Merge branch 'main' into inlinecomp2

* main: (37 commits)
  pythongh-102192: Replace PyErr_Fetch/Restore etc by more efficient alternatives in sub interpreters module (python#102472)
  pythongh-95672: Fix versionadded indentation of get_pagesize in test.rst (pythongh-102455)
  pythongh-102416: Do not memoize incorrectly loop rules in the parser (python#102467)
  pythonGH-101362: Optimise PurePath(PurePath(...)) (pythonGH-101667)
  pythonGH-101362: Check pathlib.Path flavour compatibility at import time (pythonGH-101664)
  pythonGH-101362: Call join() only when >1 argument supplied to pathlib.PurePath() (python#101665)
  pythongh-102444: Fix minor bugs in `test_typing` highlighted by pyflakes (python#102445)
  pythonGH-102341: Improve the test function for pow (python#102342)
  Fix unused classes in a typing test (pythonGH-102437)
  pythongh-101979: argparse: fix a bug where parentheses in metavar argument of add_argument() were dropped (python#102318)
  pythongh-102356: Add thrashcan macros to filter object dealloc (python#102426)
  Move around example in to_bytes() to avoid confusion (python#101595)
  pythonGH-97546: fix flaky asyncio `test_wait_for_race_condition` test (python#102421)
  pythongh-96821: Add config option `--with-strict-overflow` (python#96823)
  pythongh-101992: update pstlib module documentation (python#102133)
  pythongh-63301: Set exit code when tabnanny CLI exits on error (python#7699)
  pythongh-101863: Fix wrong comments in EUC-KR codec (pythongh-102417)
  pythongh-102302 Micro-optimize `inspect.Parameter.__hash__` (python#102303)
  pythongh-102179: Fix `os.dup2` error reporting for negative fds (python#102180)
  pythongh-101892: Fix `SystemError` when a callable iterator call exhausts the iterator (python#101896)
  ...

Doc/c-api/buffer.rst

@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ Buffer-related functions
    This function fails if *len* != *src->len*.
 
 
-.. c:function:: int PyObject_CopyData(Py_buffer *dest, Py_buffer *src)
+.. c:function:: int PyObject_CopyData(PyObject *dest, PyObject *src)
 
    Copy data from *src* to *dest* buffer. Can convert between C-style and
    or Fortran-style buffers.

Doc/conf.py

@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
 ogp_site_name = 'Python documentation'
 ogp_image = '_static/og-image.png'
 ogp_custom_meta_tags = [
-    '<meta property="og:image:width" content="200">',
-    '<meta property="og:image:height" content="200">',
-    '<meta name="theme-color" content="#3776ab">',
+    '<meta property="og:image:width" content="200" />',
+    '<meta property="og:image:height" content="200" />',
+    '<meta name="theme-color" content="#3776ab" />',
 ]

Doc/library/itertools.rst

@@ -886,9 +886,12 @@ which incur interpreter overhead.
        except AttributeError:
            # Slow path for general iterables
            it = islice(iterable, start, None)
-           for i, element in enumerate(it, start):
-               if element is value or element == value:
-                   yield i
+           i = start - 1
+           try:
+               while True:
+                   yield (i := i + operator.indexOf(it, value) + 1)
+           except ValueError:
+               pass
        else:
            # Fast path for sequences
            i = start - 1

Doc/library/os.rst

@@ -201,6 +201,11 @@ process and user.
    ``'surrogateescape'`` error handler. Use :data:`environb` if you would like
    to use a different encoding.
 
