diff --git a/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CollectionUtils.java b/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CollectionUtils.java
index a6eee8fe8757..4127d1adf178 100644
--- a/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CollectionUtils.java
+++ b/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CollectionUtils.java
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 import java.util.Properties;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
 
 import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
 
@@ -506,4 +508,42 @@ public static <K, V> MultiValueMap<K, V> unmodifiableMultiValueMap(
 		return new UnmodifiableMultiValueMap<>(targetMap);
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Return a (partially unmodifiable) map that combines the provided two
+	 * maps. Invoking {@link Map#put(Object, Object)} or {@link Map#putAll(Map)}
+	 * on the returned map results in an {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
+	 * @param first the first map to compose
+	 * @param second the second map to compose
+	 * @return a new map that composes the given two maps
+	 * @since 6.2
+	 */
+	public static <K, V> Map<K, V> compositeMap(Map<K,V> first, Map<K,V> second) {
+		return new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return a map that combines the provided maps. Invoking
+	 * {@link Map#put(Object, Object)} on the returned map will apply
+	 * {@code putFunction}, or will throw an
+	 * {@link UnsupportedOperationException} {@code putFunction} is
+	 * {@code null}. The same applies to {@link Map#putAll(Map)} and
+	 * {@code putAllFunction}.
+	 * @param first the first map to compose
+	 * @param second the second map to compose
+	 * @param putFunction applied when {@code Map::put} is invoked. If
+	 * {@code null}, {@code Map::put} throws an
+	 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
+	 * @param putAllFunction applied when {@code Map::putAll} is invoked. If
+	 * {@code null}, {@code Map::putAll} throws an
+	 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
+	 * @return a new map that composes the give maps
+	 * @since 6.2
+	 */
+	public static <K, V> Map<K, V> compositeMap(Map<K,V> first, Map<K,V> second,
+			@Nullable BiFunction<K, V, V> putFunction,
+			@Nullable Consumer<Map<K, V>> putAllFunction) {
+
+		return new CompositeMap<>(first, second, putFunction, putAllFunction);
+	}
+
 }
diff --git a/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeCollection.java b/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeCollection.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..724df89ff413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeCollection.java
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.util;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+
+/**
+ * Composite collection that combines two other collections. This type is only
+ * exposed through {@link CompositeMap#values()}.
+ *
+ * @author Arjen Poutsma
+ * @since 6.2
+ * @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this collection
+ */
+class CompositeCollection<E> implements Collection<E> {
+
+	private final Collection<E> first;
+
+	private final Collection<E> second;
+
+
+	CompositeCollection(Collection<E> first, Collection<E> second) {
+		Assert.notNull(first, "First must not be null");
+		Assert.notNull(second, "Second must not be null");
+		this.first = first;
+		this.second = second;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int size() {
+		return this.first.size() + this.second.size();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isEmpty() {
+		return this.first.isEmpty() && this.second.isEmpty();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean contains(Object o) {
+		if (this.first.contains(o)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		else {
+			return this.second.contains(o);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+		CompositeIterator<E> iterator = new CompositeIterator<>();
+		iterator.add(this.first.iterator());
+		iterator.add(this.second.iterator());
+		return iterator;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Object[] toArray() {
+		Object[] result = new Object[size()];
+		Object[] firstArray = this.first.toArray();
+		Object[] secondArray = this.second.toArray();
+		System.arraycopy(firstArray, 0, result, 0, firstArray.length);
+		System.arraycopy(secondArray, 0, result, firstArray.length, secondArray.length);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
+		int size = this.size();
+		T[] result;
+		if (a.length >= size) {
+			result = a;
+		}
+		else {
+			result = (T[]) Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), size);
+		}
+
+		int idx = 0;
+		for (E e : this) {
+			result[idx++] = (T) e;
+		}
+		if (result.length > size) {
+			result[size] = null;
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean add(E e) {
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean remove(Object o) {
+		boolean firstResult = this.first.remove(o);
+		boolean secondResult = this.second.remove(o);
+		return firstResult || secondResult;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
+		for (Object o : c) {
+			if (!contains(o)) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
+		boolean changed = false;
+		for (E e : c) {
+			if (add(e)) {
+				changed = true;
+			}
+		}
+		return changed;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
+		if (c.isEmpty()) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		boolean firstResult = this.first.removeAll(c);
+		boolean secondResult = this.second.removeAll(c);
+
+		return firstResult || secondResult;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
+		boolean firstResult = this.first.retainAll(c);
+		boolean secondResult = this.second.retainAll(c);
+
+		return firstResult || secondResult;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void clear() {
+		this.first.clear();
+		this.second.clear();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeMap.java b/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeMap.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3a1ff07b07e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeMap.java
