[skip-ci] Core conventions (#52397)

* Table of contents for conventions

* Add Core Conventions

* Add Tests and mocks section

* Update src/core/CORE_CONVENTIONS.md

Typo

Co-Authored-By: Josh Dover <me@joshdover.com>

* Add pro's/con's for alternatives to private fields support

Co-authored-by: Josh Dover <me@joshdover.com>

src/core/CONVENTIONS.md

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 # Kibana Conventions
 
-- [Plugin Structure](#plugin-structure)
+- [Kibana Conventions](#kibana-conventions)
+  - [Plugin Structure](#plugin-structure)
+    - [The PluginInitializer](#the-plugininitializer)
+    - [The Plugin class](#the-plugin-class)
+    - [Applications](#applications)
+    - [Services](#services)
+    - [Usage Collection](#usage-collection)
 
 ## Plugin Structure
 

src/core/CORE_CONVENTIONS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+- [Core Conventions](#core-conventions)
+  - [1. Exposing API Types](#1-exposing-api-types)
+  - [2. API Structure and nesting](#2-api-structure-and-nesting)
+  - [3. Tests and mocks](#3-tests-and-mocks)
+
+# Core Conventions
+
+This document contains conventions for development inside `src/core`. Although
+many of these might be more widely applicable, adoption within the rest of
+Kibana is not the primary objective.
+
+## 1. Exposing API Types
+The following section applies to the types that describe the entire surface
+area of Core API's and does not apply to internal types.
+
+ - 1.1 All API types must be exported from the top-level `server` or `public`
+   directories.
+
+   ```ts
+   // -- good --
+   import { IRouter } from 'src/core/server';
+
+   // -- bad --
+   import { IRouter } from 'src/core/server/http/router.ts';
+   ```
+
+   > Why? This is required for generating documentation from our inline
+   > typescript doc comments, makes it easier for API consumers to find the
+   > relevant types and creates a clear distinction between external and
+   > internal types.
+
+ - 1.2 Classes must not be exposed directly. Instead, use a separate type,
+   prefixed with an 'I', to describe the public contract of the class.
+
+   ```ts
+   // -- good (alternative 1) --
+   /**
+    * @public
+    * {@link UiSettingsClient}
+    */
+   export type IUiSettingsClient = PublicContractOf<UiSettingsClient>;
+
+   /** internal only */
+   export class UiSettingsClient {
+     constructor(private setting: string) {}
+     /** Retrieve all settings */
+     public getSettings(): { return this.settings; }
+   };
+
+   // -- good (alternative 2) --
+      export interface IUiSettingsClient {
+     /** Retrieve all settings */
+     public getSettings(): string;
+   }
+
+   export class UiSettingsClient implements IUiSettingsClient {
+     public getSettings(): string;
+   }
+
+   // -- bad --
+   /** external */
+   export class UiSettingsClient {
+     constructor(private setting: string) {}
+     public getSettings(): { return this.settings; }
+   }
+   ```
+
+   > Why? Classes' private members form part of their type signature making it
+   > impossible to mock a dependency typed as a `class`. 
+   >
+   > Until we can use ES private field support in Typescript 3.8
+   > https://github.com/elastic/kibana/issues/54906 we have two alternatives
+   > each with their own pro's and cons:
+   >
+   > #### Using a derived class (alternative 1)
+   > 
+   > Pro's:
+   > - TSDoc comments are located with the source code
+   > - The class acts as a single source of type information
+   >
+   > Con's:
+   > - "Go to definition" first takes you to where the type gets derived
+   >   requiring a second "Go to definition" to navigate to the type source.
+   >  
+   > #### Using a separate interface (alternative 2)
+   > Pro's:
+   > - Creates an explicit external API contract
+   > - "Go to definition" will take you directly to the type definition.
+   > 
+   > Con's:
+   > - TSDoc comments are located with the interface not next to the
+   >   implementation source code.
+   > - Creates duplicate type information between the interface and
+   >   implementation class.
+
+## 2. API Structure and nesting
+ - 2.1 Nest API methods into their own namespace only if we expect we will be
+   adding additional methods to that namespace.
+
+   ```ts
+   // good
+   core.overlays.openFlyout(...);
+   core.overlays.openModal(...);
+   core.overlays.banners.add(...);
+   core.overlays.banners.remove(...);
+   core.overlays.banners.replace(...);
+
+   // bad
+   core.overlays.flyouts.open(...);
+   core.overlays.modals.open(...);
+   ```
+
+   > Why? Nested namespaces should facilitate discovery and navigation for
+   > consumers of the API. Having namespaces with a single method, effectively
+   > hides the method under an additional layer without improving the
+   > organization. However, introducing namespaces early on can avoid API
+   > churn when we know related API methods will be introduced.
+
+## 3. Tests and mocks
+ - 3.1 Declare Jest mocks with a temporary variable to ensure types are
+   correctly inferred.
+
+   ```ts
+   // -- good --
+   const createMock => {
+     const mocked: jest.Mocked<IContextService> = {
+       start: jest.fn(),
+     };
+     mocked.start.mockReturnValue(createStartContractMock());
+     return mocked;
+   };
+   // -- bad --
+   const createMock = (): jest.Mocked<ContextServiceContract> => ({
+     start: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(createSetupContractMock()),
+   });
+   ```
+
+   > Why? Without the temporary variable, Jest types the `start` function as
+   > `jest<any, any>` and, as a result, doesn't typecheck the mock return
+   > value.