+   On Windows, the keys are converted to uppercase. This also applies when
+   getting, setting, or deleting an item. For example,
+   ``environ['monty'] = 'python'`` maps the key ``'MONTY'`` to the value
+   ``'python'``.
+
    .. note::
 
       Calling :func:`putenv` directly does not change :data:`os.environ`, so it's better

Doc/library/pathlib.rst

@@ -105,8 +105,9 @@ we also call *flavours*:
       PurePosixPath('setup.py')
 
    Each element of *pathsegments* can be either a string representing a
-   path segment, an object implementing the :class:`os.PathLike` interface
-   which returns a string, or another path object::
+   path segment, or an object implementing the :class:`os.PathLike` interface
+   where the :meth:`~os.PathLike.__fspath__` method returns a string,
+   such as another path object::
 
       >>> PurePath('foo', 'some/path', 'bar')
       PurePosixPath('foo/some/path/bar')

Doc/library/sqlite3.rst

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ including `cursors`_ and `transactions`_.
 
 First, we need to create a new database and open
 a database connection to allow :mod:`!sqlite3` to work with it.
-Call :func:`sqlite3.connect` to to create a connection to
+Call :func:`sqlite3.connect` to create a connection to
 the database :file:`tutorial.db` in the current working directory,
 implicitly creating it if it does not exist:
 

Doc/library/stdtypes.rst

@@ -530,12 +530,14 @@ class`. In addition, it provides a few more methods:
     is ``False``.
 
     The default values can be used to conveniently turn an integer into a
-    single byte object.  However, when using the default arguments, don't try
-    to convert a value greater than 255 or you'll get an :exc:`OverflowError`::
+    single byte object::
 
         >>> (65).to_bytes()
         b'A'
 
+    However, when using the default arguments, don't try
+    to convert a value greater than 255 or you'll get an :exc:`OverflowError`.
+
     Equivalent to::
 
         def to_bytes(n, length=1, byteorder='big', signed=False):

Doc/library/test.rst

@@ -536,6 +536,13 @@ The :mod:`test.support` module defines the following functions:
    :func:`doctest.testmod`.
 
 
+.. function:: get_pagesize()
+
+   Get size of a page in bytes.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.12
+
+
 .. function:: setswitchinterval(interval)
 
    Set the :func:`sys.setswitchinterval` to the given *interval*.  Defines

Doc/library/typing.rst

@@ -1345,7 +1345,7 @@ These are not used in annotations. They are building blocks for creating generic
 
         x: Ts          # Not valid
         x: tuple[Ts]   # Not valid
-        x: tuple[*Ts]  # The correct way to to do it
+        x: tuple[*Ts]  # The correct way to do it
 
     Type variable tuples can be used in the same contexts as normal type
     variables. For example, in class definitions, arguments, and return types::

Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:
 :attr:`side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, including raising an
 exception when a mock is called:
 
+   >>> from unittest.mock import Mock
    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo'))
    >>> mock()
    Traceback (most recent call last):

Doc/using/configure.rst

@@ -326,6 +326,11 @@ also be used to improve performance.
 
    Enable C-level code profiling with ``gprof`` (disabled by default).
 
+.. cmdoption:: --with-strict-overflow
+
+   Add ``-fstrict-overflow`` to the C compiler flags (by default we add
+   ``-fno-strict-overflow`` instead).
+
 
 .. _debug-build:
 

Include/internal/pycore_compile.h

@@ -19,12 +19,6 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PyCodeObject*) _PyAST_Compile(
     int optimize,
     struct _arena *arena);
 
-int _PyFuture_FromAST(
-    struct _mod * mod,
-    PyObject *filename,
-    PyFutureFeatures* futures);
-
-extern PyObject* _Py_Mangle(PyObject *p, PyObject *name);
 
 typedef struct {
     int optimize;

Include/internal/pycore_pymath.h

@@ -56,21 +56,6 @@ static inline void _Py_ADJUST_ERANGE2(double x, double y)
     }
 }
 
