3d_mpl.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_3d_mpl.py
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 import pytest
 
 from mne import (
+    SourceEstimate,
+    VolSourceEstimate,
+    VolVectorSourceEstimate,
     compute_covariance,
     compute_source_morph,
     make_fixed_length_epochs,
@@ -21,14 +24,11 @@
     read_forward_solution,
     read_trans,
     setup_volume_source_space,
-    SourceEstimate,
-    VolSourceEstimate,
-    VolVectorSourceEstimate,
 )
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 from mne.viz import plot_volume_source_estimates
 from mne.viz.utils import _fake_click, _fake_keypress
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_circle.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_circle.py
index 7abd14568ec..f95aca2c8a5 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_circle.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_circle.py
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
 
-import pytest
 import matplotlib
+import pytest
 
 from mne.viz import plot_channel_labels_circle
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_epochs.py
index bfe5d07eebf..77f45ed1598 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from mne import Epochs, create_info, EpochsArray
+from mne import Epochs, EpochsArray, create_info
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.event import make_fixed_length_events
 from mne.viz import plot_drop_log
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_evoked.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_evoked.py
index 644b2fb4e3e..c089b064d4a 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_evoked.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_evoked.py
@@ -11,30 +11,30 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 from matplotlib import gridspec
 from matplotlib.collections import PolyCollection
 from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1.parasite_axes import HostAxes  # spatial_colors
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 import mne
 from mne import (
-    read_events,
     Epochs,
-    read_cov,
     compute_covariance,
-    make_fixed_length_events,
     compute_proj_evoked,
+    make_fixed_length_events,
+    read_cov,
+    read_events,
 )
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
+from mne.stats.parametric import _parametric_ci
 from mne.utils import catch_logging
 from mne.viz import plot_compare_evokeds, plot_evoked_white
 from mne.viz.utils import _fake_click, _get_cmap
-from mne.datasets import testing
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne.stats.parametric import _parametric_ci
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 evoked_fname = base_dir / "test-ave.fif"
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_figure.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_figure.py
index 927d8c2f19c..19d4e163dd1 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_figure.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_figure.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
 import pytest
+
 from mne.viz._figure import _get_browser
 
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_ica.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_ica.py
index 729a949e8e9..d01542f3da5 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_ica.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_ica.py
@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_allclose
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    read_events,
-    Epochs,
-    read_cov,
-    pick_types,
     Annotations,
+    Epochs,
     make_fixed_length_events,
+    pick_types,
+    read_cov,
+    read_events,
 )
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing import ICA, create_ecg_epochs, create_eog_epochs
-from mne.utils import catch_logging, _record_warnings
+from mne.utils import _record_warnings, catch_logging
 from mne.viz.ica import _create_properties_layout, plot_ica_properties
 from mne.viz.utils import _fake_click, _fake_keypress
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_misc.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_misc.py
index cedceab21e1..fcc6d9e1566 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_misc.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_misc.py
@@ -9,37 +9,37 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 import pytest
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    read_events,
-    read_cov,
-    read_source_spaces,
-    read_evokeds,
-    read_dipole,
     SourceEstimate,
     pick_events,
+    read_cov,
+    read_dipole,
+    read_events,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_source_spaces,
 )
 from mne.chpi import compute_chpi_snr
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.filter import create_filter
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator
+from mne.time_frequency import CrossSpectralDensity
 from mne.viz import (
     plot_bem,
+    plot_chpi_snr,
+    plot_csd,
     plot_events,
-    plot_source_spectrogram,
-    plot_snr_estimate,
     plot_filter,
-    plot_csd,
-    plot_chpi_snr,
+    plot_snr_estimate,
+    plot_source_spectrogram,
 )
 from mne.viz.misc import _handle_event_colors
 from mne.viz.utils import _get_color_list
-from mne.time_frequency import CrossSpectralDensity
 
 data_path = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_montage.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_montage.py
index 7d77bd3d87f..bed0d212a6b 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_montage.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_montage.py
@@ -8,12 +8,11 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-
 import pytest
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
-from mne.channels import read_dig_fif, make_dig_montage, make_standard_montage
+from mne.channels import make_dig_montage, make_standard_montage, read_dig_fif
 
 p_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "kit" / "tests" / "data"
 elp = p_dir / "test_elp.txt"
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_proj.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_proj.py
index 278128666d9..05f9207a75f 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_proj.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_proj.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from mne import read_evokeds, pick_types, compute_proj_evoked
+from mne import compute_proj_evoked, pick_types, read_evokeds
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.viz import plot_projs_joint
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_raw.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_raw.py
index c413496ba27..a4c73e76075 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_raw.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_raw.py
@@ -7,23 +7,23 @@
 from copy import deepcopy
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-from matplotlib import backend_bases
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
+from matplotlib import backend_bases
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 from mne import Annotations, create_info, pick_types
+from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_ORDER_DEFAULT, _PICK_TYPES_DATA_DICT
 from mne.annotations import _sync_onset
 from mne.datasets import testing
 from mne.io import RawArray
-from mne._fiff.pick import _DATA_CH_TYPES_ORDER_DEFAULT, _PICK_TYPES_DATA_DICT
 from mne.utils import (
+    _assert_no_instances,
     _dt_to_stamp,
     _record_warnings,
+    check_version,
     get_config,
     set_config,
-    _assert_no_instances,
-    check_version,
 )
 from mne.viz import plot_raw, plot_sensors
 from mne.viz.utils import _fake_click, _fake_keypress
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_scraper.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_scraper.py
index 4c7be550ac9..7a2c8e734b1 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_scraper.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_scraper.py
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 # License: Simplified BSD
 
 import os.path as op
+
 import pytest
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_topo.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_topo.py
index 4642d5375a8..da4fe116330 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_topo.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_topo.py
@@ -9,28 +9,26 @@
 from collections import namedtuple
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import numpy as np
-import pytest
 import matplotlib
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
-from mne import read_events, Epochs, read_cov, compute_proj_evoked
+from mne import Epochs, compute_proj_evoked, read_cov, read_events
 from mne.channels import read_layout
 from mne.io import read_raw_fif
 from mne.time_frequency.tfr import AverageTFR
 from mne.utils import _record_warnings
-
 from mne.viz import (
-    plot_topo_image_epochs,
     _get_presser,
     mne_analyze_colormap,
     plot_evoked_topo,
+    plot_topo_image_epochs,
 )
 from mne.viz.evoked import _line_plot_onselect
+from mne.viz.topo import _imshow_tfr, _plot_update_evoked_topo_proj, iter_topography
 from mne.viz.utils import _fake_click
 
