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<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="raster-arithmetic-operations">Raster Arithmetic Operations</h2>
<p>Arithmetic, comparison and logical operations on <code>SpatRasters</code> use the same operators as those used for simple vector-like operations. These operators are listed below:</p>
<p><strong>a) Arithmetic operators</strong></p>
<p><img src="images/clipboard-3782266917.png" class="img-fluid" width="336"></p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="images/clipboard-3782266917.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="336"></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p><strong>b) Comparison operators</strong></p>
<p><img src="images/clipboard-1580357337.png" class="img-fluid" width="331"></p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="images/clipboard-1580357337.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="331"></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p><strong>c) Logical operators</strong></p>
<p><img src="images/clipboard-582905687.png" class="img-fluid" width="331"></p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="images/clipboard-582905687.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="331"></p>
</figure>
</div>
<hr>
<section id="single-raster-operations" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="single-raster-operations">Single Raster Operations</h3>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -275,47 +287,92 @@ <h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="raster-statistics">Raster Statistics</h2>
<pre><code> mean
SMAP_SM 0.209402</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">global</span>(sm, sd, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> T) <span class="co"># Calculate standard deviation, while ignoring NA values</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># This is equivalent to: </span></span>
<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>sm_val<span class="ot">=</span><span class="fu">values</span>(sm) <span class="co"># Create array of cell values of raster</span></span>
<span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">mean</span>(sm_val, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> T) <span class="co"># Calculate mean of cell values</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 0.209402</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Use of <code>global</code> function is equivalent to applying a function on all cell values</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">global</span>(sm, sd, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> T) <span class="co"># Calculate standard deviation, while ignoring NA values</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> sd
SMAP_SM 0.1434444</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">global</span>(sm, quantile, <span class="at">probs =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.25</span>, <span class="fl">0.75</span>), <span class="at">na.rm =</span> T) <span class="co"># Calculate 25th and 75th percentiles of the ratser layer</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># OR</span></span>
<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sd</span>(<span class="fu">values</span>(sm), <span class="at">na.rm =</span> T) <span class="co"># Calculate mean of cell values</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 0.1434444</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="#cb23-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Similarly, for finding quantiles of a raster layer</span></span>
<span id="cb23-2"><a href="#cb23-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">global</span>(sm, quantile, <span class="at">probs =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.25</span>, <span class="fl">0.75</span>), <span class="at">na.rm =</span> T) <span class="co"># Calculate 25th and 75th percentiles of the ratser layer</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> X25. X75.
SMAP_SM 0.09521707 0.2922016</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb25"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb25-1"><a href="#cb25-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># OR</span></span>
<span id="cb25-2"><a href="#cb25-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">quantile</span>(<span class="fu">values</span>(sm), <span class="at">probs =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.25</span>, <span class="fl">0.75</span>), <span class="at">na.rm =</span> T) </span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> 25% 75%
0.09521707 0.29220164 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>We can also generate common summary statistics plots using functions such as hist (histogram), barplot (box and whisker plot), etc.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>sm<span class="ot">=</span>terra<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">rast</span>(<span class="st">"./SampleData-master/raster_files/SMAP_SM.tif"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Plot summary using standard statistical functions</span></span>
<span id="cb21-4"><a href="#cb21-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">layout</span>(<span class="fu">matrix</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="at">ncol =</span> <span class="dv">2</span>)) <span class="co"># Specify layout</span></span>
<span id="cb21-5"><a href="#cb21-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">hist</span>(sm)</span>
<span id="cb21-6"><a href="#cb21-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">boxplot</span>(sm)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb27"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb27-1"><a href="#cb27-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>sm<span class="ot">=</span>terra<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">rast</span>(<span class="st">"./SampleData-master/raster_files/SMAP_SM.tif"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb27-2"><a href="#cb27-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb27-3"><a href="#cb27-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Plot summary using standard statistical functions</span></span>
<span id="cb27-4"><a href="#cb27-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">layout</span>(<span class="fu">matrix</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="at">ncol =</span> <span class="dv">2</span>)) <span class="co"># Specify layout</span></span>
<span id="cb27-5"><a href="#cb27-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">hist</span>(sm)</span>
<span id="cb27-6"><a href="#cb27-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">boxplot</span>(sm)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<p><img src="ch3_a_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png" class="img-fluid" width="672"></p>
<p><img src="ch3_a_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png" class="img-fluid" width="672"></p>
</div>
</div>
<section id="user-defined-functions-for-raster-statistics" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="user-defined-functions-for-raster-statistics">User-defined Functions for Raster Statistics</h3>
<p>User-defined functions can also be applied to raster layer using the <code>global</code> function for specific operations. Let us revisit the application of the <code>quantile</code> function by passing it through a user-defined function with <code>global</code>.</p>
<p>User-defined functions can also be applied to raster layer using the <code>global</code> function for specific operations. A user can define their own function with specific instructions which will be executed everytime the function is called. A simple template of a typical R function is given below:</p>
<p><img src="images/clipboard-3958485223.png" class="img-fluid" width="400"></p>
<p>Let us revisit the application of the <code>quantile</code> function by passing it through a user-defined function with <code>global</code>. In the <code>quant_fun</code> shown below function, <code>myRas</code> is the raster whose values are being summarized. Notice how instruction for <code>na.rm</code> is passed through the <code>ignoreNA</code> argument.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb22"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># User-defined statistics by defining own function</span></span>
<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>quant_fun <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(x, <span class="at">na.rm=</span><span class="cn">TRUE</span>){ <span class="co"># Remember to add "na.rm" option</span></span>
<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> p<span class="ot">=</span><span class="fu">quantile</span>(x, <span class="at">probs =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.25</span>, <span class="fl">0.75</span>), <span class="at">na.rm=</span><span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">return</span>(p)</span>
<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} </span>
<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">global</span>(sm, quant_fun) <span class="co"># 25th, and 75th percentile of each layer</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb28"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># User-defined statistics by defining own function. </span></span>
<span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>quant_fun <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(myRas, <span class="at">ignoreNA=</span><span class="cn">TRUE</span>){ </span>
<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> p<span class="ot">=</span><span class="fu">quantile</span>(myRas, <span class="at">probs =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.25</span>, <span class="fl">0.75</span>), <span class="at">na.rm=</span>ignoreNA)</span>
<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">return</span>(p)</span>
<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} </span>
<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">global</span>(sm, quant_fun) <span class="co"># 25th, and 75th percentile of each layer</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> X25. X75.
SMAP_SM 0.09521707 0.2922016</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb30"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># This is equivalent to:</span></span>
<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">quant_fun</span>(<span class="fu">values</span>(sm))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> 25% 75%
0.09521707 0.29220164 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="images/clipboard-3271478404.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="500"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="exercise-2" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="exercise-2">Exercise #2</h2>
<p>Use the raster files in <em>SampleData-master/SMAPL4_rasters</em> folder, perform the tasks as listed below:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Task 1: Write a user-defined function to count the number of pixels within the range [0.3, 0.4] for 20211213. Use <code>global</code> to implement your function. Pass the specified range as an input argument to the function.</p></li>
<li><p>Task 2: Compared to 20211213, what is the percentage change in 20211215 for the pixels within the [0.3, 0.4] range?</p></li>
<li><p>Task 3: Make a multivariate plot (2 or more variables on the same axis) comparing the density distribution of soil moisture for 20211213 and 20211215?</p></li>
</ul>
<hr>
</section>