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.util;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
+
+/**
+ * Composite map that combines two other maps. This type is created via
+ * {@link CollectionUtils#compositeMap(Map, Map, BiFunction, Consumer)}.
+ *
+ * @author Arjen Poutsma
+ * @since 6.2
+ * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
+ * @param <V> the type of mapped values
+ */
+final class CompositeMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V> {
+
+	private final Map<K,V> first;
+
+	private final Map<K,V> second;
+
+	@Nullable
+	private final BiFunction<K,V,V> putFunction;
+
+	@Nullable
+	private final Consumer<Map<K, V>> putAllFunction;
+
+
+	CompositeMap(Map<K, V> first, Map<K, V> second) {
+		this(first, second, null, null);
+	}
+
+	CompositeMap(Map<K, V> first, Map<K, V> second,
+			@Nullable BiFunction<K, V, V> putFunction,
+			@Nullable Consumer<Map<K,V>> putAllFunction) {
+
+		Assert.notNull(first, "First must not be null");
+		Assert.notNull(second, "Second must not be null");
+		this.first = first;
+		this.second = second;
+		this.putFunction = putFunction;
+		this.putAllFunction = putAllFunction;
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public int size() {
+		return this.first.size() + this.second.size();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isEmpty() {
+		return this.first.isEmpty() && this.second.isEmpty();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
+		if (this.first.containsKey(key)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		else {
+			return this.second.containsKey(key);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
+		if (this.first.containsValue(value)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		else {
+			return this.second.containsValue(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	@Nullable
+	public V get(Object key) {
+		V firstResult = this.first.get(key);
+		if (firstResult != null) {
+			return firstResult;
+		}
+		else {
+			return this.second.get(key);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	@Nullable
+	public V put(K key, V value) {
+		if (this.putFunction == null) {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+		}
+		else {
+			return this.putFunction.apply(key, value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	@Nullable
+	public V remove(Object key) {
+		V firstResult = this.first.remove(key);
+		V secondResult = this.second.remove(key);
+		if (firstResult != null) {
+			return firstResult;
+		}
+		else {
+			return secondResult;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
+		if (this.putAllFunction != null) {
+			this.putAllFunction.accept((Map<K, V>) m);
+		}
+		else {
+			for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
+				put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void clear() {
+		this.first.clear();
+		this.second.clear();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Set<K> keySet() {
+		return new CompositeSet<>(this.first.keySet(), this.second.keySet());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Collection<V> values() {
+		return new CompositeCollection<>(this.first.values(), this.second.values());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
+		return new CompositeSet<>(this.first.entrySet(), this.second.entrySet());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		Iterator<Entry<K, V>> i = entrySet().iterator();
+		if (!i.hasNext()) {
+			return "{}";
+		}
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append('{');
+		while (true) {
+			Entry<K, V> e = i.next();
+			K key = e.getKey();
+			V value = e.getValue();
+			sb.append(key == this ? "(this Map)" : key);
+			sb.append('=');
+			sb.append(value == this ? "(this Map)" : value);
+			if (!i.hasNext()) {
+				return sb.append('}').toString();
+			}
+			sb.append(',').append(' ');
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeSet.java b/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeSet.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5bee6e65bd26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spring-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeSet.java
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.util;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Composite set that combines two other sets. This type is only exposed through
+ * {@link CompositeMap#keySet()} and {@link CompositeMap#entrySet()}.
+ *
+ * @author Arjen Poutsma
+ * @since 6.2
+ * @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this set
+ */
+final class CompositeSet<E> extends CompositeCollection<E> implements Set<E> {
+
+	CompositeSet(Set<E> first, Set<E> second) {
+		super(first, second);
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+		if (obj == this) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		else if (obj instanceof Set<?> set) {
+			if (set.size() != size()) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			try {
+				return containsAll(set);
+			}
+			catch (ClassCastException | NullPointerException ignored) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		else {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int hashCode() {
+		int hashCode = 0;
+		for (E obj : this) {
+			if (obj != null) {
+				hashCode += obj.hashCode();
+			}
+		}
+		return hashCode;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeCollectionTests.java b/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeCollectionTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b299c5c36d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeCollectionTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.util;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
+
+/**
+ * @author Arjen Poutsma
+ */
+class CompositeCollectionTests {
+
+	@Test
+	void size() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar", "baz");
+		List<String> second = List.of("qux", "quux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite).hasSize(5);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void isEmpty() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar", "baz");
+		List<String> second = List.of("qux", "quux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite).isNotEmpty();
+
+		composite = new CompositeCollection<>(Collections.emptyList(), Collections.emptyList());
