[SPARK-45421][SQL] Catch AnalysisException over InlineCTE

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

We are catching exceptions for `CheckAnalysis` and attach inlined plan. However, if `InlineCTE` itself throws we can also catch but attach original plan.

### Why are the changes needed?

Attach original plan if `InlineCTE` throws.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

No

### How was this patch tested?

Existing UT

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

NO

Closes #43227 from amaliujia/inline_cte_plan.

Authored-by: Rui Wang <rui.wang@databricks.com>
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/CheckAnalysis.scala

@@ -164,12 +164,18 @@ trait CheckAnalysis extends PredicateHelper with LookupCatalog with QueryErrorsB
 
     }
     // Inline all CTEs in the plan to help check query plan structures in subqueries.
-    val inlinedPlan = inlineCTE(plan)
+    var inlinedPlan: Option[LogicalPlan] = None
     try {
-      checkAnalysis0(inlinedPlan)
+      inlinedPlan = Some(inlineCTE(plan))
     } catch {
       case e: AnalysisException =>
-        throw new ExtendedAnalysisException(e, inlinedPlan)
+        throw new ExtendedAnalysisException(e, plan)
+    }
+    try {
+      checkAnalysis0(inlinedPlan.get)
+    } catch {
+      case e: AnalysisException =>
+        throw new ExtendedAnalysisException(e, inlinedPlan.get)
     }
     plan.setAnalyzed()
   }