-from mne.viz.topo import _plot_update_evoked_topo_proj, iter_topography, _imshow_tfr
-
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 evoked_fname = base_dir / "test-ave.fif"
 raw_fname = base_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_topomap.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_topomap.py
index e20b1987dd1..972b07ce83c 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_topomap.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_topomap.py
@@ -9,55 +9,53 @@
 from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_equal, assert_almost_equal
-import pytest
 import matplotlib
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from matplotlib.patches import Circle
+from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_equal
 
 from mne import (
-    read_evokeds,
-    read_proj,
-    make_fixed_length_events,
     Epochs,
+    EvokedArray,
+    Projection,
     compute_proj_evoked,
+    compute_proj_raw,
+    create_info,
     find_layout,
+    make_fixed_length_events,
     pick_types,
-    create_info,
     read_cov,
-    EvokedArray,
-    compute_proj_raw,
-    Projection,
+    read_evokeds,
+    read_proj,
 )
-from mne._fiff.proj import make_eeg_average_ref_proj
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif, read_info, RawArray
-from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
-from mne._fiff.pick import pick_info, channel_indices_by_type, _picks_to_idx
 from mne._fiff.compensator import get_current_comp
+from mne._fiff.constants import FIFF
+from mne._fiff.pick import _picks_to_idx, channel_indices_by_type, pick_info
+from mne._fiff.proj import make_eeg_average_ref_proj
 from mne.channels import (
-    read_layout,
+    find_ch_adjacency,
     make_dig_montage,
     make_standard_montage,
-    find_ch_adjacency,
+    read_layout,
 )
 from mne.datasets import testing
+from mne.io import RawArray, read_info, read_raw_fif
 from mne.preprocessing import compute_bridged_electrodes
 from mne.time_frequency.tfr import AverageTFR
-
 from mne.viz import plot_evoked_topomap, plot_projs_topomap, topomap
+from mne.viz.tests.test_raw import _proj_status
 from mne.viz.topomap import (
     _get_pos_outlines,
     _onselect,
-    plot_topomap,
     plot_arrowmap,
-    plot_psds_topomap,
     plot_bridged_electrodes,
     plot_ch_adjacency,
+    plot_psds_topomap,
+    plot_topomap,
 )
-from mne.viz.utils import _find_peaks, _fake_click, _fake_keypress, _fake_scroll
-
-from mne.viz.tests.test_raw import _proj_status
+from mne.viz.utils import _fake_click, _fake_keypress, _fake_scroll, _find_peaks
 
 data_dir = testing.data_path(download=False)
 subjects_dir = data_dir / "subjects"
@@ -770,8 +768,7 @@ def test_plot_cov_topomap():
 
 def test_plot_topomap_cnorm():
     """Test colormap normalization."""
-    from matplotlib.colors import TwoSlopeNorm
-    from matplotlib.colors import PowerNorm
+    from matplotlib.colors import PowerNorm, TwoSlopeNorm
 
     rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
     v = rng.uniform(low=-1, high=2.5, size=64)
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_utils.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_utils.py
index c7f339c9997..5450e4d5789 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -4,30 +4,30 @@
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
+from mne import read_evokeds
+from mne.epochs import Epochs
+from mne.event import read_events
+from mne.io import read_raw_fif
+from mne.viz import ClickableImage, add_background_image, mne_analyze_colormap
+from mne.viz.ui_events import ColormapRange, link, subscribe
 from mne.viz.utils import (
-    compare_fiff,
+    _compute_scalings,
     _fake_click,
     _fake_keypress,
     _fake_scroll,
-    _compute_scalings,
-    _validate_if_list_of_axes,
     _get_color_list,
+    _make_event_color_dict,
     _setup_vmin_vmax,
+    _validate_if_list_of_axes,
     centers_to_edges,
-    _make_event_color_dict,
+    compare_fiff,
     concatenate_images,
 )
-from mne.viz.ui_events import link, subscribe, ColormapRange
-from mne.viz import ClickableImage, add_background_image, mne_analyze_colormap
-from mne.io import read_raw_fif
-from mne.event import read_events
-from mne.epochs import Epochs
-from mne import read_evokeds
 
 base_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "io" / "tests" / "data"
 raw_fname = base_dir / "test_raw.fif"
diff --git a/mne/viz/topo.py b/mne/viz/topo.py
index 5a832c954a3..8e363d117e9 100644
--- a/mne/viz/topo.py
+++ b/mne/viz/topo.py
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@
 from scipy import ndimage
 
 from .._fiff.pick import channel_type, pick_types
-from ..utils import _clean_names, _check_option, Bunch, fill_doc, _to_rgb
 from ..defaults import _handle_default
+from ..utils import Bunch, _check_option, _clean_names, _to_rgb, fill_doc
 from .utils import (
+    DraggableColorbar,
+    _check_cov,
     _check_delayed_ssp,
     _draw_proj_checkbox,
+    _plot_masked_image,
+    _setup_ax_spines,
+    _setup_vmin_vmax,
     add_background_image,
     plt_show,
-    _setup_vmin_vmax,
-    DraggableColorbar,
-    _setup_ax_spines,
-    _check_cov,
-    _plot_masked_image,
 )
 
 
@@ -141,7 +141,9 @@ def _iter_topography(
         If True, a single axis will be constructed. The former is
         useful for custom plotting, the latter for speed.
     """
-    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt, collections
+    from matplotlib import collections
+    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
+
     from ..channels.layout import find_layout
 
     if fig is None:
@@ -929,8 +931,9 @@ def _plot_evoked_topo(
         Images of evoked responses at sensor locations
     """
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-    from ..cov import whiten_evoked
+
     from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data, _pair_grad_sensors, find_layout
+    from ..cov import whiten_evoked
 
     if type(evoked) not in (tuple, list):
         evoked = [evoked]
diff --git a/mne/viz/topomap.py b/mne/viz/topomap.py
index a90400c6421..a778c72dc1e 100644
--- a/mne/viz/topomap.py
+++ b/mne/viz/topomap.py
@@ -12,71 +12,74 @@
 
 import copy
 import itertools
+import warnings
 from functools import partial
 from numbers import Integral
-import warnings
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.interpolate import (
     CloughTocher2DInterpolator,
-    NearestNDInterpolator,
     LinearNDInterpolator,
+    NearestNDInterpolator,
 )
 from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix
 from scipy.spatial import Delaunay, Voronoi
 from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform
 