+		assertThat(composite).isEmpty();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void contains() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar");
+		List<String> second = List.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.contains("foo")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.contains("bar")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.contains("baz")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.contains("qux")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.contains("quux")).isFalse();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void iterator() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar");
+		List<String> second = List.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		Iterator<String> iterator = composite.iterator();
+		assertThat(iterator).hasNext();
+		assertThat(iterator.next()).isEqualTo("foo");
+		assertThat(iterator).hasNext();
+		assertThat(iterator.next()).isEqualTo("bar");
+		assertThat(iterator).hasNext();
+		assertThat(iterator.next()).isEqualTo("baz");
+		assertThat(iterator).hasNext();
+		assertThat(iterator.next()).isEqualTo("qux");
+		assertThat(iterator).isExhausted();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void toArray() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar");
+		List<String> second = List.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		Object[] array = composite.toArray();
+		assertThat(array).containsExactly("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void toArrayArgs() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar");
+		List<String> second = List.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		String[] array = new String[composite.size()];
+		array = composite.toArray(array);
+		assertThat(array).containsExactly("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void add() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar");
+		List<String> second = List.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThatExceptionOfType(UnsupportedOperationException.class).isThrownBy(() -> composite.add("quux"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void remove() {
+		List<String> first = new ArrayList<>(List.of("foo", "bar"));
+		List<String> second = new ArrayList<>(List.of("baz", "qux"));
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.remove("foo")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.contains("foo")).isFalse();
+		assertThat(first).containsExactly("bar");
+
+		assertThat(composite.remove("quux")).isFalse();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void containsAll() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar");
+		List<String> second = List.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		List<String> all = new ArrayList<>(first);
+		all.addAll(second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.containsAll(all)).isTrue();
+
+		all.add("quux");
+
+		assertThat(composite.containsAll(all)).isFalse();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void addAll() {
+		List<String> first = List.of("foo", "bar");
+		List<String> second = List.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThatExceptionOfType(UnsupportedOperationException.class).isThrownBy(() -> composite.addAll(List.of("quux", "corge")));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void removeAll() {
+		List<String> first = new ArrayList<>(List.of("foo", "bar"));
+		List<String> second = new ArrayList<>(List.of("baz", "qux"));
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		List<String> all = new ArrayList<>(first);
+		all.addAll(second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.removeAll(all)).isTrue();
+
+		assertThat(composite).isEmpty();
+		assertThat(first).isEmpty();
+		assertThat(second).isEmpty();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void retainAll() {
+		List<String> first = new ArrayList<>(List.of("foo", "bar"));
+		List<String> second = new ArrayList<>(List.of("baz", "qux"));
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.retainAll(List.of("bar", "baz"))).isTrue();
+
+		assertThat(composite).containsExactly("bar", "baz");
+		assertThat(first).containsExactly("bar");
+		assertThat(second).containsExactly("baz");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void clear() {
+		List<String> first = new ArrayList<>(List.of("foo", "bar"));
+		List<String> second = new ArrayList<>(List.of("baz", "qux"));
+		CompositeCollection<String> composite = new CompositeCollection<>(first, second);
+
+		composite.clear();
+
+		assertThat(composite).isEmpty();
+		assertThat(first).isEmpty();
+		assertThat(second).isEmpty();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeMapTests.java b/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeMapTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a32dad844656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeMapTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.util;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.entry;
+
+/**
+ * @author Arjen Poutsma
+ */
+class CompositeMapTests {
+
+	@Test
+	void size() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("quux", "corge");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite).hasSize(3);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void isEmpty() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("quux", "corge");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite).isNotEmpty();
+
+		composite = new CompositeMap<>(Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap());
+		assertThat(composite).isEmpty();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void containsKey() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("quux", "corge");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.containsKey("foo")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.containsKey("bar")).isFalse();
+		assertThat(composite.containsKey("baz")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.containsKey("qux")).isFalse();