-// Return the maximum value of integral type *type*.
-#define _Py_IntegralTypeMax(type) \
-    (_Py_IS_TYPE_SIGNED(type) ? (((((type)1 << (sizeof(type)*CHAR_BIT - 2)) - 1) << 1) + 1) : ~(type)0)
-
-// Return the minimum value of integral type *type*.
-#define _Py_IntegralTypeMin(type) \
-    (_Py_IS_TYPE_SIGNED(type) ? -_Py_IntegralTypeMax(type) - 1 : 0)
-
-// Check whether *v* is in the range of integral type *type*. This is most
-// useful if *v* is floating-point, since demoting a floating-point *v* to an
-// integral type that cannot represent *v*'s integral part is undefined
-// behavior.
-#define _Py_InIntegralTypeRange(type, v) \
-    (_Py_IntegralTypeMin(type) <= v && v <= _Py_IntegralTypeMax(type))
-
 
 //--- HAVE_PY_SET_53BIT_PRECISION macro ------------------------------------
 //

Include/internal/pycore_symtable.h

@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PySTEntryObject *) PySymtable_Lookup(struct symtable *, void *);
 
 extern void _PySymtable_Free(struct symtable *);
 
+extern PyObject* _Py_Mangle(PyObject *p, PyObject *name);
+
 /* Flags for def-use information */
 
 #define DEF_GLOBAL 1           /* global stmt */
@@ -129,6 +131,11 @@ extern struct symtable* _Py_SymtableStringObjectFlags(
     int start,
     PyCompilerFlags *flags);
 
+int _PyFuture_FromAST(
+    struct _mod * mod,
+    PyObject *filename,
+    PyFutureFeatures* futures);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

Lib/argparse.py

@@ -403,10 +403,18 @@ def _format_actions_usage(self, actions, groups):
             except ValueError:
                 continue
             else:
-                end = start + len(group._group_actions)
+                group_action_count = len(group._group_actions)
+                end = start + group_action_count
                 if actions[start:end] == group._group_actions:
+
+                    suppressed_actions_count = 0
                     for action in group._group_actions:
                         group_actions.add(action)
+                        if action.help is SUPPRESS:
+                            suppressed_actions_count += 1
+
+                    exposed_actions_count = group_action_count - suppressed_actions_count
+
                     if not group.required:
                         if start in inserts:
                             inserts[start] += ' ['
@@ -416,7 +424,7 @@ def _format_actions_usage(self, actions, groups):
                             inserts[end] += ']'
                         else:
                             inserts[end] = ']'
-                    else:
+                    elif exposed_actions_count > 1:
                         if start in inserts:
                             inserts[start] += ' ('
                         else:
@@ -490,7 +498,6 @@ def _format_actions_usage(self, actions, groups):
         text = _re.sub(r'(%s) ' % open, r'\1', text)
         text = _re.sub(r' (%s)' % close, r'\1', text)
         text = _re.sub(r'%s *%s' % (open, close), r'', text)
-        text = _re.sub(r'\(([^|]*)\)', r'\1', text)
         text = text.strip()
 
         # return the text

Lib/inspect.py

@@ -2805,7 +2805,7 @@ def __repr__(self):
         return '<{} "{}">'.format(self.__class__.__name__, self)
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        return hash((self.name, self.kind, self.annotation, self.default))
+        return hash((self._name, self._kind, self._annotation, self._default))
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if self is other:

Lib/pathlib.py

@@ -275,9 +275,20 @@ def __reduce__(self):
     def _parse_parts(cls, parts):
         if not parts:
             return '', '', []
+        elif len(parts) == 1:
+            path = os.fspath(parts[0])
+        else:
+            path = cls._flavour.join(*parts)
         sep = cls._flavour.sep
         altsep = cls._flavour.altsep
-        path = cls._flavour.join(*parts)
+        if isinstance(path, str):
+            # Force-cast str subclasses to str (issue #21127)
+            path = str(path)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "argument should be a str or an os.PathLike "
+                "object where __fspath__ returns a str, "
+                f"not {type(path).__name__!r}")
         if altsep:
             path = path.replace(altsep, sep)
         drv, root, rel = cls._flavour.splitroot(path)
@@ -288,32 +299,10 @@ def _parse_parts(cls, parts):
         parsed = [sys.intern(x) for x in unfiltered_parsed if x and x != '.']
         return drv, root, parsed
 