-from .ui_events import publish, subscribe, TimeChange
-from ..baseline import rescale
-from ..defaults import _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT, _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT, _BORDER_DEFAULT
+from .._fiff.meas_info import Info, _simplify_info
 from .._fiff.pick import (
-    pick_types,
-    _picks_by_type,
-    pick_info,
-    pick_channels,
+    _MEG_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
     _pick_data_channels,
+    _picks_by_type,
     _picks_to_idx,
-    _MEG_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
+    pick_channels,
+    pick_info,
+    pick_types,
+)
+from ..baseline import rescale
+from ..defaults import (
+    _BORDER_DEFAULT,
+    _EXTRAPOLATE_DEFAULT,
+    _INTERPOLATION_DEFAULT,
+    _handle_default,
 )
+from ..transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform
 from ..utils import (
+    _check_option,
+    _check_sphere,
     _clean_names,
+    _is_numeric,
     _time_mask,
-    verbose,
-    logger,
-    fill_doc,
     _validate_type,
-    _check_sphere,
-    _check_option,
-    _is_numeric,
-    warn,
-    legacy,
     check_version,
+    fill_doc,
+    legacy,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
 from ..utils.spectrum import _split_psd_kwargs
+from .ui_events import TimeChange, publish, subscribe
 from .utils import (
-    _setup_vmin_vmax,
-    _prepare_trellis,
-    _check_delayed_ssp,
-    _draw_proj_checkbox,
-    figure_nobar,
-    plt_show,
-    _process_times,
     DraggableColorbar,
-    _get_cmap,
-    _validate_if_list_of_axes,
-    _setup_cmap,
+    _check_delayed_ssp,
     _check_time_unit,
-    _set_3d_axes_equal,
     _check_type_projs,
+    _draw_proj_checkbox,
     _format_units_psd,
-    _prepare_sensor_names,
+    _get_cmap,
     _get_plot_ch_type,
+    _prepare_sensor_names,
+    _prepare_trellis,
+    _process_times,
+    _set_3d_axes_equal,
+    _setup_cmap,
+    _setup_vmin_vmax,
+    _validate_if_list_of_axes,
+    figure_nobar,
     plot_sensors,
+    plt_show,
 )
-from ..defaults import _handle_default
-from ..transforms import apply_trans, invert_transform
-from .._fiff.meas_info import Info, _simplify_info
-
 
 _fnirs_types = ("hbo", "hbr", "fnirs_cw_amplitude", "fnirs_od")
 
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ def _adjust_meg_sphere(sphere, info, ch_type):
 
 def _prepare_topomap_plot(inst, ch_type, sphere=None):
     """Prepare topo plot."""
-    from ..channels.layout import find_layout, _pair_grad_sensors, _find_topomap_coords
+    from ..channels.layout import _find_topomap_coords, _pair_grad_sensors, find_layout
 
     info = copy.deepcopy(inst if isinstance(inst, Info) else inst.info)
     sphere, clip_origin = _adjust_meg_sphere(sphere, info, ch_type)
@@ -471,6 +474,7 @@ def _plot_projs_topomap(
     axes=None,
 ):
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data
 
     sphere = _check_sphere(sphere, info)
@@ -1193,6 +1197,7 @@ def _plot_topomap(
 ):
     from matplotlib.colors import Normalize
     from matplotlib.widgets import RectangleSelector
+
     from ..channels.layout import (
         _find_topomap_coords,
         _merge_ch_data,
@@ -1405,6 +1410,7 @@ def _plot_ica_topomap(
 ):
     """Plot single ica map to axes."""
     from matplotlib.axes import Axes
+
     from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data
 
     if ica.info is None:
@@ -1596,9 +1602,10 @@ def plot_ica_components(
     supplied).
     """  # noqa E501
     from matplotlib.pyplot import Axes
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
-    from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+
     from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data
+    from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
 
     if ica.info is None:
         raise RuntimeError(
@@ -1879,6 +1886,7 @@ def plot_tfr_topomap(
         The figure containing the topography.
     """  # noqa: E501
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data
 
     ch_type = _get_plot_ch_type(tfr, ch_type)
@@ -2120,8 +2128,9 @@ def plot_evoked_topomap(
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
     from matplotlib.gridspec import GridSpec
     from matplotlib.widgets import Slider
-    from ..evoked import Evoked
+
     from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data
+    from ..evoked import Evoked
 
     _validate_type(evoked, Evoked, "evoked")
     _validate_type(colorbar, bool, "colorbar")
@@ -2943,6 +2952,7 @@ def _onselect(
     """Handle drawing average tfr over channels called from topomap."""
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
     from matplotlib.collections import PathCollection
+
     from ..channels.layout import _pair_grad_sensors
 
     ax = eclick.inaxes
@@ -3243,7 +3253,8 @@ def _topomap_animation(
 
     See mne.evoked.Evoked.animate_topomap.
     """
-    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt, animation
+    from matplotlib import animation
+    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
 
     if ch_type is None:
         ch_type = _picks_by_type(evoked.info)[0][0]
@@ -3577,6 +3588,7 @@ def plot_arrowmap(
     .. footbibliography::
     """
     from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
+
     from ..forward import _map_meg_or_eeg_channels
 
     sphere = _check_sphere(sphere, info_from)
@@ -3691,6 +3703,7 @@ def plot_bridged_electrodes(
     mne.preprocessing.compute_bridged_electrodes
     """
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..channels.layout import _find_topomap_coords
 
     if topomap_args is None:
@@ -4029,6 +4042,7 @@ def plot_regression_weights(
     """
     import matplotlib
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     from ..channels.layout import _merge_ch_data
 
     sphere = _check_sphere(sphere)
diff --git a/mne/viz/ui_events.py b/mne/viz/ui_events.py
index 78c1419ca2f..5648c90db9e 100644
--- a/mne/viz/ui_events.py
+++ b/mne/viz/ui_events.py
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@
 Authors: Marijn van Vliet <w.m.vanvliet@gmail.com>
 """
 import contextlib
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional, List, Union
-import weakref
 import re
+import weakref
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
 
 from matplotlib.colors import Colormap
 
-from ..utils import warn, fill_doc, _validate_type, logger, verbose
+from ..utils import _validate_type, fill_doc, logger, verbose, warn
 
