feat(docker): introduce autoware-universe-common stage

[youtalk]

Description

To proceed with the multi-containerization of Autoware, This PR first added the autoware-universe-common stage as a common layer for autoware-universe. However, there are issues with the packages under the common directory of autoware.universe, and TODO comments have been left.

• common packages are not functioning as a true "common" autoware.universe#8695

In the next PR, we plan to create a PR that splits autoware-universe into multiple container images.

Ref: https://github.com/orgs/autowarefoundation/discussions/4661#discussioncomment-9995806

Tests performed

Not applicable.

Effects on system behavior

Not applicable.

Interface changes

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[mitsudome-r]

LGTM