+		assertThat(composite.containsKey("quux")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.containsKey("corge")).isFalse();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void containsValue() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("quux", "corge");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.containsValue("foo")).isFalse();
+		assertThat(composite.containsValue("bar")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.containsValue("baz")).isFalse();
+		assertThat(composite.containsValue("qux")).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.containsValue("quux")).isFalse();
+		assertThat(composite.containsValue("corge")).isTrue();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void get() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("quux", "corge");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.get("foo")).isEqualTo("bar");
+		assertThat(composite.get("baz")).isEqualTo("qux");
+		assertThat(composite.get("quux")).isEqualTo("corge");
+
+		assertThat(composite.get("grault")).isNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void putUnsupported() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThatExceptionOfType(UnsupportedOperationException.class).isThrownBy(() -> composite.put("grault", "garply"));
+	}
+	@Test
+	void putSupported() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second, (k,v) -> {
+			assertThat(k).isEqualTo("quux");
+			assertThat(v).isEqualTo("corge");
+			return "grault";
+		}, null);
+
+		assertThat(composite.put("quux", "corge")).isEqualTo("grault");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void remove() {
+		Map<String, String> first = new HashMap<>(Map.of("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"));
+		Map<String, String> second = new HashMap<>(Map.of("quux", "corge"));
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.remove("foo")).isEqualTo("bar");
+		assertThat(composite.containsKey("foo")).isFalse();
+		assertThat(first).containsExactly(entry("baz", "qux"));
+
+		assertThat(composite.remove("grault")).isNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void putAllUnsupported() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("baz", "qux");
+
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		assertThatExceptionOfType(UnsupportedOperationException.class).isThrownBy(() -> composite.putAll(Map.of("quux", "corge", "grault", "garply")));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void putAllPutFunction() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("baz", "qux");
+
+		AtomicBoolean functionInvoked = new AtomicBoolean();
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second, (k,v) -> {
+			assertThat(k).isEqualTo("quux");
+			assertThat(v).isEqualTo("corge");
+			functionInvoked.set(true);
+			return "grault";
+		}, null);
+
+		composite.putAll(Map.of("quux", "corge"));
+
+		assertThat(functionInvoked).isTrue();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void putAllPutAllFunction() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("baz", "qux");
+
+		AtomicBoolean functionInvoked = new AtomicBoolean();
+		Map<String, String> argument = Map.of("quux", "corge");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second, null,
+				m -> {
+					assertThat(m).isSameAs(argument);
+					functionInvoked.set(true);
+				});
+
+		composite.putAll(argument);
+
+		assertThat(functionInvoked).isTrue();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void clear() {
+		Map<String, String> first = new HashMap<>(Map.of("foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"));
+		Map<String, String> second = new HashMap<>(Map.of("quux", "corge"));
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		composite.clear();
+
+		assertThat(composite).isEmpty();
+		assertThat(first).isEmpty();
+		assertThat(second).isEmpty();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void keySet() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		Set<String> keySet = composite.keySet();
+		assertThat(keySet).containsExactly("foo", "baz");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void values() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		Collection<String> values = composite.values();
+		assertThat(values).containsExactly("bar", "qux");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void entrySet() {
+		Map<String, String> first = Map.of("foo", "bar");
+		Map<String, String> second = Map.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeMap<String, String> composite = new CompositeMap<>(first, second);
+
+		Set<Map.Entry<String, String>> entries = composite.entrySet();
+		assertThat(entries).containsExactly(entry("foo", "bar"), entry("baz", "qux"));
+	}
+}
diff --git a/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeSetTests.java b/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeSetTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f45b53f2d090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spring-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/util/CompositeSetTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.util;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+/**
+ * @author Arjen Poutsma
+ */
+class CompositeSetTests {
+
+	@Test
+	void testEquals() {
+		Set<String> first = Set.of("foo", "bar");
+		Set<String> second = Set.of("baz", "qux");
+		CompositeSet<String> composite = new CompositeSet<>(first, second);
+
+		Set<String> all = new HashSet<>(first);
+		all.addAll(second);
+
+		assertThat(composite.equals(all)).isTrue();
+		assertThat(composite.equals(first)).isFalse();
+		assertThat(composite.equals(second)).isFalse();
+		assertThat(composite.equals(Collections.emptySet())).isFalse();
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/spring-webflux/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/reactive/function/server/RequestPredicates.java b/spring-webflux/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/reactive/function/server/RequestPredicates.java
index 856f9e3f51c2..4599215700c9 100644
--- a/spring-webflux/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/reactive/function/server/RequestPredicates.java
+++ b/spring-webflux/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/reactive/function/server/RequestPredicates.java
@@ -329,28 +329,6 @@ private static PathPattern mergePatterns(@Nullable PathPattern oldPattern, PathP
 		}
 	}
 