 # Global dict {fig: channel} containing all currently active event channels.
 _event_channels = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ def _get_event_channel(fig):
         channel.
     """
     import matplotlib
+
     from ._brain import Brain
     from .evoked_field import EvokedField
 
@@ -460,8 +461,8 @@ def disable_ui_events(fig):
 
 def _cleanup_agg():
     """Call close_event for Agg canvases to help our doc build."""
-    import matplotlib.figure
     import matplotlib.backends.backend_agg
+    import matplotlib.figure
 
     for key in list(_event_channels):  # we might remove keys as we go
         if isinstance(key, matplotlib.figure.Figure):
diff --git a/mne/viz/utils.py b/mne/viz/utils.py
index 08d4e69ec48..2855b9784c4 100644
--- a/mne/viz/utils.py
+++ b/mne/viz/utils.py
@@ -10,61 +10,60 @@
 #          Daniel McCloy <dan@mccloy.info>
 #
 # License: Simplified BSD
-from collections import defaultdict
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from datetime import datetime
-from inspect import signature
 import difflib
-from functools import partial
 import math
 import os
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import traceback
 import webbrowser
+from collections import defaultdict
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from datetime import datetime
+from functools import partial
+from inspect import signature
 
-from decorator import decorator
 import numpy as np
+from decorator import decorator
 from scipy.signal import argrelmax
 
-from ..defaults import _handle_default
 from .._fiff.constants import FIFF
 from .._fiff.meas_info import Info
 from .._fiff.open import show_fiff
 from .._fiff.pick import (
-    channel_type,
-    channel_indices_by_type,
-    pick_channels,
-    _pick_data_channels,
-    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
     _DATA_CH_TYPES_ORDER_DEFAULT,
+    _DATA_CH_TYPES_SPLIT,
     _VALID_CHANNEL_TYPES,
-    pick_info,
+    _contains_ch_type,
+    _pick_data_channels,
     _picks_by_type,
+    channel_indices_by_type,
+    channel_type,
+    pick_channels,
     pick_channels_cov,
-    _contains_ch_type,
+    pick_info,
 )
-from .._fiff.proj import setup_proj, Projection
+from .._fiff.proj import Projection, setup_proj
+from ..defaults import _handle_default
 from ..rank import compute_rank
+from ..transforms import apply_trans
 from ..utils import (
-    verbose,
-    get_config,
     _check_ch_locs,
+    _check_decim,
     _check_option,
-    logger,
-    fill_doc,
-    _pl,
     _check_sphere,
     _ensure_int,
-    _validate_type,
+    _pl,
     _to_rgb,
-    warn,
+    _validate_type,
     check_version,
-    _check_decim,
+    fill_doc,
+    get_config,
+    logger,
+    verbose,
+    warn,
 )
-from .ui_events import publish, subscribe, ColormapRange
-from ..transforms import apply_trans
-
+from .ui_events import ColormapRange, publish, subscribe
 
 _channel_type_prettyprint = {
     "eeg": "EEG channel",
@@ -190,6 +189,7 @@ def _show_browser(show=True, block=True, fig=None, **kwargs):
     else:
         from qtpy.QtCore import Qt
         from qtpy.QtWidgets import QApplication
+
         from .backends._utils import _qt_app_exec
 
         if fig is not None and os.getenv("_MNE_BROWSER_BACK", "").lower() == "true":
@@ -436,6 +436,7 @@ def _prepare_trellis(
     sharey=False,
 ):
     from matplotlib.gridspec import GridSpec
+
     from ._mpl_figure import _figure
 
     if n_cells == 1:
@@ -635,7 +636,8 @@ def figure_nobar(*args, **kwargs):
     fig : instance of Figure
         The figure.
     """
-    from matplotlib import rcParams, pyplot as plt
+    from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
+    from matplotlib import rcParams
 
     old_val = rcParams["toolbar"]
     try:
@@ -1124,10 +1126,10 @@ def plot_sensors(
             )
             # Avoid circular import
             from ..channels import (
-                read_vectorview_selection,
-                _SELECTIONS,
                 _EEG_SELECTIONS,
+                _SELECTIONS,
                 _divide_to_regions,
+                read_vectorview_selection,
             )
 
             if ch_groups == "position":
@@ -1238,10 +1240,11 @@ def _plot_sensors(
     linewidth=2,
 ):
     """Plot sensors."""
-    from matplotlib import rcParams
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    from matplotlib import rcParams
     from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D  # noqa: F401 analysis:ignore
-    from .topomap import _get_pos_outlines, _draw_outlines
+
+    from .topomap import _draw_outlines, _get_pos_outlines
 
     ch_names = [str(ch_name) for ch_name in ch_names]
     sphere = _check_sphere(sphere, info)
@@ -1375,8 +1378,8 @@ def _compute_scalings(scalings, inst, remove_dc=False, duration=10):
     scalings : dict
         A scalings dictionary with updated values
     """
-    from ..io import BaseRaw
     from ..epochs import BaseEpochs
+    from ..io import BaseRaw
 
     scalings = _handle_default("scalings_plot_raw", scalings)
     if not isinstance(inst, (BaseRaw, BaseEpochs)):
@@ -2442,8 +2445,9 @@ def _plot_psd(
 ):
     # helper function for Spectrum.plot()
     from matplotlib.ticker import ScalarFormatter
-    from .evoked import _plot_lines
+
     from ..stats import _ci
+    from .evoked import _plot_lines
 
     for key, ls in zip(["lowpass", "highpass", "line_freq"], ["--", "--", "-."]):
         if inst.info[key] is not None:
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index a9565e40d5a..0dc29069335 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ builtin = "clear,rare,informal,names,usage"
 skip = "doc/references.bib"
 
 [tool.ruff]
-select = ["E", "F", "W", "D"]
+select = ["E", "F", "W", "D", "I"]
 exclude = ["__init__.py", "constants.py", "resources.py"]
 ignore = [
     "D100", # Missing docstring in public module
diff --git a/tutorials/clinical/30_ecog.py b/tutorials/clinical/30_ecog.py
index b97b44c1036..d3ee7c9268c 100644
--- a/tutorials/clinical/30_ecog.py
+++ b/tutorials/clinical/30_ecog.py
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 from matplotlib import colormaps
 from mne_bids import BIDSPath, read_raw_bids
 
diff --git a/tutorials/clinical/60_sleep.py b/tutorials/clinical/60_sleep.py
index 55194922d22..a878b7747e7 100644
--- a/tutorials/clinical/60_sleep.py
+++ b/tutorials/clinical/60_sleep.py
@@ -33,19 +33,16 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
-import mne
-from mne.datasets.sleep_physionet.age import fetch_data
-
+import numpy as np
 from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
-from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
-from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
-from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
+from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, classification_report, confusion_matrix
 from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
 from sklearn.preprocessing import FunctionTransformer
 
