feat(ch_ephem): CHIME ephemeris refactored from ch_util.

Extracts a lot of `ch_util.ephemeris` into a separate package.

General changes:

* Solar and lunar ephemeris functions have been converted into
  `caput.time.Observer` methods: radiocosmology/caput#271
* Other functions that take a `Observer` object, now use `None`
  as a default, and load the `chime` observer during execution if
  necessary.

More comments on specific submodules follow.

Catalogs:

This contains all the `ch_util/catalogs` plus a function
(`ch_ephem.catalogs.load`) to read them and return the parsed JSON.

The standard source catalogues loaded by the `sources` submodule need
to move to `ch_ephem`.  The other catalogues could stay in `ch_util`,
but it seems simpler to me to keep them all in the same place and
provide a uniform interface to them.

Coord:

Co-ordinate transforms etc.  These are essentially unchanged from
their versions in `ch_util.ephemeris`.

Observers:

Re-creates all the `caput.time.Observers` which used to be created
by `ch_util.ephemeris`, but for the most part, they have to be
fetched via name from the `get()` function.  The exception to this
is the `chime` Observer, which can be directly imported, since it's
the one usually needed.

Position data for the observers is now in a YAML data file
`instruments.yaml` which is parsed at import time.  New instrument
`Observer` objects can be added to `ch_ephem` just by adding information
for it to the YAML file.

Also note that `Observers` returned by this submodule have an extra
attribute, `rotation`, inserted into their `__dict__`, which is not
in `caput`.  This rotation is needed by `ch_ephem.coord.peak_ra`.
If we don't want to do this to these `Observers`, one other options
would be to keep `peak_ra` in `ch_util` (moving it to, say,
`ch_util.tools`), and then there's no need for rotation information
in this module.

Like `sources`, this submodule reads data from disk at import time,
so is not automatically imported into the base `ch_ephem` object.

Pointing:

Just Galt telescope pointing routines, unchanged from
`ch_util.ephemeris`.  These are another candidate we could consider
putting somewhere else in ch_util, if we don't want them here.

Sources:

Loads the standard source catalogs, and provides the calibrator objects
`CasA`, `CygA`, `TauA`, `VirA`.  Like `observers`, this submodule
reads data from disk at import time, so is not automatically imported
into the base `ch_ephem` object.

Time:

Time utilities, largely unchanged from what was in `ch_util.ephemeris`.

.github/workflows/linting.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: ch_ephem-linting
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+    - master
+  push:
+    branches:
+    - master
+
+jobs:
+
+  black-check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+    - name: Set up Python 3.11
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.11"
+
+    - name: Install black
+      run: pip install black
+
+    - name: Check code with black
+      run: black --check .
+
+  ruff-check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+    - name: Install ruff
+      run: pip install ruff
+
+    - name: Install ch_ephem
+      run: pip install .
+
+    - name: Run ruff
+      run: ruff check .

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
-# ch_ephem
+# CHIME ephemeris
 
-CHIME ephemeris
+This package provides the CHIME ephemeris routines, `ch_ephem`.  Most
+of this code originated in `ch_util`.
+
+For general-purpose ephemeris routines, see `caput`.