-	private static <K, V> Map<K, V> mergeMaps(Map<K, V> left, Map<K, V> right) {
-		if (left.isEmpty()) {
-			if (right.isEmpty()) {
-				return Collections.emptyMap();
-			}
-			else {
-				return right;
-			}
-		}
-		else {
-			if (right.isEmpty()) {
-				return left;
-			}
-			else {
-				Map<K, V> result = CollectionUtils.newLinkedHashMap(left.size() + right.size());
-				result.putAll(left);
-				result.putAll(right);
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 
 	/**
 	 * Receives notifications from the logical structure of request predicates.
@@ -640,7 +618,7 @@ protected Result testInternal(ServerRequest request) {
 		private void modifyAttributes(Map<String, Object> attributes, ServerRequest request,
 				Map<String, String> variables) {
 
-			Map<String, String> pathVariables = mergeMaps(request.pathVariables(), variables);
+			Map<String, String> pathVariables = CollectionUtils.compositeMap(request.pathVariables(), variables);
 
 			attributes.put(RouterFunctions.URI_TEMPLATE_VARIABLES_ATTRIBUTE,
 					Collections.unmodifiableMap(pathVariables));
@@ -1334,7 +1312,9 @@ private static class ExtendedAttributesServerRequestWrapper extends DelegatingSe
 		public ExtendedAttributesServerRequestWrapper(ServerRequest delegate, Map<String, Object> newAttributes) {
 			super(delegate);
 			Assert.notNull(newAttributes, "NewAttributes must not be null");
-			this.attributes = mergeMaps(delegate.attributes(), newAttributes);
+			Map<String, Object> oldAttributes = delegate.attributes();
+			this.attributes = CollectionUtils.compositeMap(newAttributes, oldAttributes, newAttributes::put,
+					newAttributes::putAll);
 		}
 
 		@Override
@@ -1383,12 +1363,21 @@ private static Map<String, Object> mergeAttributes(ServerRequest request, Map<St
 
 
 			Map<String, String> oldPathVariables = request.pathVariables();
+			Map<String, String> pathVariables;
+			if (oldPathVariables.isEmpty()) {
+				pathVariables = newPathVariables;
+			}
+			else {
+				pathVariables = CollectionUtils.compositeMap(oldPathVariables, newPathVariables);
+			}
+
 			PathPattern oldPathPattern = (PathPattern) request.attribute(RouterFunctions.MATCHING_PATTERN_ATTRIBUTE)
 					.orElse(null);
+			PathPattern pathPattern = mergePatterns(oldPathPattern, newPathPattern);
 