+import mne
+from mne.datasets.sleep_physionet.age import fetch_data
+
 ##############################################################################
 # Load the data
 # -------------
diff --git a/tutorials/epochs/30_epochs_metadata.py b/tutorials/epochs/30_epochs_metadata.py
index 8754a76e561..214178fc275 100644
--- a/tutorials/epochs/30_epochs_metadata.py
+++ b/tutorials/epochs/30_epochs_metadata.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
+
 import mne
 
 kiloword_data_folder = mne.datasets.kiloword.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/epochs/40_autogenerate_metadata.py b/tutorials/epochs/40_autogenerate_metadata.py
index 01b9ed0d7ed..025277901d1 100644
--- a/tutorials/epochs/40_autogenerate_metadata.py
+++ b/tutorials/epochs/40_autogenerate_metadata.py
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@
 # %%
 
 from pathlib import Path
+
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
 
 data_dir = Path(mne.datasets.erp_core.data_path())
diff --git a/tutorials/epochs/60_make_fixed_length_epochs.py b/tutorials/epochs/60_make_fixed_length_epochs.py
index 9a6eace0ab9..a311842312a 100644
--- a/tutorials/epochs/60_make_fixed_length_epochs.py
+++ b/tutorials/epochs/60_make_fixed_length_epochs.py
@@ -30,11 +30,12 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from mne_connectivity import envelope_correlation
+
 import mne
 from mne.preprocessing import compute_proj_ecg
-from mne_connectivity import envelope_correlation
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
 sample_data_raw_file = sample_data_folder / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_raw.fif"
diff --git a/tutorials/evoked/30_eeg_erp.py b/tutorials/evoked/30_eeg_erp.py
index 1915b99e183..c6fcae797af 100644
--- a/tutorials/evoked/30_eeg_erp.py
+++ b/tutorials/evoked/30_eeg_erp.py
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
 
 root = mne.datasets.sample.data_path() / "MEG" / "sample"
diff --git a/tutorials/forward/20_source_alignment.py b/tutorials/forward/20_source_alignment.py
index 93b46375fb6..292e5346415 100644
--- a/tutorials/forward/20_source_alignment.py
+++ b/tutorials/forward/20_source_alignment.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import nibabel as nib
+import numpy as np
 from scipy import linalg
 
 import mne
diff --git a/tutorials/forward/35_eeg_no_mri.py b/tutorials/forward/35_eeg_no_mri.py
index 63ef7e016a9..504bc3b080b 100644
--- a/tutorials/forward/35_eeg_no_mri.py
+++ b/tutorials/forward/35_eeg_no_mri.py
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 
 import os.path as op
+
 import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import eegbci
-from mne.datasets import fetch_fsaverage
+from mne.datasets import eegbci, fetch_fsaverage
 
 # Download fsaverage files
 fs_dir = fetch_fsaverage(verbose=True)
diff --git a/tutorials/forward/50_background_freesurfer_mne.py b/tutorials/forward/50_background_freesurfer_mne.py
index 0150088de83..1afd6a5a278 100644
--- a/tutorials/forward/50_background_freesurfer_mne.py
+++ b/tutorials/forward/50_background_freesurfer_mne.py
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
-import nibabel
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import matplotlib.patheffects as path_effects
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import nibabel
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne.transforms import apply_trans
 from mne.io.constants import FIFF
+from mne.transforms import apply_trans
 
 # %%
 # MRI coordinate frames
diff --git a/tutorials/forward/80_fix_bem_in_blender.py b/tutorials/forward/80_fix_bem_in_blender.py
index 570dd9a0419..74ea1c69349 100644
--- a/tutorials/forward/80_fix_bem_in_blender.py
+++ b/tutorials/forward/80_fix_bem_in_blender.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 
 import os
 import shutil
+
 import mne
 
 data_path = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/intro/10_overview.py b/tutorials/intro/10_overview.py
index a0b5a65691e..e45e64085ba 100644
--- a/tutorials/intro/10_overview.py
+++ b/tutorials/intro/10_overview.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 
 # %%
diff --git a/tutorials/intro/20_events_from_raw.py b/tutorials/intro/20_events_from_raw.py
index a9dea99f55a..e448368a209 100644
--- a/tutorials/intro/20_events_from_raw.py
+++ b/tutorials/intro/20_events_from_raw.py
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/intro/50_configure_mne.py b/tutorials/intro/50_configure_mne.py
index 9c5d9d02f99..758726bed97 100644
--- a/tutorials/intro/50_configure_mne.py
+++ b/tutorials/intro/50_configure_mne.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
+
 import mne
 
 # %%
diff --git a/tutorials/intro/70_report.py b/tutorials/intro/70_report.py
index 12f04772ce8..a7d3b02b2b3 100644
--- a/tutorials/intro/70_report.py
+++ b/tutorials/intro/70_report.py
@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@
 
 # %%
 
-from pathlib import Path
 import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 import scipy.ndimage
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
 
 data_path = Path(mne.datasets.sample.data_path(verbose=False))
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/20_dipole_fit.py b/tutorials/inverse/20_dipole_fit.py
index c81c16f3252..567c7d9b75e 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/20_dipole_fit.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/20_dipole_fit.py
@@ -13,17 +13,16 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from nilearn.datasets import load_mni152_template
+from nilearn.plotting import plot_anat
 
 import mne
-from mne.forward import make_forward_dipole
 from mne.evoked import combine_evoked
+from mne.forward import make_forward_dipole
 from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked
 
-from nilearn.plotting import plot_anat
-from nilearn.datasets import load_mni152_template
-
 data_path = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
 subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
 fname_ave = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis-ave.fif"
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/30_mne_dspm_loreta.py b/tutorials/inverse/30_mne_dspm_loreta.py
index 90d688eafc9..af3dc2a8e53 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/30_mne_dspm_loreta.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/30_mne_dspm_loreta.py
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 
 # %%
 # Process MEG data
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/35_dipole_orientations.py b/tutorials/inverse/35_dipole_orientations.py
index bc5c74ca44b..bffc5ad1fc0 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/35_dipole_orientations.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/35_dipole_orientations.py
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@
 # ---------
 # Load everything we need to perform source localization on the sample dataset.
 