</main>
<!-- /main column -->
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Expand Up @@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ These operators are listed below:

**a) Arithmetic operators**

![](images/clipboard-3782266917.png){width="336"}
![](images/clipboard-3782266917.png){fig-align="center" width="336"}

**b) Comparison operators**

![](images/clipboard-1580357337.png){width="331"}
![](images/clipboard-1580357337.png){fig-align="center" width="331"}

**c) Logical operators**

![](images/clipboard-582905687.png){width="331"}
![](images/clipboard-582905687.png){fig-align="center" width="331"}

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -274,6 +274,10 @@ global(sm, quant_fun) # 25th, and 75th percentile of each layer
quant_fun(values(sm))
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

![](images/clipboard-3271478404.png){fig-align="center" width="500"}

## Exercise #2

Use the raster files in *SampleData-master/SMAPL4_rasters* folder, perform the tasks as listed below:
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26 changes: 13 additions & 13 deletions docs/ch1.html
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Expand Up @@ -497,13 +497,13 @@ <h3 data-number="2.1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-types"><span class
<span id="cb86-8"><a href="#cb86-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>out[[<span class="dv">2</span>]] <span class="ot">=</span> data2</span>
<span id="cb86-9"><a href="#cb86-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>out[[<span class="dv">1</span>]] <span class="co"># Contains data1 at this location</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> [1] 23.20918 29.46332 29.54157 22.61071 25.07968 21.47176 21.84567 22.92418
[9] 23.00687 25.36464 26.48932 22.58935 25.79507 22.73701 20.20148 27.42520
[17] 28.53576 29.23712 20.08570 27.83109 20.59383 23.49452 25.15207 20.21162
[25] 26.30986 23.81825 25.84041 27.62233 27.09945 23.19082 29.83122 20.40931
[33] 24.26401 21.29226 21.79101 29.90925 28.07118 25.03820 25.42754 22.74288
[41] 21.42318 23.77156 21.35814 26.32455 20.64119 28.12548 25.73225 24.41399
[49] 27.47014 24.39412</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 21.46112 23.49028 23.22238 25.50250 21.18821 21.35927 23.00579 20.99749
[9] 23.95245 20.05739 25.84066 25.69064 27.58729 23.00798 24.16306 23.72973
[17] 20.79741 20.57095 22.33802 22.77910 22.67732 29.76207 27.76017 27.76532
[25] 23.18530 23.40411 24.30221 20.49509 21.25269 26.80835 27.68523 21.20802
[33] 23.92683 24.60819 25.71399 28.37628 28.11465 25.49442 21.56903 23.04634
[41] 23.14959 29.58182 22.31815 20.69825 23.29900 22.42755 23.11250 25.40900
[49] 25.05872 21.88281</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb88"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb88-1"><a href="#cb88-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb88-2"><a href="#cb88-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>out<span class="ot">=</span><span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>data1, <span class="at">y=</span>data2)</span>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -856,12 +856,12 @@ <h3 data-number="2.3.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="multivariate-plots"><sp
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 4
Year January Month Value
&lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;
1 1913 58.4 Jan -13.7
2 1913 58.4 Feb -17.1
3 1913 58.4 Mar -11.5
4 1914 67.7 Jan -9.63
5 1914 67.7 Feb -7.01
6 1914 67.7 Mar -8.60</code></pre>
1 1913 45.8 Jan -15.7
2 1913 45.8 Feb -11.9
3 1913 45.8 Mar -9.82
4 1914 11.0 Jan -17.6
5 1914 11.0 Feb -11.8
6 1914 11.0 Mar -10.2 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>Line plot</strong></p>
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