ch_ephem/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1,104 @@
-pass
+"""CHIME ephemeris routines
+
+Instrument Observrers and General Ephemeris Routines
+====================================================
+
+Any ephemeris routine which needs to know the location of the
+observer on the Earth are accessible via instrument Observer
+instances obtainable through :py:meth:`ch_ephem.observers.get`:
+
+    >>> import ch_ephem.observers
+    >>> pathfinder = ch_ephem.observers.get("pathfinder")
+    >>> pathfinder.solar_transit(...)
+
+The `Observer` instances returned by this method are subclassed from
+`caput.time.Observers` and can be used as normal `caput` observers.
+Location and geometry data for the instrument observers are defined
+in the data file `instruments.yaml` provided as part of `ch_ephem`.
+
+Celestial Intermediate Reference System
+=======================================
+
+The precession of the Earth's axis gives noticeable shifts in object
+positions over the life time of CHIME. To minimise the effects of this we
+need to be careful and consistent with our ephemeris calculations.
+Historically Right Ascension has been given with respect to the Vernal
+Equinox which has a significant (and unnecessary) precession in the origin of
+the RA axis. To avoid this we use the new Celestial Intermediate Reference
+System which does not suffer from this issue.
+
+Practically this means that when calculating RA, DEC coordinates for a source
+position at a *given time* you must be careful to obtain CIRS coordinates
+(and not equinox based ones). Internally using `ch_ephem.coord.object_coords` does
+exactly that for you, so for any lookup of coordinates you should use that on
+your requested body.
+
+Note that the actual coordinate positions of sources must be specified using
+RA, DEC coordinates in ICRS (which is roughly equivalent to J2000). The
+purpose of `object_coords` is to transform into new RA, DEC coordinates taking
+into account the precession and nutation of the Earth's polar axis since
+then.
+
+These kind of coordinate issues are tricky, confusing and hard to debug years
+later, so if you're unsure you are recommended to seek some advice.
+
+Radio Source Catalogs
+=====================
+
+This package provides several radio source catalogues used by CHIME.  The
+standard radio source catalogue used by CHIME is available as
+`ch_ephem.sources.source_dictionary`:
+
+    >>> from ch_ephem.sources import source_dictionary
+    >>> source_dictionary['CAS_A'].ra
+    <Angle 23h 23m 27.94s>
+
+The four standard CHIME cailbrators are also available by name:
+
+    >>> from ch_ephem.sources import CasA, CygA, VirA, TauA
+    >>> CasA.ra
+    <Angle 23h 23m 27.94s>
+
+Additional catalogues which are not part of the standard radio source catalogue
+are also available through the `ch_ephem.catalogs` module.  Any catalog can be
+accessed using :py:meth:`ch_ephem.catalogs.load`, which takes a catalogue name
+and returns a dict containing the parsed JSON representation of the catalog:
+
+    >>> import ch_ephem.catalogs
+    >>> ch_ephem.catalogs.list()
+    ['atnf_psrcat', 'hfb_target_list', 'primary_calibrators_perley2016', 'specfind_v2_5Jy_vollmer2009']
+    >>> perley2016 = ch_ephem.catalogs.load('primary_calibrators_perley2016')
+    >>> perley2016["CAS_A"]["ra"]
+    350.86642
+
+Submodules
+==========
+
+Note: the submodules `observers` and `sources` read data from disk at import time.
+
+.. autosummary::
+    :toctree: _autosummary
+
+    catalogs
+    coord
+    observers
+    pointing
+    sources
+    time
+"""
+
+__all__ = ["catalogs", "coord", "pointing", "time", "__version__"]
+
+# We deliberately do not import .observers and .sources here
+# because they both perform reads from disk
+from . import catalogs, coord, pointing, time
+
+from importlib.metadata import version, PackageNotFoundError
+
+try:
+    __version__ = version("ch_ephem")
+except PackageNotFoundError:
+    # package is not installed
+    pass
+
+del version, PackageNotFoundError

ch_ephem/catalogs/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+"""CHIME ephemeris source catalogues
+
+Functions
+=========
+
+- :py:meth:`list`
+- :py:meth:`load`
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import glob
+import json
+import pathlib
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterable
+del TYPE_CHECKING
+
+
+def list() -> list[str]:
+    """List available catalogues.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    catalogs : list
+        A list with the names of available catalogs
+    """
+
+    cats = sorted(glob.glob("*.json", root_dir=pathlib.Path(__file__).parent))
+
+    # Strip ".json" off the end
+    return [cat[:-5] for cat in cats]
+
+
+def load(name: str) -> Iterable:
+    """Read the named catalogue and return the parsed JSON representation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name : str
+        The name of the catalogue to load.  This is the name of a JSON file
+        in the `ch_ephem/catalogs` directory, excluding the `.json` suffix.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    catalogue: Iterable
+        The parsed catalogue.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    JSONDecodeError:
+        An error occurred while trying to parse the catalogue.
+    ValueError:
+        No catalogue with the given name could be found.
+    """
+    path = pathlib.Path(__file__).with_name(name + ".json")
+
+    try:
+        with path.open() as f:
+            return json.load(f)
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"No such catalogue: {name}") from e