-import mne
 import numpy as np
+
+import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 
 data_path = sample.data_path()
 meg_path = data_path / "MEG" / "sample"
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/40_mne_fixed_free.py b/tutorials/inverse/40_mne_fixed_free.py
index c862c5898e4..c91815b513d 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/40_mne_fixed_free.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/40_mne_fixed_free.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/50_beamformer_lcmv.py b/tutorials/inverse/50_beamformer_lcmv.py
index 9ccc5371d74..9015949c250 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/50_beamformer_lcmv.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/50_beamformer_lcmv.py
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@
 # %%
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import sample, fetch_fsaverage
-from mne.beamformer import make_lcmv, apply_lcmv
+from mne.beamformer import apply_lcmv, make_lcmv
+from mne.datasets import fetch_fsaverage, sample
 
 # %%
 # Introduction to beamformers
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/60_visualize_stc.py b/tutorials/inverse/60_visualize_stc.py
index 3be86643c61..2d06089c846 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/60_visualize_stc.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/60_visualize_stc.py
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne.datasets import sample, fetch_hcp_mmp_parcellation
-from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
 from mne import read_evokeds
+from mne.datasets import fetch_hcp_mmp_parcellation, sample
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
 
 data_path = sample.data_path()
 meg_path = data_path / "MEG" / "sample"
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/70_eeg_mri_coords.py b/tutorials/inverse/70_eeg_mri_coords.py
index 11f19b916f4..0586b3084c1 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/70_eeg_mri_coords.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/70_eeg_mri_coords.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 # %%
 
 import nibabel
-from nilearn.plotting import plot_glass_brain
 import numpy as np
+from nilearn.plotting import plot_glass_brain
 
 import mne
 from mne.channels import compute_native_head_t, read_custom_montage
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/80_brainstorm_phantom_elekta.py b/tutorials/inverse/80_brainstorm_phantom_elekta.py
index 95a2a8e8f59..2da04a19c0d 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/80_brainstorm_phantom_elekta.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/80_brainstorm_phantom_elekta.py
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne import find_events, fit_dipole
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/85_brainstorm_phantom_ctf.py b/tutorials/inverse/85_brainstorm_phantom_ctf.py
index 6c44477365a..857ff7397fe 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/85_brainstorm_phantom_ctf.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/85_brainstorm_phantom_ctf.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
 
 import warnings
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
 from mne import fit_dipole
diff --git a/tutorials/inverse/90_phantom_4DBTi.py b/tutorials/inverse/90_phantom_4DBTi.py
index 7c7bdd6c8b0..12b4643049f 100644
--- a/tutorials/inverse/90_phantom_4DBTi.py
+++ b/tutorials/inverse/90_phantom_4DBTi.py
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@
 # %%
 
 import os.path as op
+
 import numpy as np
-from mne.datasets import phantom_4dbti
+
 import mne
+from mne.datasets import phantom_4dbti
 
 # %%
 # Read data and compute a dipole fit at the peak of the evoked response
diff --git a/tutorials/io/30_reading_fnirs_data.py b/tutorials/io/30_reading_fnirs_data.py
index 789450ceb79..e87b0efa81b 100644
--- a/tutorials/io/30_reading_fnirs_data.py
+++ b/tutorials/io/30_reading_fnirs_data.py
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
+
 import mne
 
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 2
diff --git a/tutorials/io/60_ctf_bst_auditory.py b/tutorials/io/60_ctf_bst_auditory.py
index 01a65ef3234..20ef8d32534 100644
--- a/tutorials/io/60_ctf_bst_auditory.py
+++ b/tutorials/io/60_ctf_bst_auditory.py
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import pandas as pd
 import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
 
 import mne
 from mne import combine_evoked
-from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse
 from mne.datasets.brainstorm import bst_auditory
 from mne.io import read_raw_ctf
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse
 
 # %%
 # To reduce memory consumption and running time, some of the steps are
diff --git a/tutorials/io/70_reading_eyetracking_data.py b/tutorials/io/70_reading_eyetracking_data.py
index a9b1b1ffa76..c800b918323 100644
--- a/tutorials/io/70_reading_eyetracking_data.py
+++ b/tutorials/io/70_reading_eyetracking_data.py
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@
 """
 
 # %%
-from mne.io import read_raw_eyelink
 from mne.datasets import misc
+from mne.io import read_raw_eyelink
 
 # %%
 fpath = misc.data_path() / "eyetracking" / "eyelink"
diff --git a/tutorials/machine-learning/30_strf.py b/tutorials/machine-learning/30_strf.py
index 9cc53a7a2da..a1c184d4afb 100644
--- a/tutorials/machine-learning/30_strf.py
+++ b/tutorials/machine-learning/30_strf.py
@@ -21,16 +21,15 @@
 
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 7
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.io import loadmat
+from scipy.stats import multivariate_normal
+from sklearn.preprocessing import scale
 
 import mne
 from mne.decoding import ReceptiveField, TimeDelayingRidge
 
-from scipy.stats import multivariate_normal
-from scipy.io import loadmat
-from sklearn.preprocessing import scale
-
 rng = np.random.RandomState(1337)  # To make this example reproducible
 
 # %%
diff --git a/tutorials/machine-learning/50_decoding.py b/tutorials/machine-learning/50_decoding.py
index bd3b55e15e3..fe2addc87f3 100644
--- a/tutorials/machine-learning/50_decoding.py
+++ b/tutorials/machine-learning/50_decoding.py
@@ -25,24 +25,23 @@
 # %%
 # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 6
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-
+import numpy as np
+from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
 from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
 from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
-from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.decoding import (
-    SlidingEstimator,
+    CSP,
     GeneralizingEstimator,
+    LinearModel,
     Scaler,
+    SlidingEstimator,
+    Vectorizer,
     cross_val_multiscore,
-    LinearModel,
     get_coef,
-    Vectorizer,
-    CSP,
 )
 
 data_path = sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/10_preprocessing_overview.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/10_preprocessing_overview.py
index 8baf4c6c33e..ce2c77e3d84 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/10_preprocessing_overview.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/10_preprocessing_overview.py
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
+
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/15_handling_bad_channels.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/15_handling_bad_channels.py
index 151c15bf0f7..7385506bf34 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/15_handling_bad_channels.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/15_handling_bad_channels.py
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@
 
 import os
 from copy import deepcopy
+
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/20_rejecting_bad_data.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/20_rejecting_bad_data.py
index 6f9b86a6040..99228eb37d7 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/20_rejecting_bad_data.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/20_rejecting_bad_data.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
+
 import mne
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/25_background_filtering.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/25_background_filtering.py
index 09e5db8173e..0f60e8f1eb3 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/25_background_filtering.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/25_background_filtering.py
@@ -140,16 +140,15 @@
 # First let's import some useful tools for filtering, and set some default
 # values for our data that are reasonable for M/EEG.
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.fft import fft, fftfreq
 from scipy import signal
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
+import mne
 from mne.time_frequency.tfr import morlet
 from mne.viz import plot_filter, plot_ideal_filter
 