-			Map<String, Object> result = new LinkedHashMap<>(2);
-			result.put(RouterFunctions.URI_TEMPLATE_VARIABLES_ATTRIBUTE, mergeMaps(oldPathVariables, newPathVariables));
-			result.put(RouterFunctions.MATCHING_PATTERN_ATTRIBUTE, mergePatterns(oldPathPattern, newPathPattern));
+			Map<String, Object> result = CollectionUtils.newLinkedHashMap(2);
+			result.put(RouterFunctions.URI_TEMPLATE_VARIABLES_ATTRIBUTE, pathVariables);
+			result.put(RouterFunctions.MATCHING_PATTERN_ATTRIBUTE, pathPattern);
 			return result;
 		}
 
diff --git a/spring-webmvc/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/servlet/function/RequestPredicates.java b/spring-webmvc/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/servlet/function/RequestPredicates.java
index 5cd3e45a5945..ecd097495cfd 100644
--- a/spring-webmvc/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/servlet/function/RequestPredicates.java
+++ b/spring-webmvc/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/servlet/function/RequestPredicates.java
@@ -327,28 +327,6 @@ private static PathPattern mergePatterns(@Nullable PathPattern oldPattern, PathP
 		}
 	}
 
-	private static <K, V> Map<K, V> mergeMaps(Map<K, V> left, Map<K, V> right) {
-		if (left.isEmpty()) {
-			if (right.isEmpty()) {
-				return Collections.emptyMap();
-			}
-			else {
-				return right;
-			}
-		}
-		else {
-			if (right.isEmpty()) {
-				return left;
-			}
-			else {
-				Map<K, V> result = CollectionUtils.newLinkedHashMap(left.size() + right.size());
-				result.putAll(left);
-				result.putAll(right);
-				return result;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 
 	/**
 	 * Receives notifications from the logical structure of request predicates.
@@ -638,7 +616,7 @@ protected Result testInternal(ServerRequest request) {
 		private void modifyAttributes(Map<String, Object> attributes, ServerRequest request,
 				Map<String, String> variables) {
 
-			Map<String, String> pathVariables = mergeMaps(request.pathVariables(), variables);
+			Map<String, String> pathVariables = CollectionUtils.compositeMap(request.pathVariables(), variables);
 
 			attributes.put(RouterFunctions.URI_TEMPLATE_VARIABLES_ATTRIBUTE,
 					Collections.unmodifiableMap(pathVariables));
@@ -1302,7 +1280,9 @@ private static class ExtendedAttributesServerRequestWrapper extends DelegatingSe
 		public ExtendedAttributesServerRequestWrapper(ServerRequest delegate, Map<String, Object> newAttributes) {
 			super(delegate);
 			Assert.notNull(newAttributes, "NewAttributes must not be null");
-			this.attributes = mergeMaps(delegate.attributes(), newAttributes);
+			Map<String, Object> oldAttributes = delegate.attributes();
+			this.attributes = CollectionUtils.compositeMap(newAttributes, oldAttributes, newAttributes::put,
+					newAttributes::putAll);
 		}
 
 		@Override
@@ -1351,12 +1331,21 @@ private static Map<String, Object> mergeAttributes(ServerRequest request, Map<St
 
 
 			Map<String, String> oldPathVariables = request.pathVariables();
+			Map<String, String> pathVariables;
+			if (oldPathVariables.isEmpty()) {
+				pathVariables = newPathVariables;
+			}
+			else {
+				pathVariables = CollectionUtils.compositeMap(oldPathVariables, newPathVariables);
+			}
+
 			PathPattern oldPathPattern = (PathPattern) request.attribute(RouterFunctions.MATCHING_PATTERN_ATTRIBUTE)
 					.orElse(null);
+			PathPattern pathPattern = mergePatterns(oldPathPattern, newPathPattern);
 
 			Map<String, Object> result = CollectionUtils.newLinkedHashMap(2);
-			result.put(RouterFunctions.URI_TEMPLATE_VARIABLES_ATTRIBUTE, mergeMaps(oldPathVariables, newPathVariables));
-			result.put(RouterFunctions.MATCHING_PATTERN_ATTRIBUTE, mergePatterns(oldPathPattern, newPathPattern));
+			result.put(RouterFunctions.URI_TEMPLATE_VARIABLES_ATTRIBUTE, pathVariables);
+			result.put(RouterFunctions.MATCHING_PATTERN_ATTRIBUTE, pathPattern);
 			return result;
 		}