Microbatch: event_time ref + source filtering

[MichelleArk]

Resolves #9490
Resolves #10635
Resolves #10637
Resolves #10638
Resolves #10636
Resolves #10662
Resolves #10639

Details

We're working to introduce a new feature, Microbatch Incremental Models! The goal being that microbatch incremental models will break updates to microbatch models into batched updates for a given time frame. There's more to microbatch incremental models than that, but that's the gist of if.

This PR doesn't actually do the breaking up into batches. However, what this PR does is set up the fundamentals to do so. There are a few new model configs we need: event_time, batch_size, lookback. Additionally, there are some CLI flags we need: --event-time-start and --event-time-end (with associated environment variables DBT_EVENT_TIME_END and DBT_EVENT_TIME_START). This PR makes those available and uses them to set the foundation of generating event time filters and determining when the event time filters should be generated. Finally, all this foundational functionality is gated by a new environment variable DBT_EXPERIMENTAL_MICROBATCH.

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me.
• I have run this code in development, and it appears to resolve the stated issue.
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required or relevant for this PR.
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g., macros, CLI, logs, JSON artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc.) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX.
• This PR includes type annotations for new and modified functions.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 96.72131% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 88.89%. Comparing base (ab500a9) to head (f53204f).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #10594      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.90%   88.89%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         180      180              
  Lines       22785    22842      +57     
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+ Hits        20257    20305      +48     
- Misses       2528     2537       +9     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	86.09% <83.60%> (-0.04%)	⬇️
unit	62.44% <91.80%> (+0.07%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
Unit Tests	62.44% <91.80%> (+0.07%)	⬆️
Integration Tests	86.09% <83.60%> (-0.04%)	⬇️

[QMalcolm]

Self approving a PR that I was a primary contributor to 🙈

However, we've had external eyes on it. It's well gated, well tested, and confirmed backwards compatible. LGTM 🚀

[MichelleArk]

However, we've had external eyes on it. It's well gated, well tested, and confirmed backwards compatible. LGTM 🚀

echoing this as well ✅

[MichelleArk]

codecov check summaries are stale, here's what you actually see clicking into 'details':