-import mne
-
 sfreq = 1000.0
 f_p = 40.0
 # limits for plotting
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/30_filtering_resampling.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/30_filtering_resampling.py
index 53b1f550fcc..13d5f199c6f 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/30_filtering_resampling.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/30_filtering_resampling.py
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
-import numpy as np
+
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/35_artifact_correction_regression.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/35_artifact_correction_regression.py
index 0e1be9da5ef..e328648a33c 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/35_artifact_correction_regression.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/35_artifact_correction_regression.py
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 from mne.preprocessing import EOGRegression
 
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/40_artifact_correction_ica.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/40_artifact_correction_ica.py
index 0c5a6d8a8be..72e61a69454 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/40_artifact_correction_ica.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/40_artifact_correction_ica.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
+
 import mne
 from mne.preprocessing import ICA, corrmap, create_ecg_epochs, create_eog_epochs
 
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/45_projectors_background.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/45_projectors_background.py
index a970def83a1..5c25fc798f3 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/45_projectors_background.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/45_projectors_background.py
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
-import numpy as np
+
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D  # noqa
 from scipy.linalg import svd
+
 import mne
 
 
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/50_artifact_correction_ssp.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/50_artifact_correction_ssp.py
index 55d18b276a6..6adcacfb4e0 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/50_artifact_correction_ssp.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/50_artifact_correction_ssp.py
@@ -18,14 +18,16 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
-import numpy as np
+
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 from mne.preprocessing import (
-    create_eog_epochs,
-    create_ecg_epochs,
     compute_proj_ecg,
     compute_proj_eog,
+    create_ecg_epochs,
+    create_eog_epochs,
 )
 
 # %%
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/55_setting_eeg_reference.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/55_setting_eeg_reference.py
index ac6e9131c8b..36254647700 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/55_setting_eeg_reference.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/55_setting_eeg_reference.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
+
 import mne
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/59_head_positions.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/59_head_positions.py
index 3605315a4d2..28c54fe3875 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/59_head_positions.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/59_head_positions.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 # %%
 
 from os import path as op
+
 import mne
 
 data_path = op.join(mne.datasets.testing.data_path(verbose=True), "SSS")
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/60_maxwell_filtering_sss.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/60_maxwell_filtering_sss.py
index a3659b1f765..c1453528975 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/60_maxwell_filtering_sss.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/60_maxwell_filtering_sss.py
@@ -15,10 +15,12 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
+
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import seaborn as sns
-import pandas as pd
 import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import seaborn as sns
+
 import mne
 from mne.preprocessing import find_bad_channels_maxwell
 
diff --git a/tutorials/preprocessing/70_fnirs_processing.py b/tutorials/preprocessing/70_fnirs_processing.py
index 886d99fc618..2e0f4f9fa0f 100644
--- a/tutorials/preprocessing/70_fnirs_processing.py
+++ b/tutorials/preprocessing/70_fnirs_processing.py
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
 """
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 from itertools import compress
 
-import mne
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
+import mne
 
 fnirs_data_folder = mne.datasets.fnirs_motor.data_path()
 fnirs_cw_amplitude_dir = fnirs_data_folder / "Participant-1"
diff --git a/tutorials/raw/10_raw_overview.py b/tutorials/raw/10_raw_overview.py
index 198cb5264ee..b059cba86dd 100644
--- a/tutorials/raw/10_raw_overview.py
+++ b/tutorials/raw/10_raw_overview.py
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@
 
 # %%
 import os
-import numpy as np
+
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 
 # %%
diff --git a/tutorials/raw/20_event_arrays.py b/tutorials/raw/20_event_arrays.py
index e13b1f361a7..4390634dfd8 100644
--- a/tutorials/raw/20_event_arrays.py
+++ b/tutorials/raw/20_event_arrays.py
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@
 # %%
 
 import os
+
 import numpy as np
+
 import mne
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/raw/30_annotate_raw.py b/tutorials/raw/30_annotate_raw.py
index 79d0577ed6b..90387f0a5e8 100644
--- a/tutorials/raw/30_annotate_raw.py
+++ b/tutorials/raw/30_annotate_raw.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import os
 from datetime import timedelta
+
 import mne
 
 sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
diff --git a/tutorials/simulation/70_point_spread.py b/tutorials/simulation/70_point_spread.py
index c197add9833..777c8996d3c 100644
--- a/tutorials/simulation/70_point_spread.py
+++ b/tutorials/simulation/70_point_spread.py
@@ -16,9 +16,8 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne.datasets import sample
-
-from mne.minimum_norm import read_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
-from mne.simulation import simulate_stc, simulate_evoked
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
+from mne.simulation import simulate_evoked, simulate_stc
 
 # %%
 # First, we set some parameters.
diff --git a/tutorials/simulation/80_dics.py b/tutorials/simulation/80_dics.py
index 951671df1e4..61e6fedcc44 100644
--- a/tutorials/simulation/80_dics.py
+++ b/tutorials/simulation/80_dics.py
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@
 # We first import the required packages to run this tutorial and define a list
 # of filenames for various things we'll be using.
 import numpy as np
-from scipy.signal import welch, coherence, unit_impulse
 from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
+from scipy.signal import coherence, unit_impulse, welch
 
 import mne
-from mne.simulation import simulate_raw, add_noise
+from mne.beamformer import apply_dics_csd, make_dics
 from mne.datasets import sample
-from mne.minimum_norm import make_inverse_operator, apply_inverse
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, make_inverse_operator
+from mne.simulation import add_noise, simulate_raw
 from mne.time_frequency import csd_morlet
-from mne.beamformer import make_dics, apply_dics_csd
 