-    @classmethod
-    def _parse_args(cls, args):
-        # This is useful when you don't want to create an instance, just
-        # canonicalize some constructor arguments.
-        parts = []
-        for a in args:
-            if isinstance(a, PurePath):
-                parts += a._parts
-            else:
-                a = os.fspath(a)
-                if isinstance(a, str):
-                    # Force-cast str subclasses to str (issue #21127)
-                    parts.append(str(a))
-                else:
-                    raise TypeError(
-                        "argument should be a str object or an os.PathLike "
-                        "object returning str, not %r"
-                        % type(a))
-        return cls._parse_parts(parts)
-
     @classmethod
     def _from_parts(cls, args):
-        # We need to call _parse_args on the instance, so as to get the
-        # right flavour.
         self = object.__new__(cls)
-        drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)
+        drv, root, parts = self._parse_parts(args)
         self._drv = drv
         self._root = root
         self._parts = parts
@@ -572,7 +561,7 @@ def joinpath(self, *args):
         anchored).
         """
         drv1, root1, parts1 = self._drv, self._root, self._parts
-        drv2, root2, parts2 = self._parse_args(args)
+        drv2, root2, parts2 = self._parse_parts(args)
         if root2:
             if not drv2 and drv1:
                 return self._from_parsed_parts(drv1, root2, [drv1 + root2] + parts2[1:])
@@ -659,7 +648,7 @@ def match(self, path_pattern):
         return True
 
 # Can't subclass os.PathLike from PurePath and keep the constructor
-# optimizations in PurePath._parse_args().
+# optimizations in PurePath.__slots__.
 os.PathLike.register(PurePath)
 
 
@@ -704,11 +693,7 @@ def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
             warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath(**kwargs)", msg, remove=(3, 14))
         if cls is Path:
             cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath
-        self = cls._from_parts(args)
-        if self._flavour is not os.path:
-            raise NotImplementedError("cannot instantiate %r on your system"
-                                      % (cls.__name__,))
-        return self
+        return cls._from_parts(args)
 
     def _make_child_relpath(self, part):
         # This is an optimization used for dir walking.  `part` must be
@@ -1258,9 +1243,19 @@ class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath):
     """
     __slots__ = ()
 
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system")
+
 class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath):
     """Path subclass for Windows systems.
 
     On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object.
     """
     __slots__ = ()
+
+    if os.name != 'nt':
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system")

Lib/plistlib.py

@@ -21,29 +21,38 @@
 
 Generate Plist example:
 
+    import datetime
+    import plistlib
+
     pl = dict(
         aString = "Doodah",
         aList = ["A", "B", 12, 32.1, [1, 2, 3]],
         aFloat = 0.1,
         anInt = 728,
         aDict = dict(
             anotherString = "<hello & hi there!>",
-            aUnicodeValue = "M\xe4ssig, Ma\xdf",
+            aThirdString = "M\xe4ssig, Ma\xdf",
             aTrueValue = True,
             aFalseValue = False,
         ),
         someData = b"<binary gunk>",
         someMoreData = b"<lots of binary gunk>" * 10,
-        aDate = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.mktime(time.gmtime())),
+        aDate = datetime.datetime.now()
     )
-    with open(fileName, 'wb') as fp:
-        dump(pl, fp)
+    print(plistlib.dumps(pl).decode())
 
 Parse Plist example:
 
-    with open(fileName, 'rb') as fp:
-        pl = load(fp)
-    print(pl["aKey"])
+    import plistlib
+
+    plist = b'''<plist version="1.0">
+    <dict>
+        <key>foo</key>
+        <string>bar</string>
+    </dict>
+    </plist>'''
+    pl = plistlib.loads(plist)
+    print(pl["foo"])
 """
 __all__ = [
     "InvalidFileException", "FMT_XML", "FMT_BINARY", "load", "dump", "loads", "dumps", "UID"