 # We use the MEG and MRI setup from the MNE-sample dataset
 data_path = sample.data_path(download=False)
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/10_background_stats.py b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/10_background_stats.py
index 412715b3042..1d0c88149a6 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/10_background_stats.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/10_background_stats.py
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@
 
 from functools import partial
 
-import numpy as np
-from scipy import stats
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D  # noqa: F401, analysis:ignore
+from scipy import stats
 
 import mne
 from mne.stats import (
-    ttest_1samp_no_p,
     bonferroni_correction,
     fdr_correction,
-    permutation_t_test,
     permutation_cluster_1samp_test,
+    permutation_t_test,
+    ttest_1samp_no_p,
 )
 
 # %%
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/20_erp_stats.py b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/20_erp_stats.py
index 504a323cbe6..08b5a583ffc 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/20_erp_stats.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/20_erp_stats.py
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 from scipy.stats import ttest_ind
 
 import mne
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/40_cluster_1samp_time_freq.py b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/40_cluster_1samp_time_freq.py
index cf49f48ddf4..e6ced1c8903 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/40_cluster_1samp_time_freq.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/40_cluster_1samp_time_freq.py
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 import scipy.stats
 
 import mne
-from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet
-from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_1samp_test
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_1samp_test
+from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet
 
 # %%
 # Set parameters
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/50_cluster_between_time_freq.py b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/50_cluster_between_time_freq.py
index 69bdbbc5d91..790de36a42c 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/50_cluster_between_time_freq.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/50_cluster_between_time_freq.py
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet
-from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_test
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_test
+from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/70_cluster_rmANOVA_time_freq.py b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/70_cluster_rmANOVA_time_freq.py
index a57112bedc4..f7b274d3ce4 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/70_cluster_rmANOVA_time_freq.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/70_cluster_rmANOVA_time_freq.py
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 import mne
-from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet
-from mne.stats import f_threshold_mway_rm, f_mway_rm, fdr_correction
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.stats import f_mway_rm, f_threshold_mway_rm, fdr_correction
+from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/75_cluster_ftest_spatiotemporal.py b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/75_cluster_ftest_spatiotemporal.py
index 7a3234c5346..7c3e272a933 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/75_cluster_ftest_spatiotemporal.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-sensor-space/75_cluster_ftest_spatiotemporal.py
@@ -31,17 +31,17 @@
 
 # %%
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
+import numpy as np
 import scipy.stats
+from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
 
 import mne
-from mne.stats import spatio_temporal_cluster_test, combine_adjacency
-from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.channels import find_ch_adjacency
-from mne.viz import plot_compare_evokeds
+from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.stats import combine_adjacency, spatio_temporal_cluster_test
 from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet
+from mne.viz import plot_compare_evokeds
 
 # %%
 # Set parameters
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-source-space/20_cluster_1samp_spatiotemporal.py b/tutorials/stats-source-space/20_cluster_1samp_spatiotemporal.py
index 4c766b5bbbc..d2210f56842 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-source-space/20_cluster_1samp_spatiotemporal.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-source-space/20_cluster_1samp_spatiotemporal.py
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@
 from scipy import stats as stats
 
 import mne
+from mne.datasets import sample
 from mne.epochs import equalize_epoch_counts
-from mne.stats import spatio_temporal_cluster_1samp_test, summarize_clusters_stc
 from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
-from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.stats import spatio_temporal_cluster_1samp_test, summarize_clusters_stc
 
 # %%
 # Set parameters
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-source-space/30_cluster_ftest_spatiotemporal.py b/tutorials/stats-source-space/30_cluster_ftest_spatiotemporal.py
index 88c739411a3..118011c32f6 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-source-space/30_cluster_ftest_spatiotemporal.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-source-space/30_cluster_ftest_spatiotemporal.py
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 
 import mne
 from mne import spatial_src_adjacency
-from mne.stats import spatio_temporal_cluster_test, summarize_clusters_stc
 from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.stats import spatio_temporal_cluster_test, summarize_clusters_stc
 
 print(__doc__)
 
diff --git a/tutorials/stats-source-space/60_cluster_rmANOVA_spatiotemporal.py b/tutorials/stats-source-space/60_cluster_rmANOVA_spatiotemporal.py
index 3c41afe8fc3..dd9d405dd13 100644
--- a/tutorials/stats-source-space/60_cluster_rmANOVA_spatiotemporal.py
+++ b/tutorials/stats-source-space/60_cluster_rmANOVA_spatiotemporal.py
@@ -23,21 +23,20 @@
 
 # %%
 
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.random import randn
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 import mne
+from mne.datasets import sample
+from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
 from mne.stats import (
-    spatio_temporal_cluster_test,
-    f_threshold_mway_rm,
     f_mway_rm,
+    f_threshold_mway_rm,
+    spatio_temporal_cluster_test,
     summarize_clusters_stc,
 )
 
-from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse, read_inverse_operator
-from mne.datasets import sample
-
 print(__doc__)
 
 # %%
diff --git a/tutorials/time-freq/50_ssvep.py b/tutorials/time-freq/50_ssvep.py
index c5fa54ff1f1..611d6b19fe9 100644
--- a/tutorials/time-freq/50_ssvep.py
+++ b/tutorials/time-freq/50_ssvep.py
@@ -43,10 +43,11 @@
 # %%
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import mne
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.stats import ttest_rel
 
+import mne
+
 # %%
 # Data preprocessing
 # ------------------
diff --git a/tutorials/visualization/10_publication_figure.py b/tutorials/visualization/10_publication_figure.py
index 9ca5cf03fc5..cc6d83b29f8 100644
--- a/tutorials/visualization/10_publication_figure.py
+++ b/tutorials/visualization/10_publication_figure.py
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
 # -------
 # We are importing everything we need for this example:
 
-import numpy as np
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable, ImageGrid, inset_locator
+import numpy as np
+from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import ImageGrid, inset_locator, make_axes_locatable
 
 import mne
 
diff --git a/tutorials/visualization/20_ui_events.py b/tutorials/visualization/20_ui_events.py
index 1c799a60956..014a8d2a057 100644
--- a/tutorials/visualization/20_ui_events.py
+++ b/tutorials/visualization/20_ui_events.py
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@
 # Author: Marijn van Vliet <w.m.vanvliet@gmail.com>
 #
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
-import mne
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-from mne.viz.ui_events import publish, subscribe, link, TimeChange
+
+import mne
+from mne.viz.ui_events import TimeChange, link, publish, subscribe
 
 # Turn on interactivity
 plt.ion()